Solid wastes could be defined as non-liquid and nongaseous products of human activities,

regarded as being useless. It could take the forms of refuse, garbage and sludge (Leton and
Omotosho, 2004). Cities in Nigeria, being among the fast growing cities in the world
(Onibokun and Kumuyi, 1996) are faced with the problem of solid waste generation. The
implication is serious when a country is growing rapidly and the wastes are not efficiently
managed. Waste generation scenario in Nigeria has been of great concern both globally and
locally. Of the different categories of wastes being generated, solid wastes had posed a hydra-
headed problem beyond the cope of various solid waste management systems in Nigeria
(Geoffrey, 2005), as the streets experience continual presence of solid waste from commercial
activities.

One of the major contributors to the generatrion of solid waste is the pulp and paper industry,
in which waste known as paper sludge,,

. Sludge is produced at two steps in the process of treating the effluent. Primary sludge is recovered
by the first stage of the processing at the primary clarifier. Primary clarification is usually carried out
by sedimentation, but can also be performed by dissolved air flotation. In sedimentation, the
wastewater to be treated is pumped into large settling tanks, with the solids being removed from the
tank bottom. These solids can range from 1.5% to 6.5% depending on the characteristics of the
material. The overflow, or clarified water, is passed on to the secondary treatment

Secondary treatment is usually a biological process in which micro-organisms convert the waste to
carbon dioxide and water while consuming oxygen. The resulting solids are then removed through
clarification as in the primary treatment. The resulting sludge is then mixed with the primary sludge
prior to dewatering and disposal. In general, primary sludges are easier to dewater than the biological
sludges resulting from the second stage

During the manufacture of recycled paper products, paper sludge is generated as an industrial waste.
Over 3 million tonnes of sludge is discharged per year in Japan, and approximately 8 and 2 million
tonnes in the United States and the United Kingdom, respectively (Tebbutt, 1995)(Barton et al., 1991)

In the United States, for instance, the total arnount of sludge produced has been estimated to have
doubled over a 20 year period (Amberg 1988). a global production has been predicted to rise in the
future (Mabee and Roy, 2003).

On the average, 35% of the material entering pulp and paper mills becomes residue in forms of rejects
(Hanley, 1993). This waste includes such material as wastewater sludge, woodyard waste, causticizing
wastes (from Kraft mills), mill trash, such as shipping materials, demolition debris, and ash from boilers
(2).

Currently, the residue from pulp and paper mills is handled by the waste handling components of the
mill and is discharged to the air in the form of stack gases, to the water in the form of treated effluent,
and to the land in the form of solid waste and sludge. But Recently, concern has risen over the amount
and quality of future landfill space. Landfills are becoming difficult to site and costly to construct and
operate because of more stringent regulations, diminishing land availability, and public opposition
(thacker, 1995).

Amberg, Herman R- 1988, Sludge disposal practices in the United States and Soviet paper industries.
New York, NY: National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc.: Technical
Bulletin No. 552.

T.H.Y. Tebbutt, Incineration of wastewater sludges, in: Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers,
Water, Maritime Energy 112 (1995) 39–47

] R.G. Barton, W.R. Seeker, H.E. Bostian, The behavior of metals in municipal sludge incinerators, Trans.
Inst. Chem. Eng. 69 (1991) 29–36

Leton, TG; Omotosho, O (2004). Landfill operations in the Niger delta region of Nigeria. Engineering
Geology 73(1-2): 171-177.

Leton, TG; Omotosho, O (2004). Landfill operations in the Niger delta region of Nigeria. Engineering
Geology 73(1-2): 171-177.

Geoffrey, IN (2005). The urban informal sector in Nigeria: towards economic development,
environmental health, and social harmony.Global Urban Development Magazine 1(1).
 . R. Kikuchi, Recycling of municipal solid waste for cement production: pilot-scale test for
transforming incineration ash of solid waste into cement clinker. Resources Conserv. Recycl. 31
(2001), pp. 137–147.

R. García, Study of hydrated phases present in calcined paper sludge (metakaolinite)/satured CaO
dissolution system cured at 40°C and 28 days of reaction. Mat. Sci. Eng.-A-Structural Materials 527
(2010), pp. 16–17.

. T. Wajima, K. Kuzawa, H. Ishimoto, O. Tamada and T. Nishiyama, Zeolite synthesis from paper
sludge ash at low temperature (90°C) with addition of diatomite. Am. Mineral. 89 (2004), pp.1694–
1700. 5.

M. Hojamberdiev, Y. Kameshima, A. Nakajima, K. Okada and Z. Kadirova, Preparation and sorption

properties of materials from paper sludge. J. Hazard. Mater. 151, (2008), pp. 710–719