CATALOGUE OF CULT-SITES IN LACONIA

by Nicolette Pavlides

University College Cork

The Thyreatis

1. The Cult of Parparos

Marmaralona, Xerokambi (LS AA16); Archaic-Classical.
Foundations of a building; Laconian roof-tiles; black-glazed sherds; 6 th-century
statuette dedicated to Parparos (cf. Pliny Natural History 4.5.17; IG V 1.213, line 63).
Classical settlement located very nearby at Armakades (LS AA20), see Phaklaris
1990, 118.
Pritchett 1980, 110-14; Christien and Spyropoulos 1985, 459; Phaklaris 1987; 1990,
183-5.

2. Armakades
Settlement (LS AA20), Classical.
Pottery fragments mostly of skyphoi and jugs (5 th and 4th century); four fragments of
inscribed skyphoi one of which has the word Ε]ΡΙΦΟΣ (5th century); fragment of a leg
of a stone perirrhanterion.
Phaklaris 1990, 118-19.

3. Koutri
Rural habitation (LS AA18); Archaic-Classical.
Architectural remains, including walls; Archaic Laconian statuette head made of dark-
blue marble from Taygetos.
Road linking the area with the large settlement at Elliniko.
Phaklaris 1990, 12; Baumer 2004, 143.

4. Anemomylos, Elliniko
Remains of a sanctuary (LS AA10); Late Classical-Roman.
Foundations of a rectangular building; fragments of what is perhaps a statue base;
terracotta architectural members; Laconian tiles; fragment of a terracotta
perrirhanterion with an inscription ([…]EPO[…]); torso of a marble statue of a young
man (4th century); marble figurine of Asklepios (2nd century); terracotta plaque
depicting three standing figures (4th century; Salapata 2009, 327, fig. 6; 2014, 179,
182, 343); terracotta figurines; vase fragments; miniature votives.
The cult site is linked with the substantial settlement at Elliniko (LS AA13) 400m
away.
The identification of the deity worshipped at the site is uncertain, Apollo: Phaklaris
1990, 192); Asklepios: Shipley 2004, 595.

The North and North-West Borderlands (Aigytis, Skiritis)

5. The Hermai

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Phonemenoi (LS AA24); identified as the Hermai seen by Pausanias (2.38.7) marking
the frontier of Sparta, Tegea and Argos; Archaic-Classical.
Three large cairns of stones of 1.20-1.50m height and 10-12m in diameter forming a
triangle; terracotta gorgoneion; roof tiles; black-glazed pottery; a broken spherical
aryballos; two inscriptions ([Α]ΝΕΘΛΟΣ, IG V 1.926, 6th or 5th century) and
(ΝΑΥΠ/ΕΥΙΤΑ; Phaklaris 1990, 194 pl. 99a).
Romaios 1904-5, 137-8; 1908; Jost 1985, 162; Pritchett 1989, 105-6; Phaklaris 1990,
193-5; Baumer 2004, 120.

6. Zeus Skotitas
Sanctuary of Zeus Skotitas located in the dark oak-wood forest of the region
(Cavanagh, Crouwel, Catling and Shipley 2002, 85-6) as documented by Pausanias
(3.10.6)
Site position uncertain with the following proposed locations:
a) building found at Marmara in the Parnon mountains: Leake 1830 (II), 514-15, 524;
cf. Puillon de Boblaye 1826, 72; Themos 1997, 209.
b) black-glazed pottery at Karyes, (Arachova) (LS DD46): Christien 1989, 81.
c) traces of an ancient settlement at the chapel at Agios Theodoros, Varvitsa (LS
DD48): Curtius 1852, 262.

7. Artemis and the Nymphs (?)

Cult site, Archaic-Classical (300m west from the Hermai).
Foundations of rectangular building (7x5m); fragments of terracotta figurines
(especially female with poloi and one head of a dog); pottery; a lebes gamikos and
fragments of vases of the same type; finds date from 6 th century to the Roman period.
Romaios (1958-9, 378) interprets the site as a cult to Artemis, perhaps accompanied
by the Nymphs, such as existed in neighbouring Karyai (Pausanias 3.10.7).
The area also had a road linking it to Karyai, which Pausanias visited next (Prichett
1989, 106).
Romaios 1908, 385-6; 1958-9, 377-8 Jost 1985, 162; Phaklaris 1990, 200, n. 642;
Baumer 2004, 119-20.

8. Artemis Karyatis
Karyai housed the sanctuary of Artemis Karyatis (Pausanias 3.10.7).
Site position uncertain with the following proposed locations:
a) Kryavrysi (LS DD44); remains of a Classical-Hellenistic temple; rock-cut
inscription (Bölte 1929, 1308; Christien 1989, 68).
b) Karyes (Arachova) (LS DD46); black-glazed pottery (but see no. 6).

9. Analypsis, Vourvouna
Ancient settlement of Karyai or Iasos (LS DD45); Classical-Hellenistic.
Lead wreaths; terracotta figurines; small Archaic bronze ‘bucket’ dedicated to
Alpheios.
Romaios 1957; 1958-9; Pikoulas 1987, 137-9; Cartledge 2002, 162.

10. Ai-Gianni, Kerasia

Classical site (LS DD43).
Large building interpreted as that of belonging to a sanctuary of Demeter; female
terracotta figurines; statuette.

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Identified with ancient Oion: Pikoulas 1987, 135-7; Shipley 2000, 374. Eutaia:
Christien and Spyropoulos 1985, 463, n. 62; cf. Pausanias 8.27.3.
Unpublished but see Romaios 1907, 121; Pikoulas 1987, 135-7, n. 35; 1988a, 135-7;
statuette: Delivorrias 1969; Christien 1989, 81.

11. Mousga
Classical-Hellenistic shrine.
Architectural fragments; Laconian tiles; sherds.
Nearby small contemporary settlement of Rousa-Apidia (Classical-Hellenistic); 1km
north of Chartzenikos fort (Classical-Hellenistic); road connecting cult-site with
settlement and fort.
Pikoulas 1987, 139-40.

Eurotas Valley

12. Sellasia
Perioikic polis (LS A118); late Archaic to early Hellenistic.
Cult of the Dioskouroi: inscribed stele of 525 (?) (IG V 1.919) dedicated by Plestiadas
to the Dioskouroi (Sparta Museum no. 447; Jeffery and Johnston 1990, 200, no. 24,
pl. 36; Sanders 1992, 208 fig. 73; but see R. Catling 2002, 221 n. 132 who disputes
the connection of the stele with Sellasia. The inscription was found near an area where
walls, a floor and Classical pottery were discovered (Zavvou 2001-4a, 202). There
was perhaps also a cult of Artemis Sellasia (Hesychius s.v. Σελλασία). An inscribed
Archaic base with the artist’s signature (IG V 1.920; Shipley 1996, 220)

13. Geronthrai
Geronthrai (LS GG103), a perioikic polis; Archaic-Hellenistic.
Excavations have revealed Classical and Hellenistic buildings, a Hellenistic circuit
wall and a street (Pharos 1995, 47-52; 1996, 90-8; 1997, 58-60; 63-5, 66; 70, 72;
1999, 24-33; 2001, 21-4; 2002, 52-60; 2003, 4-5, 10-13, 17-26; 2004, 8-13; 2005, 11-
14; Wallner 2008, 142-53).

Temple of Apollo reported by Pausanias (3.22.7) but site not confirmed; 3 rd-century
stamped tile of Apollon Geronthratas and Hellenistic inscription (IG V 1.1113)
mentioning a sanctuary of Apollo (Pharos 2007, 11-13 pl. IV). Inscription of ca. 500
on a cippus mentions Apollo Apostaterios (Jeffery and Johnston 1990, 447 no. E).
Pottery of the Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic periods is of votive character, such as
miniature pots, including a miniature kantharos (Pharos 1995, 57; 1996, 58; 1997, 54
pl. III); terracotta disc acroterion (Pharos 1996, 103 pl. III); votive epigram to
Herakles (SEG XV 221; SEG LII 347; IG V 1. 1119, 4th century; Salowey 2002, 173);
spolia from Byzantine churches: triglyphs, an anthemion, acroteria, disc acroteria and
an inscription of the 5th century reading ‘ΘΙΟΙ’ – probably theoi (gods) – may also
have come from religious buildings (Pharos 1997, 77-81); rectangular terracotta
plaque with a relief showing the dokana and two amphorae, symbols of the
Dioskouroi, found in a Classical-Hellenistic room, while roof tiles with a stamp
showing the dokana indicate that a cult of the Dioskouroi existed (Pharos 2000, 47-8
fig. 5; Pharos 2001, 7). Wace (1904-5, 100-1 figs. 1, 3) reported a number of capitals
and sculptures, including a fragmentary Archaic female statue and an Archaic votive

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relief; 3rd-century inscription from a votive relief to Eleusia (Demeter; IG V 1.1118)
from the site; terracotta plaque (Salapata 2014, 340); two stone reliefs with seated
figures (Salapata 2014, 340, R32, 4th century or later; R38, 6th century); victor lists
(IG V 1.1120 and probably IG V 1.1133-4); sanctuary of Hera (IG V 1.1114, 1st
century).

14. Magoulitza
Hilltop shrine at Magoulitza; 4.5km SE from Geraki; Archaic-Hellenistic.
Tiles, black-glazed and plain sherds; pottery fragments spanning the Archaic to the
Hellenistic periods; archaic terracotta ribbed bead.
Pikoulas 2010-13, 561-2.

The shrine is situated on two important routes, one connecting Geronthrai with the
Malea Peninsula and the other with the Laconian Gulf at Akriai (Pikoulas 2012, 251-
5, n. 42).

15. Rikakia
Hilltop sanctuary at Rikakia; about 3km NW from Geraki.
Tiles, black-glazed or plain sherds; torso of a statuette; a fragment of a terracotta
plaque and parts of walls.

This shrine is also located on an important route connecting Geronthrai with Glyppia
but it also marks the area adjoining the region of Selinous.
Pikoulas 2012, 197-9 no. 33α.

16. Karytsa
On a hill in the plain east of Geraki.
Large terrace is reported for the possible construction of Classical-Hellenistic temple
(?); miniature vases at a nearby cave dating from the Archaic to the late 3rd century
Zavvou 2001-4c, 214; Efstathiou-Manolakou 2009, 16 fig. 2.20.

17. Chrysapha
Four stone hero reliefs of the 6th and 5th centuries. One of which was discovered at the
site of Pikromygdalies (LS U3001), standing upright on a tumulus of stones together
with a terracotta relief plaque with a dedication to Zeus Te[leios]?, and an Archaic
inscription referring to ℎερμᾶᾶ |ν|ος (IG V 1.371; SEG IX 760). Other finds from the
area: a miniature vase, miniature cup, fragmentary black-glazed, coarse vases, two
terracotta plaques.
The location of this shrine at Pikramygdalies lay on a major route from Amyklai that
divided south towards the perioikic polis of Geronthrai and north, around the Parnon
Mountain range, into Kynouria.1
Dressel and Milchhöfer 1877, 3, n.1, 303, n. 1; Stibbe 1991, 5-8, 40-1, fig. 3a-b, nos.
A1, B3, B6, C3; Salapata 2014, 340, nos. R1, R8, R18.

18. Aigies near Gytheion

Sanctuary of Artemis and Timagenes (LS JJ124); mid-7th century BC to 4th century
AD.
7th century apsidal building converted in the 6th century into what was probably a
Doric order structure; votive pits (bothroi); fragments of a kouros (540-520);
1
Pikoulas 2012, 180-1 no. 29β. Connecting with no. 29α and then with no. 28 towards Amyklai.

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fragments of a seated female figure of the early Classical period (identified as a cult
statue, Bonias 1998, 38-51 nos. 18-21); numerous votives including a Mistress of
Animals figurine, statuette groups of a female flanked by smaller figures, terracotta
figurines, some standing, riding side-saddle, and kourotrophic figurines; lead figurines
(Bonias 1998, 103-5; Boss 2000, 6-14); an inscribed spherical stone halter (jumping
weight, late 6th century) was dedicated by Tachistolaos to Timagenes, a local hero
(Bonias 1998, 107-8 no. 605). Dedications show activity from the mid-7 th century
with a peak in the Archaic and Classical periods (5th and early 4th centuries).

19. Gytheion
Perioikic polis and Lakedaimonian naval base (LS JJ128).
Stone relief of enthroned man facing left, perhaps with adorant, Archaic or Hellenistic
(Salapata 2014, 351, R27); inscribed 5th-century bronze goat dedicated to Apollo
(SEG XI 926); a rock-cut 5th-century Classical inscription to Zeus Terastios (SEG XI
927; IG V 1.1154; Themos 2012, 548) interpreted as belonging to the cult of Zeus
Kappotas mentioned by Pausanias (3.33.1; cf. IG V 1.1316 from Thalamai, 5th-century
inscription to Zeus Kabatas, Forster 1903-4, 171-2, no.14; Diakoumakou 2010-13);
Classical relief to the Eleusinian, presumably Demeter (IG V 1. 1153); bronze figurine
of Hermes; an engraved gem. Hellenistic cults: IG V 1. 1152, 1144; stone relief of a
woman of a stool facing left, Late Hellenistic or Early Roman; fragment of stone
relief depicting seated figure (Salapata 2014, 353-4, R37, R43). Most of the evidence
for occupation comes from Hellenistic and Roman structures.
Cartledge 2002, 164; Shipley 2004, 582; Themos 2012.
16 km north of Gytheion below village of Strotza by an ancient aqueduct: rock-cut
relief of Herakles leaning on his club, 0.52 m. in height, ‘in the attitude of the Farnese
figure’ (Forster 1906-7, 227).

20. Kranai
Temple of Aphrodite Migonitis (Pausanias 3.22.1) situated where the Church of Agios
Georgios now stands on the promontory on the southern end of Gytheion (LS JJ129)
(?).
Statuette; ancient foundations adjoining the church.
Leake 1830 I, 247-8; Puillon de Boblaye 1836, 86; Forster 1906-7, 223-4;
Giannakopoulos 1966, 25, 185.

21. Krokees (LS JJ119).

a) Roman relief to the Dioskouroi with Latin inscription (IG V 1.1569); statue
(perhaps of the Dioskouroi); animal relief in purple stone of dog attacking a deer.
Forster 1903-4, 187-8, no.19; Hood 1957, 12; Sanders 1992, 205-10.
b) At Daphni, located north-east of modern Krokees, surface finds of various
architectural members, such as column bases; pottery; an inscribed 4 th century votive
relief dedicated by Amometidas to Paiana depicts a standing figure with a long
garment (SEG LX 388) and was discovered by the church of Koimisis Theotokou
(Zavvou 2001-4b, 213; 2015). It is probably a dedication to Apollo or Asklepios as
references to Paian as a cult recipient are rare (Aristonikos De Signis Iliadis 5.899; cf.
IG IV2 1.424-5; Pauly RE XVIII2, 2340-62; SEG XLIII 1188; Dobias-Lalou 1993, 35;
Zavvou 2015, 508-9).

22. Agioi Theodoroi, Voutouchou

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In the northern area of the Eurotas River, east of the modern village of Kollines.
Substantial settlement and a graveyard; temple is reported at Agioi Theodoroi,
Voutouchou.
Pikoulas 1987, 137 n. 39.

23. Helos Plain

a) East side of Helos plain, ‘Stou Manolaki’ hill (LS KK144).
Architectural remains; ‘marbles’; an undated foot of a statue; fragments of Classical
amphorae, tiles and black-glaze pottery; Archaic-Roman.
b) West side of the Helos plain, at Souroukla: spolia, such as ashlar blocks and a poros
stone disc acroterion at the Byzantine church of Agios Nikolaos that may belong to a
cult site.
Wace and Hasluck 1908-9, 161-2; Hondius and Hondius-Van Haeften 1919-21, 150;
Waterhouse, and Hope Simpson 1960, 87-9, 104; Themos 2007, 457-9; Damonon
stele: IG V 1.213, line 13: festival of Poseidon at Helos.

Taygetos

24. Sella
On the Taygetos Mountains (height of 1,110m) (LS HH111); Proto-Geometric-Early
Roman.
Laconian tiles; a Proto-Geometric skyphos; sherds; miniature vessels; fragments of
glass vases; cult building constructed of wood and terracotta (?).
By the Paximadi Pass to the Dentheliatis.
Pikoulas 1992, 141-2, 146; 2012, 393, n.87a; Zavvou and Themos 2001-4, 212-13;
Koursoumis 2014, 191-2.

25. Sto Molyvi

At the mountain peak called Sto Molyvi (LS HH267); Lapithaion (?), Pausanias
3.20.7.
Archaic Aeginetan stater; lead figurines; a seal; two bronze pins (an Archaic one and a
Geometric one depicting a fowl); black-glazed tiles; ashlar blocks.
Ormerod 1909-10, 65; Zavvou 1997a, 196; Zavvou 1997b, 207-8.

26. Near Sotiras

Near Sotira (LS HH100)
Eighteen blocks of bluish marble to build the village church; coins; a bronze statue.
Bölte 1929, 1332; Ormerod 1909-10, 66.

27. Toriza
Four pieces of miniature pottery; six wreath lead figurines.
In the same area of Lakkouda or Panagista Torizas: fifty-seven lead figurines. The
region generally produced terracotta and lead figurines.
Zavvou 2006a, 301.

Kynouria, Western Parnon and the Parnon Seaboard

28. Apollo Tyritas

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Cult site at the top of Prophitis Ilias, Melanon in Kynouria (LS BB29); 8th to 4th
centuries with a peak in the 7th-5th centuries.
Two architectural phases including a small temple of the 6 th century. Architectural
remains: two fragments from a marble doric capital; terracotta disc acroteria;
terracotta cyma; tiles; 4th century altar foundations.
Five statue bases for bronze statues (4 th century); bronze votives: a male figurine
inscribed with ‘Apelon Tyritas’ (6th century), a statuette of Herakles with a club and
bow, a male figurine, a vessel in the shape of a horse and another of a siren, a handle
of a mirror, vase bases, bands; pottery miniature and real size; late-Geometric-early
Archaic terracotta figurines; four lead wreath figurines; rings; iron objects; weapons;
a trident; beads; bone; five fragments of Attic kylikes (550-525).
Evidence of a 5th-century settlement nearby at Paliochora (LS BB27) is also reported,
including foundations (Phaklaris 1990, 173-8; LS BB2).
Romaios 1911, 254-269; 1953, 253; Phaklaris 1990, 174-5; Baumer 2004, 134.

29. Apollo Maleatas

Atop the hill of Prophitis Ilias by the homonymous chapel in the Parnon mountain
range was probably located the sanctuary of Apollo Maleatas (LS BB37); 7th century
with a peak in the Archaic and Classical periods; unknown end date.
Inscriptions: bronze warrior statuette, ca. 520 [IG V 1.927]; bronze disc [SEG XI
890; bronze statuette of a male goat (IG V 1.929a) may have been derived from the
site; rich in weapon dedications, both miniature and real size; bronze double axes;
Laconian pottery, especially of the 6th and 5th centuries; two examples of 7th century
aryballoi.
Reports of lost finds: bronze spears; double bronze axes; rings; 50 iron spear points;
pottery (Phaklaris 1990, 178).
A retaining wall, possibly of Classical date; tiles.
Wace and Husluck 1908-9, 165; Phaklaris, 1990, 178-83; Baumer 2004, 124.

30. Marios
Zougana Hill (LS FF263)
Retrograde inscription (Ἐ..μαντος μ’ἀνέθεˉκε) built into the village church (IG V
1.142); tile fragments near the church: ‘small heroon’ (?) (Wace and Hasluck 1908-9,
167).
At the bottom of the village: a wall and inscribed bronze horse.
At the slopes above the village hill are reported ‘fine springs’; cf. ‘old sanctuary of All
the Gods and a sanctuary of Artemis in a grove containing springs’, Pausanias (3.22.8)
by Marios.2
Wace and Hasluck 1908-9, 166-7; Waterhouse and Hope Simpson 1961, 136.

31. Cult Site at Gaidourospilia

Cave of Asklepios by Kyphanta (?); Pausanias (3.24.2).
Rock-cut niches on the walls of the cave; large amount of glazed and plain pottery; a
spring of water (LS BB38).
Wace and Hasluck 1908-9, 173-4; Zavvou 2006b, 304; 2012, 562.

The Mani Peninsula

2
Location uncertain; see LS FF262, 263, 66.

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32. Svina, Palaiochora
The oracular sanctuary of Ino-Pasiphae (LS LL150); Archaic-Roman (?)
Identified with the site of Thalamai by a 4th-century inscription, a dedication by the
Gerousia, indicating Spartan involvement (IG V 1.1317; Forster 1903-4, 173, no. 15;
Cartledge 2002, 165 Lanérès 2015). It is at the sanctuary of Ino-Pasiphae that the
Spartan ephors allegedly slept and acquired oracles (Plutarch Agis 9.2; Cleomenes
7.2; Pausanias 3.26.1-2; Cicero de Divinatione 1.43.96), see Forster 1903-4, 161-2,
173-4; Dickins 1904-5, 124-36.

Two doric capitals of different dimensions (6th century); marble pilasters (4th century);
a poros wall; multiple walls of ‘Hellenic blocks’; old well-house with ‘Hellenic’
walls; inscribed Roman pithoi (Forster 1903-4, no. 16; Dickins 1904-5, 126, n. 1);
bronze pins; black-glazed pottery; stele base; inscriptions built into churches and
houses (Forster 1903-4, 171-5, nos. 14, 15, 17, 18, 20); Geometric terracotta figurine
(Hood 1957, 10).
A road linking the sanctuary with Leuktron in the north, via Thalamai and Oitylos in
the south (Pikoulas 2012, 379 no. 81β).

33. Las
Perioikic polis identified with a hill at Passava, Chosiari (LS LL153).
Remains of buildings and other finds (including a late Archaic/early Classical votive
stele, IG V 1.1217, and an inscribed vase; Leake 1830 I, 256); dating from Proto-
Geometric to Roman times.
Las, according to Pausanias (3.24.6-10), extended over the mountains of Ilius, Asia
and Knakadion but was formerly located on Mt. Asia. Among the ruins of the city:
temple of Athena Asia; an ancient statue of Hermes; on Mt. Ilius a temple of Dionysos
and on the summit a temple of Asklepios; a temple of Apollo Karneios on Mt.
Knakadion; a sanctuary of Asklepios and Artemis Daphnaia at a placed called Hypsoi
and a temple of Artemis Diktynna by the sea. The oikist Las was buried at a spot
called Arainos.
Forster 1903-4, 187, n. 18; Waterhouse and Hope Simpson (1961) 118 n. 28;
Giannakopoulos 1966, 44-55.

34. Oitylos
The hill at the modern village of Oitylos has been identified with that of the ancient
settlement, and the summit with its acropolis (LS LL154). Lower part of the wall of
the church of Agia Marina at the modern village of Oitylos may belong to a temple
(Hood 1957, 10).
About 200m south of the bridge between Oitylos and Kephala: remains of what may
have been a cult building; square poros blocks are reported from a ‘Hellenic building
in antis’ in situ and others reused in buildings nearby; Classical-Roman (Foster 1903,
160-1; Waterhouse and Hope Simpson 1961, 121).
Oitylos, according to Pausanias (3.25.10), housed a sanctuary of Sarapis and a statue
of Apollo Karneios in the agora.

35. Teuthrone
Teuthrone has been identified with Skopas Kotronas (LS LL203) with the acropolis at
Palaiokastro Kolokythias (LS LL204; Moschou 2001-4, 300-11). The site is extensive
with finds mostly from the late Classical and Hellenistic periods. A 2 nd-1st century
small portable inscribed altar to Artemis Issoria (IG V 1.1219; Catling 1973-4, 16;

8
Peppa-Delmouzou 1973); a 3rd- (or 2nd-) century relief of Artemis with a dog
(Woodward 1906-7, 257); Hellenistic inscription to Poseidon (IG V 1.1218); early
Roman votive relief depicting a seated woman with a snake (Moschou 2001-4, 304,
307). The cult of Artemis Issoria is attested by Pausanias (3.25.4).

36. Phlomochori
A possible road-side sanctuary is located near ancient Teuthrone at a place called
Skalia. Remains of black-glazed sherds; an altar base of Roman date; foundations;
large blocks; two wells (Moschou 2001-4, 310).
7th-century pyramidal stone stele with a ram’s head representing Karneios (Pettersson
1992, 61 fig. 10; Förtsch 2001, 216, fig. 327).

37. Kouloumi
At the village of Kouloumi (LS LL173).
Grave inscription and small marble fragments in the walls of the church of Agioi
Taxiarches and near the church; in the fields close to the church: ancient bricks, tiles,
small votive vase with reddish clay and brown slip; at the plateau west of the church
were found marble sculpture fragments: a broken male life size torso with cloak
hanging from shoulder (Herakles [?]; 3rd century [?]), a fragment of drapery and
possibly legs of a female figure, life size and other marble fragments.
Rock cut relief of Herakles found nearby, 0.67 m in height (cf. Gytheion) (Woodward
1906-7, 241-2).

38. Temple of Poseidon at Tainaron

The temple of Poseidon at Tainaron, a cave with a building near its entrance, is
located at the southern end of the Mani peninsula (LS LL201); Archaic-Roman
(Moschou 1975, 160-77; Cummer 1978, 35-43; Schumacher 1993, 58-60;
Mylonopoulos 2003, 229-38).
By the cave: pottery; figurines; rock cutting for inscriptions or statues; rock-cut
foundations of a building by the cave; underwater remains.
A small temple was built during the Hellenistic period on the hill above, where an old
church now stands (Moschou 1975, 166-7; Mylonopoulos 2003, 234-5).
A Classical settlement is likely located on the east side of the cape, near the sanctuary
of Poseidon (Shipley 2004, 57).
Ancient authors: Pherekydes FGrH 3 F39; Euripides Cyclops 292; Thucydides 1.133;
Strabo 8.5.1; Plutarch Moralia 560ef; Pausanias 3.25.4; 4.24.6; 7.25.3. The 7th-
century Homeric Hymn to Apollo (3.409-13) connects the area with Helios not
Poseidon (Mylonopoulos 2003, 238, n. 177).

A site of refuge for slaves: manumission inscriptions from the 5 th and 4th centuries
were found there (IG V 1.1228-33; Jeffery and Johnston 1990, 201, nos. 53, 54;
Thesaurus Cultum et Rituum Antiquorum III 3b, 336); it was thought in antiquity to
have been an entrance to Hades, specifically where Herakles journeyed to the
underworld (Pindar Pythian 4.44; Euripides Hercules 23; Pausanias 3.25.4-5;
Mylonopoulos 2003, 231; Fowler 2013, 203 n. 159). By the late 4th century it was a
popular recruiting ground for mercenaries, particularly from Asia Minor (Arrian
Anabasis 2.13.6; Plutarch Moralia 846b; Diodorus 17.111; 18.21.3; Badian 1961, 25-
7).

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The Molaoi Plains and the Malea Peninsula

39. Kokkinia, Sanctuary of the Mother of the Gods

The Sanctuary of the Mother of the Gods (Pausanias 3.22.4), located on the hill of
Kastraki (LS MM219) associated with ancient Akrai;3 late-Geometric-late Roman (de
la Genière 2005; Wallner 2008, 121-6).
Architectural remains: doric column base, columns, capitals, terracotta disc acroteria,
antefixes; fragments of statues; statue bases, bronzes; pottery fragments; pottery
fragments in relief; stamped tiles; terracotta statuettes; coins.
6th-century small temple or a shrine, a large rectangular altar and a propylon (de la
Genière 2005, 21, 75-6); not much activity during the Classical period; redesigned in
the Hellenistic period and saw intensive use (de la Genière 2005, 76-8).
Stamped tiles of Hellenistic date with the toponym Akraiatas confirm the sanctuary’s
association with Akraia (de la Genière 2005, 26-8 figs. 9-10 pls. xviii-xix).

40. Phoiniki, The Temple of Apollo Hyperteleatas

The temple of Apollo Hyperteleatas (LS MM226), in the territory of ancient
Kyparissia, Archaic-4th century AD.
Inscriptions (IG V 1.975-1106; SEG LVIII 344-53; Jeffery and Johnston 1990, 199-
201, nos. 17, 35, 43); pottery; bronzes; Roman inscribed bands; Archaic terracotta
disc-acroterion; Archaic capital; foundations of a building 28x7.5 m.
Wace 1907-8, 165-6; Hondius and Hondius-van Haeften 1919-21, 147-8; Kalligas
1980, 10-30; Wallner 2008, 106-14; Farace 2013, 33-43; bronzes: Stibbe 2008.

41. Borzi
Shrine located by the road leading to the sanctuary of Apollo Hyperteleatas.
Substantial foundations; tiles; pottery of perhaps Geometric but definitely Archaic to
Hellenistic date. Shrine may be connected with an old creek.
Pikoulas 2012, 323-4 n. 64.

42. Athena Kyparissia

The sanctuary of Athena Kyparissia is located on an acropolis at the foot of which
Pausanias (3.22.9) saw the ruined city of the Parakyparissian Achaians whose
settlement had moved to Asopos by the 2nd century BC (cf. Strabo 8.5.2).
Leake 1830 I, 226-7; Waterhouse and Hope-Simpson, 1961, 139-41; Shipley 2004,
309, 575; Zavvou 2007, 425-6 n.47; Wallner 2008, 94-5.

The location of Kyparissia has been recently identified with Boza (LS MM227) north
of the Xyli peninsula. Finds include Classical-Roman pottery, architectural remains
and spolia on the top and cliffs of the peninsula. There is nothing in the archaeological
evidence that can be linked with a cult site (Wace and Hasluck 1907-8, 164; Zavvou
2007, 418-21, 430-2).

43. Kollyri, Angelona

Cult site near a spring on the Kollyri plateau associated with a heroon (LS NN232);
Archaic-Hellenistic.

3
Akrai was a settlement and/or cult site during the Archaic and Classical periods. It only became a
polis in the late Hellenistic or early Roman period (Shipley 2004, 574).

10
Miniature and real size vases; potsherds; terracotta figurines; loom weights; a bronze
snake; a statue base; a 5th-century marble relief of a bearded male in front of an altar
(Stibbe 1991, fig. 26); a terracotta relief (Salapata 2014, 341); dark glazed roof tiles.
West of the spring: poros blocks; anta capital.
Wace and Hasluck 1904-5, 81-90, fig.7; Stibbe 1991, 9, 38 no. a4, fig. 31.

44. Kotyrta
Cult site probably connected with the settlement of Kotyrta at modern Daimonia (LS
NN239).
Evidence of finds from the Geometric, Classical and Hellenistic periods: terracotta
figurines; a terracotta relief of Artemis with a dog (Hood and Boardman 1955, 15).
Cult of Asklepios: stone votive limbs (Hondius and Hondius-van Haeften 1919-21,
148-9).

45. Elaphonisos at the church of Panagia Katonisotas

At the area around the church: black-glazed, brown/red-glazed and plain roof tiles;
black-glazed and plain sherds; fragments of glass vessels; wheel-ridged and combed
pottery; Archaic-Roman (Leake 1830 I, 508-9; Pikoulas 2006, 68-9).
Pikoulas identifies the material with that of the temple of Athena at Onou Gnathos
‘Ass Jaw’ described by Pausanias (3.22.10) on a headland jutting out into the sea. The
temple of Athena lacked both a cult statue and a roof and was apparently made by
Agamemnon. The tomb of Kinados, one of Menelaos’ pilots, was located nearby.

46. Agia Thekla

The temple of Artemis Limnatis (Pausanias 3.23.10) can probably be identified in the
area of Agia Thekla (LS NN240).
Marble columns; blocks; a late 6th-century bronze phiale with an inscription to
Limnatis (IG V 1.1497; Jeffery and Johnston 1990, 199, 448 no. 18; Wace and
Hasluck 1907-8, 176; Hondius and Hondius-van Haeften 1919-21, 147-8).
It is on a major route connecting Epidauros Limera and Boiai (Pikoulas 1988b, 281;
2012, 489 nos. 71-4).

47. Near Voutama,

The sanctuary of Apollo, the Epidelion, was probably located on the road connecting
Epidavros Limera with Boiai, near modern Voutama (LS NN241)4 and on the frontier
of Boia and Epidavros Limera (Pausanias 3.23.2).
Under-sea ruins are reported. Pausanias saw a xoanon there (3.23.3; cf. Strabo 8.6.1),
which had allegedly travelled across the waves from Delos.
Wace and Hasluck 1907-8, 175-6; Hondius and Hondius van-Haeften 1919-21, 146.

48. Agia Marina

Agia Marina at the southern end of the peninsula shows evidence of use in the
Hellenistic and Roman periods, but not the Archaic or Classical.
Identified with a cult near the Nymphaion where Pausanias (3.23.2) saw a standing
statue of Poseidon and a nearby cave with fresh water.
Zavvou 2002, 218-19; Mylonopoulos 2003, 216-17; Pikoulas 2006, 69-71.

49. Kleftavlako
4
Pikoulas 1988b, 280-1. Pikoulas (2012, 489) identifies the Epidelion with Chounaria.

11
A substantial settlement (Nymphaion? cf. Pausanias 3.22.2) with evidence mostly of
Hellenistic-Roman use but with some Archaic pottery.
At an elevated part of the area: remains of a building; Hellenistic stamp bearing an
armed Athena with a Nike on the left side (Pikoulas 2006, 69-71 fig. 4); Archaic
pottery; roof tiles; an upper part of a marble stele. This building is interpreted as a
small temple within the settlement (Zavvou 2002, 217-18).

50. Vlisisdi
A possible shrine dedicated to a female deity may have been located at Agios
Georgios at modern Neapolis Boion, Vlisisdi (Christien 1989, 90-1 n. 1; Zavvou 2002,
211).
Remains of a building; tiles.
A head of a Dioskouros was found in the same area (Hood 1959-60, 9; Christou 1960,
103).
The remains of a Classical fort and numerous graves dating from the Archaic to the
Hellenistic periods were found in the area of Agios Georgios at a place called
Gerantonia (Zavvou 2002, 210-11).

51. Vardia Hill

A shrine located on the Vardia Hill, at the southern end of the peninsula of Cape
Malea (Zavvou 2002, 219; Zavvou and Themos 2006, 307; Zavvou 2012, 558).
Miniature pottery (Classical-Hellenistic); sherds; fragmentary black-glazed tiles;
foundations of two square constructions with 1m long sides but of unknown use
nearby.

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