Hazardous and Industrial

Solid Waste Management in

Th il d – An
Thailand A Overview
O i
Hazardouus and Industtrial SWM inn Thailand

C. Visvanathan
Environmental Engineering and Management
Program
P
Asian Institute of Technology
Thailand
email: visu@ait.ac.th
Web: http://www.faculty.ait.ac.th/visu/

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 Hazardous Waste Program Development in
Thailand
1967 LAWS/POLICY Poisonous Substances Act.

1969 LAWS/POLICY Factory Act.

National Environmental Quality

Hazardouus and Industtrial SWM inn Thailand

1975 LAWS/POLICY Promotion & Conservation Act

(NEQA).

NEQA Amendments.
1978
NEQA Amendments established
National Environment Broad (NEB).

Initiation of Samae Dam TSD facility.

1983 FACILITIES

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 Through 1992: National planning
effort focused on need for
comprehensive HWM system.
system

1988 Through 1992: Ministry of industry

REGULATIONS
promulgated variety of HWM
announcements & regulations.
regulations

Samae Dam TSD facility opened

• Enhancement & Conservation of

National & Environmental Quality
Hazardouus and Industtrial SWM inn Thailand

Act.
• Hazardous Substances Act.
1992 • Factory Act.

• NEB raised to subcabinet level.

• Pollution Control Department
p created.

General Environmental Conservation

1994 FACILITIES Company established.

1997 FACILITIES Rayong TSD facility opened.

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 Estimation of quality and quantity of
hazardous waste
Difficulties in data collection
Small scale nature of the industries and
reluctant to provide information

Actual data is not available and the most of the

data available is from estimation based on various
assumption
Hazardouus and Industtrial SWM inn Thailand

The available data is not realistic

T
H 932,638 t/y (1990) (www.un.org)
A
I 1,200,000 t/y (1991)(Cirillo et al, 1994)
L
A 882,000 t/y (1993) (Harnandez J, 1993)
N
D
1,200,000 t/y (1986) (USTDP, 1988)
(based on number of workers)
4
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 Hazardous Waste Generation in 2008
by Source and Region
3.5

3.0
/year

2.5
Million tons/

2.0
Hazardouus and Industtrial SWM inn Thailand

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
Bangkok & Central East Northeast North South Total
vicinities

Industry Community Total

Source: Thailand State of Pollution 2008

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 Industrial Hazardous Waste
Management in 2008
HZW management method Tons/year Percentage
Secured landfill 318,500.82 17.35
Co-incineration in cement 151,468.59 8.25
kiln and incineration in
industrial waste incinerator
Hazardouus and Industtrial SWM inn Thailand

Domestic recycling 1,074,931.43 58.55

Export to recycling 218 618 14
218,618.14 11 91
11.91
Separated and stored in 1,224.04 0.07
factory
Others 71 330 46
71,330.46 3 88
3.88
Total 1,836,073.48 100

Source: Department of Industrial Works

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 Number of Registered Hazardous Waste
Disposal/Recovery Facilities in 2010
Type of facility No. of facility
H
Hazardous
d wastewater treatment plant
l 3
(under the factory control type 101)

Incineration plant
( d
(under th
the factory
f t control
t l ttype 101)
- Hazardous waste incinerator 2
Hazardouus and Industtrial SWM inn Thailand

- Grey and white cement kiln 9

S
Secured
d landfill
l dfill ffor h
hazardous
d waste
t 4
(under the factory control type 105)
Hazardous waste separation plant 1
(under the factory control type 105)
Hazardous waste recycling plant 262
(under the factory control type 106)
Total 276

Source: Department of Industrial Works, February 2010

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 Overview of Hazardous Waste
Management in Thailand
Hazardouus and Industtrial SWM inn Thailand

Reuse/recycle/
recovery

Manifest
system
Waste Waste Waste disposal
generators processors facilities

Waste transporter

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 Implementation of HZW Manifest
System in Thailand
2 3
Waste Regulatory
generators agencies
6

1 4 5 6
Hazardouus and Industtrial SWM inn Thailand

5
4 Waste treatment &
Waste
disposal service
transporters 1 5 6
companies

Uniform-submitted pathway

No. = 1 Regulatory agency 2 Waste g

generator 3 Regulatory agency
Uniform
4 Waste transporter 5 Waste treatment & 6 Waste generator
(6 copies)
disposal company

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 Thailand’s Uniform
HZW Manifest

Waste generator
Hazardouus and Industtrial SWM inn Thailand

Waste transporter

Waste
W t treatment
t t t&
disposal service
company
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 Current Practices on Hazardous Waste
Treatment and Disposal

Discharge to
Illegal
sewer and
dumping
environment
Improper HZW
treatment &
Hazardouus and Industtrial SWM inn Thailand

disposal

Co-disposal
with municipal
waste

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 Illegal Dumping
Hazardouus and Industtrial SWM inn Thailand

Waste containing corrosive substances, heavy

metals and chemical waste are illegally dumped on
the roadside of Chonburi-Pattaya Bypass
Source: Industrial Environment Research and Development Bureau, Department of Industrial Works
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 Current Practices on Hazardous Waste
Treatment and Disposal
• Recycle as material • 20 HZW types disallowed
• Recycle
y for energy
gy • EIA is compulsory
p y
• Downgraded polymer, used • Bottom/fly ash, used
lubricant, fluorescent lamp solvent, WW sludge
Hazardouus and Industtrial SWM inn Thailand

Proper HZW
treatment &
Bangpoo HZW disposal
incinerator Secure landfill

• Operated since 2008 • Start operated in 1997

q
• Liquid waste,, sludge,
g , solid • Stabilization before
infectious & hazardous disposed of in landfill
wastes

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 List of Hazardous Waste Types
Disallowed to Dispose in Cement Kiln
• Spent lead subacetate • Other organic solvents, washing
• Filter paper contaminated with liquids and mother liquors
l d subacetate
lead b • Halogenated
l d still
ill bottoms
b and
d
• Filtrate containing lead reaction residues
subacetate • Other still bottoms and reaction
• Acid alkyl sludges residues
• Oil containing acids • Halogenated filter cakes and
Hazardouus and Industtrial SWM inn Thailand

spent absorbents
• Acid tars
• Other filter cakes and spent
• Wastes containing mercury b b t
absorbents Our focus
• Barium sulfate sludge • Sludge from on-site effluent
containing mercury treatment containing dangerous
• Aqueous washing liquids and substances
mother liquors • Solid wastes containing
• Organic halogenated solvents, dangerous substances
washing liquids and mother • Chlorofluorocarbons
liquors
These wastes have to be treated in
hazardous waste incineration only
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 Sludge from Effluent Treatment
containing Dangerous Substances
Waiting
Waste from Laboratory
Weighing
g g wastes for
i d t i
industries treatment
results

Inorganic Organic
Hazardouus and Industtrial SWM inn Thailand

Solid Liquid Liquid Solid

No heat
value
Non- Fuel Thermal
Hazardous
hazardous blending combustion

Secured Wastewater Synthetic

Stabilization
landfill treatment fuel
Leachate

Effluent discharge
Source: GENCO 2005
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 Bangpoo Industrial Waste Management
Center
• Department of Industrial
Works, Ministry of Industry is
the project’s proprietor

• Akkhie Prakarn Co. Ltd. has

b
been granted
t d the
th rights
i ht to
t
manage and operate Bangpoo
Hazardouus and Industtrial SWM inn Thailand

Industrial Waste Management

Centre (Waste Incinerator)
Samut Prakarn province

• Aims to g
generate appropriate
pp p
hazardous waste elimination
processes and safety to the
environment

Source: www.akkhie.com
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 Bangpoo Industrial Waste Management
Center
• Facilitate waste disposal services in particular of liquid
waste, sludge, solid along with infectious and hazardous
wastes

• Capacity: 48-75 tons/day

• Incinerator system: containing 2 parts

Hazardouus and Industtrial SWM inn Thailand

– Rotary kiln (> 925°C)

– Secondary combustion chamber (>1,100°C)
(>1 100°C)

• Air purification system - Partial quench tower or

evaporative
p cooling
g system,
y , dry
y lime & activated carbon
injection system, bag filter house, selective catalytic
reduction and packed scrubber tower

• Continuous emission monitoring system

Source: www.akkhie.com
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 Hazardous Waste Co-Processing in Cement
Plant - Case of Siam Cement Co. Ltd.,

Main phases of cement manufacturing

Hazardouus and Industtrial SWM inn Thailand

• Preparation
p of raw materials into raw meal
(extraction Æ crushing Æ pre-homogenization Æ
dosing Æ grinding Æ homogenization)

• Clinker production: Pyro-processing

Pyro processing of raw
materials (calcinations of the raw meal into the
rotary kiln – energy supplied by burning fuels)

• Cement production: Grinding of clinker and

mineral components to obtain cement
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 Hazardous Waste Co-Processing in Cement
Plant - Case of Siam Cement Co. Ltd.,

As cement p
production is an
energy intensive industry,
could waste be the solution?
Hazardouus and Industtrial SWM inn Thailand

• SCG is in collaboration with SCI Eco Services Co.,

Ltd. to utilize its wastes in cement manufacturing
to achieve zero waste to landfill within 2012

• Physical and chemical properties of all accepted

wastes are analyzed prior to dispose in a cement
kiln

• Homogeneous waste can be effectively recovered

y co-processing
by p g in the cement-making
gpprocess
– As alternative fuel (co-processing of waste)
– As alternative raw materials
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 Type of Wastes Disposed in Cement
Kiln
• Industrial waste that can be burnt as AFR in a cement kiln
should contains low Chloride, low sulphur, low alkali and
especially low heavy metal (such as Hg, Pb, Cr, Cd,), weak
odor and low acid
• The wastes used as alternative raw materials must contain an
oxide
o de of
o Ca, Si,
S , Al and
a d Fe,
e, which
c are
a e four
ou major
ajo compositions
co pos t o s
Cartridge Filter Paint sludge Wastewater sludge
Hazardouus and Industtrial SWM inn Thailand

Iron exchange resin Coke Source: www.scieco.co.th

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 Hazardouus and Industtrial SWM inn Thailand

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Thank You