EDGE OF SPACE PROJECT

Instructions to get a rough idea about various stuffs involved in the scientific balloon project.
INTRODUCTION
The goal of the project is to construct an atmospheric probe and equip it with different sensors. The probe will
be mounted on a meteorological balloon, and lifted to approximately 35 000 m (115 000 ft). The ascent and
descent will be recorded with two on-board GoPro cameras, and the probe will be tracked via GPS.

This project requires a somewhat bigger group of students - around 30. It is best suited for older high school
students, with a preference for natural studies (physics, chemistry and biology), and love for technical skills.
At the beginning of students were divided into teams, and each of them was assigned a specific tasks:
adaptation of specific sensors, design of the probe, design of the parachute, adaptation of the data acquisition
device (DAQ) and GPS device, preparation of the biological samples. During the building stage the groups had
to communicate with each other in order to get optimal sensor results. Each team had to keep a work journal
and make a detailed work report at the end (will be added).
Students used the VERNER sensors and DAQ – Vernier supplies most of the equipment to our school, so it
was the most convenient choice for us. But you can use any kind of DAQ, sensors and GPS system you can
get.

STUDENTS WILL RESEARCH THE FOLLOWING SUBJECTS

 atmospheric pressure
 UVA and UVB radiation
 ideal gas law, lift
 atmospheric gas composition
 Verner sensors datasheets
 living organisms in extreme conditions (extremophiles)
 electric current, Joule heat
 heat conductivity, thermal conduction
 GPS positioning systems
 air drag
 combustion
 buoyancy

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

 By disassembling the sensors, making adjustments and building the probe, the students will learn to
handle hand tools, power tools, how to solder and use appropriate safety measures.
 Students will develop creative problem solving skills as they will have to deal with a number of technical
issues. They will develop team communication, and will learn to constructively interacts with team
members and other teams in order to reach the goal.
 By building a hot wire foam lathe students will learn about the practical use of Joule heating, Joules First
Law, electric conductivity and effects of high temperature on different materials (pvc, Styrofoam, etc...)
 By designing and building a parachute the students will learn about air drag, terminal velocity and will learn
to handle a sewing machine.
 By examining the microorganism the students will learn about the living conditions of the extremophiles
and will be able to predict their survival rate in extreme conditions.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

 By disassembling the sensors, making adjustments and building the probe, the students will learn to
handle hand tools, power tools, how to solder and use appropriate safety measures.
 Students will develop creative problem solving skills as they will have to deal with a number of technical
issues. They will develop team communication, and will learn to constructively interacts with team
members and other teams in order to reach the goal.
 By building a hot wire foam lathe students will learn about the practical use of Joule heating, Joules First
Law, electric conductivity and effects of high temperature on different materials (pvc, Styrofoam, etc...)
 By designing and building a parachute the students will learn about air drag, terminal velocity and will learn
to handle a sewing machine.
 By examining the microorganism the students will learn about the living conditions of the extremophiles
and will be able to predict their survival rate in extreme conditions.

Step 1: Description of work/components

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The aim of the project is to construct an atmospheric probe equipped with sensors measuring: temperature,
pressure, concentration of carbon dioxide, concentration of oxygen, UVA and UVB radiation and light
measurements. We would like to see how height affects the behaviour of living organisms (in our case yeast).
The probe casing is made of Styrofoam, enriched with graphite. The probe also includes a parachute, cameras
and a pressure chamber.

For the probe the following equipment must be provided:

- probe casing
- carbon dioxide sensor
- oxygen sensor
- pressure sensor
- temperature sensor
- bacteria (yeast and Cryptococcus)
- light sensor UVA and UVB
- camera
- pressure chamber
- parachute
- GPS tracking unit
- data collection unit

We used the Vernier sensors, and modified them. They can be found at:
http://www.vernier.com/products/

Step 2: Distribution of students into groups:

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Distribution of students into groups:

 constructors (probe, parachute, remodelling of sensors)

 sensor groups (according to class):
 chemistry - carbon dioxide and oxygen measurements
 physics - air pressure and temperature measurements
 physics - UVA, UBV radiation and light measurements
 biology (yeast and extremophiles preparation)

Step 3: Construction of the DAQ, probe tracking (GPS)

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Preparation of the DAQ and GPS tracker.

 disassembly of this DAQ, removal of its casing and screen

 shortening of wires
 connecting the sensors to DAQ

We used the LabQuest DAQ, which we took apart and reduced its mass to almost one half. The board was
then installed into the probe. We did the same thing with the GPS tracking unit. Both devices will later be
installed in special compartments inside the probe. Three sensors will be mounted on the GPS unit, and will
transmit live data during the flight.

The GPS unit we use is the BLACKBLOX GPS unit, can be bought HERE.
Step 4: Making the hot wire lathe
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In order to construct the probe you will have to make the casing. Polystyrene (Styrofoam) is an excellent
choice, because of its heat insulating properties. We used Styrofoam enhanced with graphite. The graphite
enhances thermal insulation by 20%.

Before making a probe, you will first have to make a ''lathe''. First make the wooden holders for the end plates.
For the end plates you can use any rod or stick, as long as it is thick enough to mount a plate on its end. Just
place them into a ball baring and attached to the wooden holders. Then put a round or square plate on each of
them. We used 25 mm thick aluminium rods and for the ends we used round aluminium plates (diameter 100
mm and 135 mm).

In between two end plates you will later put the polystyrene block.
With lab stands and some clamps you can make a stable holder for the hot wire.

Step 5: Construction of the probe casing

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You will need:

 probe casing design (plan)

 hot wire lathe for Styrofoam
 of test probes
 cutting the probe casing out of polystyrene
 making holes for sensors
 making flaps

To construct the probes casing you will first needed a plan. We decided to go with a barrel-like shape, a
circular cut-out. Than you have to prepare a hot wire lathe which we will use for cutting. Before we made the
real thing, a couple of trial runs were conducted, so we got used to the equipment. When you cut out the probe
you will have to hollow out the inside so you can put the sensors in.

The probe should also be equipped with flaps, which will stabilize it during flight.

On the top and bottom cut two additional grooves, in which you will place two metal rings - they will hold both
halves of the probe together.

Step 6: Carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) sensor

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Carbon dioxide and oxygen sensor:

 sensors must be cut out of their plastic casings

 be very careful not to damage the sensor when using the cutting disk
 trim the plastic casing until the interior of the sensor can be taken out of it
 peel down the plastics surrounding cables and shorten them
 solder the cables together

Because the sensors only work in the air pressure is more than 50 kPa (0,5 bar), and temperature above 0°C,
we had to make a heated pressure chamber. Inside we will try to maintain constant air pressure and
temperature. See next step.

First dissemble the sensors. While doing this be very careful not to damage them while cutting them out of
their plastic casing. Trim the casing until the interior of the sensors can be removed from it. Then shorten the
cables and trim the thick plastic surrounding them. Solder the shortened cables back together.

Step 7: Heated pressure chamber

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Because of the extreme conditions at 35 km, you will have to construct a heated pressure chamber for the
CO2 and O2 sensor (this will probably be true for any sensors you use).

We used:

 air pump
 electric heater (wire for the terrarium)
 plastic bottle
 air pump - electric pump used for model submarines
 resister wire - we used constantan wire

Cut the plastic bottle ans make holes for both sensors, air intake, air outlet, and heater. Place the elements
inside the bottle and glue them airtight with non-agressive silicone (the one used for bathroom tiles works OK).
Be sure to make some kind of pressure valve for the air outlet - otherwise the air pressure inside the chamber
will be the same as outside.
For the heating element you can place the resistor wire between two layers of silvertape. If the wire gets too
hot it will melt the tabe though - so be careful not to overdo it.
We used an old spring scale in a tube. All we did was put an O-ring on the outer end and drill doles in the inner
one. Then we used silicone to glue it to the chamber - and it worked !

Step 8: Pressure and temperature sensor modification

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Pressure and temperature sensor modification in 4 easy steps:

 select appropriate pressure and temperature sensors (gas pressure sensor and thermometer)
 reduction of mass (removal of unnecessary parts)
 shortening the cables
 removing the sensor casings (plastics and protective parts)
 testing the sensors (before and after having removed the casing) !!!

Modify the pressure and temperature sensors (be careful that we select the appropriate gas pressure and
temperature sensors). Remove the unnecessary parts and the sensors casing, doing so will greatly reduce the
mass. Don't forget to must test the sensors before and after removing them from their casing. Be careful and
DON'T RUSH IT!!!

Step 9: Live crew - yeast and extremophiles

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Live crew - steps we took

 use plain yeast (from baking yeast) and extremophiles – Cryptococcus (isolated from glacier material)
 you will need a nutrient medium: we used: RIDA®COUNT Yeast and Mold Rapid
 place the bacterial culture on the nutrient medium
 incubation: temperature 24°C, 48 hours (a new generation of fungi grows every 2 hours)
 measure the number of cells in the sample: we used the Vernier photospectrometer
 compare the growth of bacteria in ideal conditions and under extreme conditions (you can do that after the
probe returns)

To ''grow the crew'' you first need some plain yeast and/or extremophiles (Cryptococcus) which are isolated
from glacier material. Place the bacteria on a nutrient medium (we used: RIDA®COUNT Yeast and Mold
Rapid). Incubate them at the temperature of 24°C for 48 hours (a new generation of fungi grows every 2
hours). Measure the number of cells in the sample by using a photospectometer. The measurements of the
growth of bacteria in the probes' incubator will be compared to the ideal incubation figures taken in school's
lab.

Step 10: Light sensor modifications

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Light sensor modifications

 modify the UVA (ultraviolet radiation type A) and UVB (ultraviolet radiation type B) radiation and light
sensor
 remove long handles intended for a better grip and easier use
 shorten cables connecting the sensor with a data acquisition device
 remove light sensor casings
 install sensors in the probe facing upwards !!! (the probe will rotate throughout its travel and the sensors
will not be exposed to constant light source all the time, but you will get the information about the probes
rotation)
Modify the light sensor and the UVA (ultraviolet radiation type A) and UVB (ultraviolet radiation type B)
radiation sensors. Remove unnecessary casing and shorten the cables. Install the sensors on the probe so
they are facing upwards. The results will tell about the probes rotation - stronger light means the sensor was
facing the sun, weaker light means the sensor was facing away from the sun

Step 11: Cameras

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You can use any camera you want, but the better the camera, the better the captured images. We used
2 GoPr HDHero 2 cameras.

One camera will record the side view, and the other the down view. As we plan to launch in the early morning
hours, we hope to capture the moment of the sunrise :)

Step 12: The PARACHUTE

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In order to test the optimal design we designed three different types of parachutes:

 A plastic trash bag parachute (duct taped together)

 B textile parachute (cotton fabric - didn't work at all!)
 C sewed plastic parachute

If you are going to make your own you should first:

calculate the estimate weight of the load and then make an appropriate stencil for the parachute gores.

Then you should:

 make a stencil for a parachute gore (ours had a diameter of 1,5 m)

 8 large trash bags (one for each gore)
 cut the trash bags using the stencil, and use a sewing machine or duct tape to bind the gores together
 attach 8 strings 2,5 meters long, one on each gore
 you can make a hole in the top part of the parachute (the hole will help to open the parachute faster and
will stabilize the fall)

After we made all three designs we went out and tested them. At the end we decided to go with the one that
has a hole in the middle. We took the gore stencil to a local parachute manufacturer, and he made the
parachute for us out of some special parachute fabric. After all trash bags at 115 000 ft didn't seem a good
idea at all!
Step 13: Probe assembly

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You will have to:

 cut out individual holes for the components

 insert and glue individual sensors
 connect the sensors to the DAQ
 set up the sensors
 check the sensors if they are working correctly
 test the pressure chamber and heating
 make place for extremophiles – Cryptococcus

First use hot wire to shape the inside of the probe so all of the sensors and other components fit neatly inside.
Make sure that the probe closes properly.

At the end we install all the components inside the probe and assembly it all together. We position the
components in the probe. We make the final probe casing and install the remodelled sensors, the camera,
extremophiles and the parachute.

Step 14: Test launch

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Step 15: THE LAUNCH

The probe will be launched via a weather balloon. We will be using the Kaymont HAB-3000, which can climb
to an altitude of approximately 35 000 meters. (115000 ft)

The balloon is connected directly to the top of the parachute, and the parachute directly to the probe. there is
no direct connection between the balloon and the probe. After the balloon bursts the probe will start to fall
freely and the parachute will open. As it descends toward the ground the air density will increase and so will
the air drag. The speed of the probe will therefore decrease as it is approaching the ground.
The balloon will be filled with 10 m3 of helium. The starting balloon diameter will therefore be 2,3 m, and just
before bursting the diameter will be 13 m!!!! (thats aloooooooot)

We expect to reach a lift velocity of 7 m/s and fall velocity of approximately 7 - 10 m/s. The probe will touch the
ground after about 118 minutes of flight.

Step 16: The Launch - finally