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UNITS 3 AND 4 (8 Working Days, 1 Review Day)

Topics Discussed:
Shopaholics (Listening page 49)
Complaints (Addtl reading page 63)
Role of money (Discussion page 59, TED Talk: How money can buy happiness)
Technology (TED Talk: The funny unintended consequences of technology,
Additional Ideas on page 76)
Vocabulary:
UNIT 3

Window Shopping Shopaholic

Refund Get a deal

Return/exchange Cheapskate

Strip mall Farmer’s Market

Department Stores Bargain Hunting

UNIT 4

Research (a topic) Look over

Come along Read up on

Come across Figure out

Carry on with Go over

Carry out Look Into

Grammar Points:
- Adverbs
- Viewpoint Adverbs
- Focus Adverbs
- Frequency Adverbs
- Linking Verbs
- Adj/Adverbs and Nouns with Enough
- Adverbs- Positive, Comparative, Superlative
- Comparisons
- Equal Comparisons
- Unequal Comparisons
- Multiple Number Comparisons
- Double Comparisons
- *Comma*
Adverbs
● Used to describe adjectives, other adverbs, and verbs except linking verbs
○ Verbs: My cat waits impatiently for his food.
○ Adjectives: This book is more interesting than the last one.
○ Adverbs: He did his work extremely well.
4 Types
● Adverbs of Manner
○ Describe HOW something happened
○ Generally used with other action verbs
○ Often added by adding -ly to the adjective
○ Appear after verb or its object, or at the beginning of sentence.
■ Ex. Gracefully, Elena danced ballet.
■ Ex. The boy laughed loudly.
■ Ex. badly, happily, sadly, slowly, quickly, and others that include well,
hard, fast
● Adverbs of Degree
○ Describe the degree/intensity something happened
○ Answers “To what degree?” or “How much?”
○ Can be used with verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
○ Appear before main verb/adjective/adverb they modify (except enough)
■ Ex. Are you warm enough?
■ Ex. She was entirely wrong in her judgement.
■ Ex. He drove very quickly.
■ Ex. almost, much, nearly, quite, really, so, too, very
● Adverbs of Place
○ Describe where something happened
○ Answers “Where?”
○ Used with verbs
○ Appear after main verb or object
■ Ex. I’ll meet you there after class.
■ Ex. Victor put the book away.
■ Ex. above, below, here, outside, over there, there, under, upstairs
● Adverbs of Time
○ Describe when something happened
○ Used with verbs
○ Answers “When?” or “How long/How often?”
○ Appear at the end of the sentence (except still)
■ Ex. They are still learning the basics.
■ Ex. The package arrived yesterday.
■ Ex. last week, a few months ago, afterwards, already, always,
immediately, last month, now, soon, then, and yesterday

Viewpoint Adverbs
● Add information about the speaker’s opinion of events.
● They do not usually give information about how. INSTEAD, the modify the whole
sentence.
● Viewpoint adverbs modify the ENTIRE sentence rather than just certain elements within
it.
● Common viewpoint adverbs:
Seriously, personally, unluckily, undoubtedly, theoretically, unbelievably, confidentially,
truthfully, technically, definitely
● Viewpoint adverbs can go anywhere within the sentence (exception: Maybe and perhaps
have to go at the beginning)
○ When at the end, a comma must precede them.
○ If the viewpoint adverb is in the middle, you should follow these rules:
1. It should go before the main verb (neg. too)
She unbelievably answered every question correctly.
The girl truthfully told her mother what had happened.
2. It should go between an modal verb and the main verb
You should definitely tell him the truth.
3. It should go after the verb ‘’to be’’
He is definitely the craziest president the U.S. has ever had.
This is seriously the worst thing.

Focus Adverbs
- Place the focus, or emphasis, on specific words
- Generally go before the word(s) they are modifying
- Position in sentence STRONGLY affects their meaning
- COMMON ONES:
- Only, just, really, simply, merely, almost, even
- In spoken english, their meaning is made clear by stress or intonation
- I ONLY asked Kim where she was going. (That’s all I did.)
- I ONLY asked KIM where she was going. (Kim is the only person I asked.)
- I ONLY asked Kim WHERE she was going. (I didn’t ask her for other
information.)
- EXAMPLES:
- Even Shelley complained about them.
- (Focus on Shelley= she was not supposed to complain)
- I almost told June about the surprise party.
- (Focus on told=I was about to, but I changed my mind.
- I told almost everybody about the surprise party.
- (Focus on everybody= I told many people)

Frequency Adverbs
- Express how often something happens
- COMMON ONES:
- Always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, rarely, hardly (ever), never
- Placement
- If using main verb:
- Go before main verb.
- If an auxiliary verb is present
- Goes after first auxiliary verb
- If using “to be”
- Goes after be
- Sometimes can go at the beginning of a sentence
- EXAMPLES:
- I always know when Frank comes home because his car is so loud.
- Wes has often been caught speeding.
- As a child, Carl was seldom told how smart he was.
- I have never been so embarrassed.

Linking Verbs
- Belong to a special category of verbs that connect (or “link”) the subject with the subject
complement
- They are NOT action verbs, and therefore, may not be modified by an adverb, only BY
ADJECTIVES
- COMMON ONES:
- Seem, taste, stay, appear, become, remain, sound, feel, look, be

- EXAMPLES:
- The owner of the dog felt bad about the incident.
- I am happy that you decided to go.
- The coffee smells good.
- Feel, look, smell, and taste can ALSO be action verbs.
- When they are, they CAN be modified by an action verbs
- To determine if it is an action verb, check to see if the verb has a direct object
- EXAMPLES:
- I tasted the snails cautiously before I ordered more.
- The nurse felt Albert’s ankle carefully before he decided to take the x-ray.

Adj/Adverbs and Nouns with Enough


- ENOUGH: indicates the quantity required or necessary
- Placement:
- With Adj/Adverbs
- adj/adv + enough
- With nouns
- Enough + noun
- EXAMPLES:
- Ian makes enough money for both of us.
- Do you have enough groceries to last you the rest of the week?
- She is modest enough not to brag when she gets the highest marks.
- At the peak, it was cold enough for it to snow.
Adverbs- Positive, Comparative, Superlative
- 3 forms of adverbs: POSITIVE, COMPARATIVE and SUPERLATIVE
- POSITIVE: normal form of the adverb
- Ex. carefully, cautiously, quickly
- COMPARATIVE: compares two things
- Ex. more carefully
- SUPERLATIVE: compares 3 or more things with one being the superior/inferior
option
- Ex. most carefully
- Comp/Super Adverbs are usually not followed by the suffixes (-er or -est) but instead
use more/less for comparative or most/least for the superlative
- Use comparative and superlative adverbs in the same way you use comparative and
superlative adjectives
- EXAMPLES:
- I drive more carefully than my father.
- Sally behaved more recklessly than George at the party last night.
- She arrived sooner than we thought she would.
- Bertha reads the newspaper the most slowly of anyone in her family.
- IRREGULARS:
- Fast: faster, fastest
- Soon: sooner, soonest
- Late: later, latest
- Far: further/farther, furthest/farthest
- Little: less, least
- Much/many: more, most
- Good/well: better, best
- Bad/badly: worse, worst

Comparisons
- When making comparisons, be sure that like entities are being compared
- If comparing possessives, use the possessive form
- Examples
- His grades aren’t as good as his brother’s.
- For other subjects, make sure other subjects are of the same class
- Singular subjects: use THAT OF to avoid repetition
- The motor of a Japanese car is more reliable than that of an American
car.
- Using that of instead of repeating “the motor of”
- Plural subjects: use THOSE OF to avoid repetition
- The students of Blair University presented more interesting topics than
those of the University of Hopkins.
- Using those of instead of “the students of”
Equal Comparisons
- Shows that two entities are exactly the same (or, in the case of negative, are not)
- Use as to show the equality of the comparison
- Placement:
- Subject + verb + as + adj/adv + as + noun/subject pronoun
- EXAMPLES:
- Tony is as worried about the situation as I.
- Natalie drives as well as I do.
- Tony can run as fast as his brother.
- That book isn’t as difficult to read as yours.
- To compare nouns, use as much/little or as many/few
- EXAMPLES:
- I have as much information as he does.
- Tracy’s apartment has as little furniture as yours.
- With a negative verb, it is possible to use so + adj/adv + as
- EXAMPLES:
- Hank isn’t as tall as Mark.
- Nicole isn’t so impatient as her father.

Unequal Comparisons
- Shows that two entities are comparable to a greater or lesser degree
- Use comparative structure
- Placement:
- Subject + verb + comparative adj/adv + than + noun
- EXAMPLES:
- My jokes are funnier than yours.
- Karen is taller than you, but shorter than I.
- The shoes that are on sale are more expensive than the pair in your
hand.
- To intensify, add much or far before the comparative form.
- subject + verb + far/much + comparative adj/adv + than + noun
- Jessie’s car is much more expensive than James’s.
- Your necklace is much prettier than Lucy’s.
- To use nouns in an unequal comparison, use as more/fewer/less
- There are fewer students in our school than in yours.
- Sally has less homework tonight than last night.
- We need more examples than the ones in the book.

Multiple Number Comparisons

SUBJECT + VERB + NUMBER MULTIPLE + AS + MUCH/MANY + NOUN + AS + NOUN


- Compare the number of a certain item
- They use number multiples: half, twice, three times, four times, etc.
- Use the phrase as much/as many as
- EXAMPLES:
- I have half as much work as you do.
- In LA, there are three times as many people as there were 10 years ago.
- Carol found twice as much information as I, but she lost it all.

Double Comparisons

COMPARATIVE + SUBJECT + VERB + THE + COMPARATIVE + SUBJECT + VERB


- Use when comparing the relationship between two clauses
- EXAMPLES:
- The funnier she is, the harder I laugh.
- The colder it is, the more miserable Jenny gets.
- The sooner you go to the doctor, the better you will feel.
- The more dangerous the sport is, the more enjoyable for her.
- For verbs or expressions that are not adjectives or adverbs, use the more
- EXAMPLES:
- The more it snows, the more dangerous it is to drive.
- The more you study, the better your grades are.
- The more I worked, the more irritable I became.

Comma - Items in a Series


- Use commas to separate items in a series (adjectives, nouns, verbs)
- EXAMPLES:
- Place the screwdrivers, wrenches, hammers and nails on the top shelf.
- My bed was hard, cold, and narrow.
- It is possible to omit the comma directly before AND
- Phrases in a series much also be separated by commas
- EXAMPLES:
- Put the cake in the over, turn the oven on, and wait five minutes.
- Call George, ask him if he can attend, and then call me back.
- Do NOT use commas if only two items are linked by AND.
- It is a dark, rainy day.
- It is a dark and rainy day.
- Do not use commas after expressions that introduce a series of items: such as, for
example, like
- A comma is usually used before these expressions
- EXAMPLES:
- Rachel loves to read classic novels, such as Moby Dick and David
Copperfield..
- She has a few character flaws that keep her from finding a boyfriend,
such as being impatient and selfish.

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