UNIT 1/ UNIT 2 (7 Work Days, 1 Review Day)

Topics Discussed:
Reality Television (Reading page 1)
A Picture is Worth 1000 Words (Listening Activity page 6)
Internet Language (Reading Page 27)
Censorship (Listening Page 31)

Vocabulary:
UNIT 1

Remote Eject Static

Primetime Networks Record

Turn it up fast-forward Rewind

Screen Child-oriented Rerun

UNIT 2

Amusement Park Puppet Show Internet

Museum Dog Races Play or Musical

Live Jazz Performance Poetry Reading Hang out at the mall

Sports Horse Show Coffee House

Loitering Go Clubbing Board Games

Drive-in Restaurant Movie theater

Grammar Points:
-Affirmative Agreement Too/So
-Negative Agreement Either/Neither
-Prepositions of Time (AT, ON, IN, FOR, SINCE, DURING, BY, UNTIL)
-Prepositions of Place
-Phrasal Verbs and Idioms
-Prepositional Phrases
-Adjectives/Word Order
-Participial Adjectives (Present and Past)
-Nouns functioning as Adjectives
-Comparatives and Superlatives
-Comma
 Affirmative Agreement Too
Affirmative statement + and + subject + verb + too
- Used to show affirmative agreement, when someone agrees with an affirmative
statement
- Verb preceding too should be the corresponding auxiliary verb, when applicable
- Remember that verbs like ​can ​and ​be d
​ o not use auxiliary verbs**

Affirmative Agreement So
Affirmative statement + and + so + verb + subject
- Used to show affirmative agreement, when someone agrees with an affirmative
statement
- The verb following ​SO ​should be the corresponding auxiliary verb, when applicable
- Use a subject pronoun after so + verb (I, you, he, she, it, we, they)
- Remember that verbs like ​can ​and ​be d
​ o not use auxiliary verbs**

Negative Agreement Either

Negative statement + and + subject + negative + verb + either
- Used to show negative agreement, when someone agrees with a negative statement
- Use negative verb with either
- Verb preceding ​either​ should be an auxiliary verb if applicable
- ​ nd ​do​ do not use auxiliary verbs**
Verbs like ​can a
- Comma usually precedes either

Negative Agreement Neither

Negative statement + and + neither + affirmative verb + subject
- Used to show negative agreement, when someone agrees with negative statement
- Use affirmative verb with neither
- Verb following should be an auxiliary verb if applicable
- Remember that verbs like​ can ​and ​do​ do not use auxiliary verbs **
- With neither, use subject pronoun (I, you, he, she, it, we, they)

**VERBS THAT ARE ALREADY AUXILIARY, THEREFORE DON’T NEED ANOTHER**

-Can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would, have, do, be

Prepositions of Time (AT, ON, IN, FOR, SINCE, DURING, BY, UNTIL)
-Prepositions indicate a relationship between a verb and a noun
 ● At​: specific times, with age
○ AT + time
○ Ex. At midnight, At 6 pm
● On​: used for dates and days
○ ON + day/date
○ Ex. On Monday, On September 5th
● In​: used for longer periods of time; can refer to the future
○ IN + period of time
○ Ex. In 10 days, In September
● For:​ used to tell how long something has lasted
○ FOR + a period of time
○ Ex. For a while, For 10 days, For a month
● Since: ​used to tell when something started
○ SINCE + specific time
○ Ex. Since Tuesday, Since last year
● During: ​used to say when something happened
○ DURING + noun
○ Ex. During the movie, During Monday’s Class
● By: ​used to indicate “no later than”, often used with future (will + have + past
participle)
○ BY + Time
○ Ex. By 10 am, By Monday morning
● Until:​ tells how long a situation lasts
○ UNTIL + time/clause
○ Ex. Until Friday, Until you are finished

Prepositions of Place
COMMON PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE (USED TO INDICATE WHERE SOMETHING IN IN
RELATION TO OTHER THINGS):
-AT -BENEATH
-ON -NEXT TO
-IN -ABOVE
-OVER -ON TOP OF
-UNDER -BY (meaning near)
-BESIDE -AT THE BOTTOM OF
There are a few clear cut rules for use of prepositions of place, especially IN/AT/ON/BY

● At​: talking about where an event takes place; also to speak of the event itself
● On​: usually speaking of a surface
● In​: emphasizing the place; being enclosed used w/ verbs of motion or direction
● By​: means near when used for place

Special Notes:
Tom is in school until four pm.
I dropped him off at school this morning.
At Lakewood Community College, we strive to be the best

We say ​AT SCHOOL/COLLEGE ​or ​IN SCHOOL/COLLEGE.

We say ​at​ when we use the name of the school.

She was at Richard’s house yesterday.

In Richard’s house, there are three bathrooms.

We say ​AT someone’s house/apartment/office.

When we are thinking of the house/building itself, we use ​IN.

I live in Cuenca.
The Parthenon is in Athens.
Does this train stop at Pine City?
We stopped at a small village near the lake on our way to Chicago.

IN ​is usually used from towns and cities.

AT​ may be used when the town or city is a point on a journey.

The disk is in the computer.

As I was putting the disk into the computer, the screen froze.

Some prepositions of place are static ( ex. in) while others indicate movement or
direction (ex. into)

He goes to work by taxi.

This present is for Mary.
He works as a waiter on weekends.

Other types of prepositions indicate means, give descriptions, or have other functions
such as: ​with, despite, in spite of, by, as

Phrasal Verbs and Idioms

Phrasal verb​: phrase with 2 or more words (usually verb + preposition)
○ Always 2 separate words (never hyphenated or combined)
 ○ Used as more natural way of speaking
● Phrasal Verbs to be memorized:
○ Come back
○ Take back
○ Hear of
○ Make up
○ Try out
○ Hang out
○ Step on
○ Play down

Idiom​: Commonly used expression whose meaning does not relate to the literal meaning of its
words
● Opposed to
● Excited about
● Responsible for
● Fed up with
● Accustomed to
● Intrigued by/at
● Famous for
● Nervous about
● Careful of
● Safe from
● Aware of
● Related to
● Ready for
● Good at
● Slow at
● Ashamed of

Prepositional Phrases
ANY PREPOSITION* + noun phrase
-Begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or noun phrase
-MUST be followed by a noun
-To use a verb after a preposition, must be in the gerund form (noun form of a verb)
Ex. after swimming

*BY, IN FRONT OF, ON, IN, FOR, NEAR, AFTER, WITH, NEXT TO, SINCE, ABOUT, AT,
DURING, UNTIL, TO, INTO*
 Adjectives and their Word Order
● Used to describe nouns, pronouns, and linking verbs
● Come BEFORE nouns they describe and MAY follow a linking verb
○ Linking verbs: show relationship between subject of the sentence & the noun or
adjective being linked to it)
■ Be (am, is, are, was, were, has been, are being, might have been, etc.),
become, seem
■ Appear, feel, grow, look, prove, remain, smell, sound taste turn (if you can
substitute am, is, or are
● They are never plural (exception: ​these ​and ​those)
● There are 2 types
○ Descriptive: ​describe color, size, or quality of a noun or pronoun (both opinions
and facts)
■ OPINION: Beautiful, dangerous, big, careful, green, fat, silly, ugly
■ FACT:
● S - Size & Shape (big, round)
● A - Age (old, young)
● C - Color (red, green)
● O - Origin (Chinese, local)
● M - Material (metal, cotton)
● P - Purpose (raincoat, dining table, school uniform)
● Fact word order: Sit And Cry Or Make Plans
○ Limiting: ​place restrictions on the nouns they modify (quantity, distance,
possession, etc.)
■ Cardinal numbers: ​one, two
■ Ordinal numbers: ​first, second
■ Possessives: ​my, his, our
■ Demonstratives: ​this, that, these, those
■ Quantity: ​few, many
■ Articles: ​a, an, the
● Order: Limiting → Descriptive (Opinion → Fact)

LIMITING OPINION FACT NOUN

A BEAUTIFUL OLD CLOCK

THE UGLY BROWN SKIRT

AN AMAZING TERROR MOVIE

Participial Adjectives (Present and Past)

What are they?​ Adjectives that come from verbs
 - Two possible endings for participial adjectives: ​-ed​ and ​-ing
PRESENT: When the noun is the reason for the feeling adjective
- Ends with ​-ing
- Adjective is ​ACTIVE!​ It describes the people or things that cause ​feelings​ in people
- Can be used for things or people
- Forms:
- Be + Adjective → This movie is boring. My life is exciting.
- Adj + Noun → This is a boring movie. I have an exciting life.
PAST: Shows the result or effect of a noun
- Ends with -​ed
- Adjective is ​PASSIVE! ​It describes how people feel
- Generally not used on inanimate objects
- Forms
- Be + Adj She is bored. My friend is excited.
- Adj + Noun A bored girl fell asleep on the bus. My excited friend can't wait to go
on vacation. *This form not typically used.

PAST PRESENT PAST PRESENT

amazed amazing interested interesting

astonished astonishing shocked shocking

confused confusing tired tiring

exhausted exhausting surprised surprising

excited exciting terrified terrifying

depressed depressing embarrassed embarrassing

disgusted disgusting worried worrying

frustrated frustrating frightened frightening

Nouns functioning as Adjectives

● Noun used to describe another noun
● Placed directly before the noun it is describing
● Can NEVER be plural
● A number can be combined with another noun (must be hyphenated)

We took a ​three-week vacation ​at the end of the semester.

(At the end of the semester, we took three weeks for vacation)

The shoes she bought are ​forty-dollar​ loafers.

(She bought shoes that cost forty dollars.)
 I wrote a ​ten-page ​paper.
(The report I wrote was ten pages long.)

Comparatives and Superlatives

All adjectives have three forms: positive (adjective itself), comparative (compares two things),
and the superlative (compares three or more things)
COMPARATIVE:
● Compares two things and shows a greater or lesser relationship between the two
● Subject + Verb + Comparative Adjective + Than + Noun/Subject Pronoun
● Ends in -er or comes after word “more” or “less”
● Less​ is used to show a lesser degree between two entities
● Than i​ s used to show the comparison
● When ​than​ is followed by a pronoun, it should be the subject pronoun (I, you, he, she, it,
we, they)

SUPERLATIVE:
● Compares three or more things, one of which is superior or inferior to the rest
● Subject + Verb + The + Superlative Adjective
● Ends in -est or comes after “most” or “least”
● Least​ used to show a lesser degree between the entities

RULES FOR CONSTRUCTION:

1. One syllable adjectives → add -er for comparative, add -est for superlative
a. Ex. shorter, shortest, taller, tallest
2. One syllable adjectives ending in “e” → add -r for comparative and -st for superlative
a. Ex. wider, widest, nicer, nicest
3. One syllable adjectives ending in consonant-vowel-consonant → double last consonant
& add -er for comparative and -est for superlative
a. Ex. hotter, hottest, wetter, wettest, bigger, biggest
4. Two-syllable words ending in “y” → replace “y” with “i” and add -er for comparative and
-est for superlative
5. Three or more syllable adjectives → add more for comparative and most for superlative
a. Ex. more beautiful, most beautiful, more interesting, most interesting
6. Irregular adjectives
a. Ex. good - better - best, bad, worse, worst, fun - more fun - most fun
 Comma
- Indicates a pause or variation in voice pitch
- Required because of special grammar structures (i.e. when a sentence begins with a
dependent clause)
- Can help clarify meaning of a written sentence in the same way a pause can help
verbally

When the teacher helps, John Jay cries.

When the teacher helps John, Jay cries

- Use commas before ​and, but, or, nor, for, so, ​and ​yet ​when they link main clauses

I went to the store on Friday afternoon, but I didn’t buy anything.

Jessica did not tell me when she would be back from Egypt, nor did her father.

- Not necessary when the main clauses are short and their meaning is clear

I went to the store and James came with me.

It started raining yet the students didn’t mind.

- Use commas after introductory elements: adverb clauses, long phrases, transitional
expressions (first, next), interjections (OH! hey!) and introductory ​yes ​or n
​ o.

When she doesn’t come to class, Luis is sad.

No, I don’t want to go with you.
For example, Quito has high atmospheric pressure.
Well, I’m not sure if I believe you.