TOPIC 9: DIFFERENTIATION *paper 1 & 2

limit = lim remember 1n = 1

lim 1 = 0 lim n = 
n  n n 

EXAMPLE 1 : 1. Find lim (n2 + 1) .

n0
Find lim (3x + 2) .
x0

Answer : lim (3x + 2) = 3(0) + 2 = 2

x0
[Ans : 1]
1
EXAMPLE 2 : 2. Find lim ( )n .
n  3
Find lim ( 1 )n .
n  2

1 1n
Answer : lim ( )n = lim n = lim 1n = 0
n  2 n  2 n  2
[Ans : 0]
EXAMPLE 3 : 3. Find lim 3n  4 .
n  n
Find lim n  5 .
n  n

Answer :
limn  5 = lim ( n 5 ) = lim ( 5 ) = 1 + 0
 1
n  n n  n n n  n
=1
EXAMPLE 4 : [Ans : 3]
Find lim 2x 2 . n
4. Find lim .
x  3  x
2
n  3n  4
2x 2
2x 2
lim
Answer : = lim x2
x  3  x
2
x  3 x 2

x2 x2
= lim 2
x  3
1
x2
= 2
0 1
=2
[Ans : ⅓]
EXAMPLE 5 :
5. Find lim x  1 .
2

Find lim n  16 .
2

x 1 x 1
n4 n4

Answer : n 2  16 = lim (n  4)(n  4)

lim
n4 n4 n4 n4
= lim n + 4
n4
=4+4
=8

[Ans : 2]

w.c.cheong 68
First Derivative For Polynomial Using 1st dy
Principles 6. Find from first principles in y = x.
dx
dy lim y
=
dx x  0 x

EXAMPLE 6 :
dy
Find from first principles in y = 2x.
dx

Answer : y = 2x ......... (1)

y + y = 2(x + x )
y + y = 2x + 2 x ........ (2)

(2) - (1) : y = 2 x
y
=2
x
dy lim y
=
dx x  0 x
=2
[Ans : 1]
EXAMPLE 7 : dy
dy 7. Find from first principles in y = 3x2.
Find from first principles in y = 2x2. dx
dx

Answer : y = 2x2 ......... (1)

y + y = 2(x + x ) 2

y + y = 2[x2 + 2x x + ( x )2]
y + y = 2x2 + 4x x + 2( x )2 ........ (2)

(2) - (1) : y = 4x x + 2( x )2
y = x (4x + 2 x )
y
= 4x + 2 x
x
dy lim y
=
dx x  0 x
dy lim
= 4x + 2 x
dx x  0
= 4x [Ans : 6x]

dy
8. Find from first principles in y = 2x3.
dx

[Ans : 6x2]

w.c.cheong 69
 d (ax n ) dy 9. Differentiate x 4 with respect to x.
n
y = ax , = = anx n-1
dx dx

EXAMPLE 8 :
Differentiate x 3 with respect to x.

Answer : Let y = 1x 3
dy
= 3  1x 3 – 1 = 3x 2
dx
[Ans : 4x3]
4
EXAMPLE 9 : 10. Differentiate 3x with respect to x.
Differentiate y = 2x 3.

dy
Answer : = 3  2x 2 = 6x 2
dx
[Ans : 12x3]
EXAMPLE 10 : 11. Differentiate –5x with respect to x.
4

Differentiate y = –2x 3.

dy
Answer : = 3  –2x 2 = –6x 2
dx
[Ans : -20x3]
-1
EXAMPLE 11 : 12. Differentiate f(x) = x .
Differentiate f(x) = x -2.

Answer : f ' ( x) = -2  x -2 – 1 = -2x -3 =  2

x3
[Ans :  1 ]
2
x
EXAMPLE 12 : 13. Differentiate f(x) = 4x -1.
Differentiate f(x) = 3x -2.

Answer : f ' ( x) = -2  3x -2 - 1 = -6x -3 =  6

x3 [Ans :  4 ]
2
x

EXAMPLE 13 : 3 4
1 4 14. Differentiate y = x .
Differentiate y = x . 2
2

dy 1
Answer : = 4  x 4–1 = 2x 3
dx 2
[Ans : 6x 3]
EXAMPLE 14 : 2 –6
2 15. Differentiate y =  x .
Differentiate y =  x -3. 3
3

dy 2 2
Answer : = -3  - x -3 – 1 = 2x -4 = 4
dx 3 x

[Ans : 4 ]
x7
w.c.cheong 70
EXAMPLE 15 : 16. Differentiate y = 1.
Differentiate y = 10.

Answer : y = 10x 0 remember x 0 = 1

dy
= 0  10x 0 – 1 = 0
dx
 Remember, differentiate anything without x = 0 [Ans : 0]
EXAMPLE 16 :
17. Differentiate f ( x)   1 3 .
Differentiate y = 7 . 3x
x

1
Answer : y = 7x -1 remember a  m 
am
dy 7
= -1  7x -1 - 1 = -7x -2 =  2 [Ans : 1 ]
dx x x4
EXAMPLE 17 : 18. Differentiate y  3x  4 x .
2

Differentiate y  4 x 2  x .

Answer : Let y  4 x 2  x1
dy
= (2  4x 2 – 1) + x 1-1
dx
= 8x 1 + x 0
= 8x + 1
[Ans : 6x -4]
2
EXAMPLE 18 : 19. Differentiate y = x - 5x + 6.
Differentiate y = x 2 - 3x + 4.

dy
Answer :  2x - 3
dx
[Ans : 2x - 5]
EXAMPLE 19 : 20. Differentiate y = x 3 -5x 2 -7.
Differentiate y = x 3 - 3x 2 - 6.

dy
Answer :  3x 2 - 6 x
dx
[Ans : 3x 2-10x]
EXAMPLE 20 : 21. Differentiate y = (x + 1)(x – 6).
Differentiate y = (x + 1)(x + 5).

Answer : y = x2 + 6x + 5
dy
 2x  6
dx [Ans : 2x - 5]
EXAMPLE 21 : 22. Differentiate y = (x + 4)2 .
Differentiate y = (x + 3)2 .

Answer : y = x 2 + 6x + 9
dy
 2x  6
dx [Ans : 2x + 8)]

w.c.cheong 71
EXAMPLE 22 : 23. Differentiate y = x(x - 6).
Differentiate y = x(x + 5).

Answer : y = x 2 + 5x
dy
 2x  5
dx [Ans : 2x - 6]
EXAMPLE 23 : 24. Differentiate y = x(x + 4)2.
Differentiate y = x(x + 3)2.

Answer : y = x(x 2 + 6x + 9)
y = x 3 + 6x 2 + 9x
dy
 3x 2  12 x  9
dx [Ans : 3x 2 + 16x +16]
EXAMPLE 24 : 4
3 25. Differentiate y  x 3 - .
Differentiate y  x 2  . x
x

Answer : y = x 2 + 3x -1
dy
 2 x - 3x -2
dx
dy 3
 2x - 2 [Ans : 3x 2 
4 ]
dx x x2
EXAMPLE 25 : 5 6
3 4 26. Differentiate y  x 2   .
Differentiate y  x   2 .
2 x x2
x x

Answer : y = x 2 + 3x -1 + 4x -2
dy
 2 x - 3 x - 2 - 8 x -3
dx
dy 3 8
 2- 2 - 3 [Ans : 2x 
5 12
 ]
dx x x x2 x3
EXAMPLE 26 : x 3  5x - 6
x  4x  5
3 27. Differentiate y  .
Differentiate y  . x
x

x 3 4x 5
Answer : y   
x x x
y = x 2 + 4 + 5x -1
dy
 2 x - 5 x -2
dx
dy 5
 2x - 2
dx x

6
[Ans : 2x  ]
x2
w.c.cheong 72
EXAMPLE 27 : x 3  5x - 6
x 3  4x  5 28. Differentiate y  .
Differentiate y  . x2
x2

x3 4x 5
Answer : y   
x2 x2 x2
4 5
y  x  2
x x
y = x + 4x -1 + 5x -2
dy
 1 - 4 x -2 - 10 x -3
dx
dy 4 10
 1- 2 - 3 [Ans : 1 
5 12 ]

dx x x x2 x3
d  2 1  dy
29.  2 x  2  5x   30. Given y  3x 2  4 x , find the value of
dx  x  dx
when x = 2.

2
[Ans : 4x  5] [Ans : 8]
x3
 
31. Given f ( x)  x 1  x , find the value of f ' (0) and f ' (1).
2

[Ans : 1; 4]

w.c.cheong 73
 dy du dv 32. Differentiate y = x(x 4 + 2).
y = uv, dx  v dx  u dx

EXAMPLE 28 :
Differentiate y = x ( x 3 + 1).

Answer : y = x ( x 3 + 1) compare y = uv
u = x , v = x 3+ 1
du dv
1  3x 2
dx dx
dy du dv
v u
dx dx dx
= (x 3 + 1)(1) + x(3x 2)
= x 3 + 1 + 3x 3
= 3x 3 + x 3 + 1
= 4x 3 + 1

[Ans : 5x 4 + 2]
2 3
EXAMPLE 29 : 33. Differentiate y = 3x (x - 1).
Differentiate y = 2x 2(x 3 + 1).

Answer : u = 2x 2 , v = x 3 + 1
du dv
 4x  3x 2
dx dx
dy du dv
v u
dx dx dx
= (x 3 + 1)(4x) + 2x 2(3x 2)
= 6x 4 + 4x 4 + 4x
= 10x 4 + 4x

[Ans : 15x4-6x]
EXAMPLE 30 : 34. Differentiate y = (x 3 - 1)(5x 2).
Differentiate f(x) = (x + 1)(x 3 + 1).

Answer : u = x + 1 , v = x 3 + 1
du dv
1  3x 2
dx dx
du dv
f ' ( x)  v u
dx dx
= (x 3 + 1)(1) + (x + 1)(3x 2)
=3x 3 + 3x 2 + x 3 + 1
= 4x 3 + 3x 2 + 1

[Ans : 25x4-10x]

w.c.cheong 74
EXAMPLE 31 : 35. Differentiate f(x) = (1 - x)(x 3 + 2).
x
Differentiate y = (x + 1)( + 1).
2

x
Answer : u = x + 1 , v = +1
2
du dv 1
1 
dx dx 2
dy du dv
v u
dx dx dx
x 1
=(  1 )(1) + (x + 1)( )
2 2
1 1 1
= x   x 1
2 2 2
1
= x 12

[Ans : -4x3+3x2-2 ]
EXAMPLE 32 : x
36. Differentiate y = (x 4 + 1)( + 1).
x 3
Differentiate y = (x 2 + 1) ( + 1).
2

x
Answer : u = x 2 + 1 , v = +1
2
du dv 1
 2x 
dx dx 2
dy du dv
v u
dx dx dx
x 1
=(  1 )(2x) + (x 2 + 1)( )
2 2
1 1
= x 2 +  x 2  2x
2 2
3 2 1
=2 x  2x 
2

5 4 1
[Ans : x  4x3  ]
3 3

w.c.cheong 75
 du dv 5x
v u 37. Differentiate y  .
y
u dy
,  dx dx 2x  3
v dx v2

EXAMPLE 33 :
x
Differentiate y  .
x 1

u
Answer : ux v  x 1 compare y 
v
du dv
1 1
dx dx

du dv
v u
dy
 dx 2 dx
dx v

x  11  x1
x  12
x 1 x

x  12
1

x  12 15
[Ans : (2x+3)2 ]

5x  4 1 4x
38. Differentiate y = . 39. Differentiate y = .
3x  2 1 x

22
[Ans : - (3x-2) 2 ] 5
[Ans : - (1+x) 2 ]

w.c.cheong 76
 5x 2 - 3x
40. Differentiate y = .
8 + x3

-5x 4 +6x 3 +80x-24

[Ans : (8+x 3 )2 ]

Chain Rule 41. Differentiate y  ( x  3) 4 .

dy dy du
yu , n
 
dx du dx
EXAMPLE 34 :
Differentiate y  ( x  2) 2 .

Answer :
dy
 2( x  2) 21  1x11 @ u = x + 2 , y = u 2
dx
du dy
= 2( x  2)1 1 =1 = 2u
dx du
dy dy du
 2( x  2)  
dx du dx
dy
 2u  1
dx
dy
 2u
dx
dy
replace u = x + 2, dx  2( x  2)
[Ans : 4(x + 3)3]
EXAMPLE 35 : 42. Differentiate y  (2 x  3) . 4

Differentiate y  (3x  2) 2 .

dy
Answer :  2  (3x  2)1  3
dx
 6(3x  2)
[Ans : 8(2x + 3)3]
EXAMPLE 36 : 43. Differentiate y  5( x  2) . 4

Differentiate y  2( x  2) 2 .

dy
Answer :  2  2( x  2)1 1
dx
 4( x  2)

[Ans : 20(x + 2)3]

w.c.cheong 77
EXAMPLE 37 : 5
2 44. Differentiate y  .
Differentiate y  . ( x  2) 4
( x  2) 2

Answer : y  2( x  2) 2
dy
 2  2( x  2) 3  1
dx
 4( x  2) 3
4

( x  2)3

[Ans :  20 ]
( x  2) 5
EXAMPLE 38 : 3
2 45. Differentiate y  .
Differentiate y  . 4( x  5) 3
5( x  2) 2

2
Answer : y  ( x  2) 2
5
dy 2
 2  ( x  2) 3  1
dx 5
4
  ( x  2) 3
5
4

5( x  2) 3

[Ans :  9 ]
4( x  5) 4
2 47. It is given that y = 4t 2 + t and x = 3t - 5. Find
46. It is given that y  u 7 , where u = 3x – 5. dy
3 in terms of x.
dy dx
Find in terms of x.
dx

[Ans : 8 x  43 ]
9 9
[Ans : 14(3x  5)6 ]

w.c.cheong 78
 dy 48. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve
Gradient of a tangent =
dx curve y = x 3 - 3x + 5 at the point (-1, 9).
1 dx
Gradient of a normal =  = 
dy dy tangent
dx
Equation of a tangent/ normal is
y  y1 = m( x  x1 )

EXAMPLE 39 :
Find the equation of the tangent to the curve
y = x 3 - 5x + 4 at the point (-1, 0).

Answer : y = x 3 - 5x + 4 The equation is

dy
= 3x2 - 5 y  y1 = m( x  x1 )
dx
When x = -1, (-1, 0) y  0  2( x  (1))
Gradient of a tangent, y  2( x  1)
dy
= 3(-1)2 – 5 = -2 y  2 x  2
dx

[Ans : y = 9]
EXAMPLE 40 : 49. Find the equation of the normal to the curve
Find the equation of the normal to the curve 3
y = 3x 2 + 5 at the point (1, 2). y = 2x + at the point (1, 5).
x2

Answer : y = 3x 2 + 5 The equation is

dy
= 6x y  y1 = m( x  x1 )
dx
1
When x = 1, (1, 2) y  2   ( x  1)
6
dy 1 1
= 6(1) = 6 y2  x
dx 6 6
1 1
Gradient of a normal y  x 2
6 6
1 1 1 1
=  = y  x2
dy 6 6 6
dx

[Ans : 4y = x + 19]

w.c.cheong 79
50. A curve 2 passes through a point (2, 2). EXAMPLE 41 :
(3x  2) 2 Find the gradient of the curve y  3 at
Find the equation of the tangent to the curve. 2x  5
point 1, 3  .
 7

Answer : y  3(2 x  5) 1
dy
 1  3(2 x  5) 2  2
dx
 6(2 x  5) 2
6

(2 x  5) 2  3
When x = 1, 1, 
 7
dy 6 6 6
  
dx (2(1)  5) 2 (7) 2 49
[Ans : 16y = -3x + 38]

2x  5 52. Find the gradient of the curve

51. Find the gradient of the curve y  at
x 1 1 
y  3x 2  2 x  1 at point  ,6  .
point (2, 9). 2 

[Ans : -7] [Ans : 5]

2
53. Curve y = 3x + 2x + 1 have a gradient -4 at dy 2
d y d y2

point A. Find the coodinate of point A. =0 >0 <0

dx dx 2 dx 2
stationary/ turning minimum maximum
point d dy d2y
(titik pegun) f '' ( x)  ( )  2
dx dx dx

[Ans : A(-1, 2)]

EXAMPLE 42 : d2y
'' 54. Given y  (1  x 2 ) 5 , find .
Given f ( x) = (3x – 2) . Find f ( x) .
4
dx 2

Answer : f ' ( x) = 4  (3x – 2)3  3

= 12(3x – 2)3
f '' ( x) = 3  12(3x – 2)2  3
= 108(3x – 2)2

[Ans : 10(9 x 2  1)(1  x 2 )3 ]

w.c.cheong 80
EXAMPLE 43 : 3x  5 x 2
Given f(x) = x 3 – 2x 2 + 6x . Find the value of 55. Given f(x) = .Find the value of f // (2) .
f “(-2). 2x 2

Answer : f ' ( x) = 3x 2 – 4x + 6
f “(x) = 6x – 4
f “(-2) = 6(-2) – 4 [Ans : 3 ]
= -16 8
EXAMPLE 44 : 56. Find the maximum value of function
Given that f(x) = ( x + 1 )( 5 – x ) have a maximum y = 4x(2 - x) - 3.
point,
(a) find f (2)
(b) then, state the maximum value for f(x).

Answer : (a) u = x + 1 , v = 5 – x
du dv
1  1
dx dx
du dv
f ' ( x)  v u
dx dx
= (5 – x)(1) + (x + 1)(-1)
= 5 – x + (-x) - 1
= 5–x–x –1
= 4 – 2x

f (2) = 4 – 2(2)
=0
''
(b) f ( x) = – 2 (<0)
Assume f(x) = 0, 4 – 2x = 0
x=2
when x = 2, f ( x ) maximum = (2+1)(5-2) = 9
 maximum value for f(x) = 9 [Ans : 1]
EXAMPLE 45 : 57. Given V= 3x(2x + 1) + 2, find
Given A = 6x (x – 4), find (a) the value of x where V is minimum
(a) the value of x where A is minimum (b) the minimum value for V.
(b) the minimum value for A.

Answer : (a) A = 6x (x – 4)
A = 6x 2 - 24x
dA
= 12x - 24
dx
dA
For turning point, =0
dx
12x - 24 = 0
12x = 24
x = 24
12
x=2
d2A
= 12 (>0)
dx 2
[Ans : (a) x = 1 (b) 25 ]
 A is minimum. 4 8
(b) when x = 2, A minimum = 6(2) 2 – 24(2) = -24
w.c.cheong 81
EXAMPLE 46 : 58. Find the stationary point for curve
Find the stationary point for curve 54
2 3 1 2 y  x2  . Then, determine whether the point
y= x - x – 3x. Then, determine whether the x
3 2 is maximum or minimum.
point is maximum or minimum.

dy
Answer : = 2x 2 - x - 3
dx
dy
For stationary point, =0
dx
2x 2 - x - 3 = 0
(2x - 3)(x + 1) = 0
2x - 3 = 0 @ x + 1 = 0
2x = 3 x = -1
x=3
2
when x = , 3 when x = -1,
2
y = 2 ( 3 )3 - 1 ( 3 )2 - 3( 3 ) y = 2 (-1)3 - 1 (-1)2 - 3(-1)
3 2 2 2 2 3 2
= 3 3 =1 5
8 6
3 3
stationary point = ( ,  3 ) and (-1, 1 5 )
2 8 6
d2y
= 4x - 1
dx 2
when x = 3 , when x = -1,
2
d2y d2y
= 4( 3 ) - 1 = 5(>0) = 4(-1) - 1 = -5(<0)
dx 2 2 dx 2
 ( 3 ,  3 3 ) is a minimum point
2 8
5
(-1, 1 ) is a maximum point
6

[Ans : (3, 27) a minimum point]

w.c.cheong 82
EXAMPLE 47 :
Diagram shows a solid of combined hemisphere and a cylinder with radius, x cm. Given the height of the
24
cylinder is 2 cm.
x
48
(a) Show that the total surface area of the solid, L cm2, is L = 3  x 2 + ,
x
(b) Calculate the minimum value for the surface area of the solid.
(Surface area of sphere = 4 r 2 , Area of circle =  r 2 ,Curved surface area of cylinder = 2 rh )

Answer : (a) L = surface area of cylinder + surface area of hemisphere + area of circle
= 2 rh + 1 ( 4 r 2 ) +  r 2
2
= 2 x ( 242 ) + 1 ( 4 x 2 ) +  x 2
x 2
48
= + 2 x 2 +  x 2
x
48
= + 3 x 2
x
48
 It is shown that L = 3  x 2 +
x
(b) L = 3  x + 48  x
2 1

dL 48
= 6  x - 48  x 2 = 6  x - 2
dx x
2
d L 96
2
= 6  + 96  x 3 = 6  + 3
dx x
dL
For stationary point, =0
dx
48
6 x - =0
x2
(× x 2) : 6  x 3 - 48  = 0
6  ( x 3 - 8) = 0
x3 - 8 = 0
x3 = 8
x= 3 8
x=2
2
d L 96
when x = 2, 2
= 6  + 3 = 18  (>0)  Minimum
dx 2
48
when x = 2, L = 3  ( 2 2 ) +
2
L = 12  + 24 
L = 36 
Minimum value for the surface area of the solid, L = 36  cm2

w.c.cheong 83
59. Diagram above shows a piece of square metal with the length of 8 m. Four equal square with sizes
2x m length each is taken out from all edges of the metal. Then the metal is folded to form a box without
cover with the height of 2x m.
(a) Show that the volume of the box, V m3, is V = 128x – 128x 2 + 32x 3, 2x m 2x m

(b) Calculate the value of x where V is maximum, 2x m 2x m

(c) Then, state the maximum value for V. 8m
2x m 2x m

2x m 2x m

8m

[Ans : (b) x  2 (c) 37 25 ]

3 27

w.c.cheong 84
60. (a) The diagram shows a closed lid steel container in a shape of cuboid. The square base of the
container measured x cm and the height measured h cm. Given that the volume of the container is 125
cm3.
500
(i) Show that the total surface area of container is, (2 x 2 
2
) cm .
x
(ii) Calculate the minimum value for the total surface area of container. h cm
x cm
x cm

[Ans : 150 cm2 ]

60. (b) The diagram shows a rectangular and semi-circle area fenced with 120 m wire. Given AD = 2x
meter. A B
3 2
(i) Show that the shaded area, L, in m2, is L = 120x – 2x2 – x .
2
(ii) Then, find the value of x where L is maximum.
P
(Circumference of circle = 2 r , Area of circle =  r ) 2

D C

[Ans : x  8.938 m]

w.c.cheong 85
Rate of Change 61. The variables, x and y are related by the
dy dy du dy dy dx Increase = + equation y = 3x 2 – 4x + 3. Given that y increases
     Decrease = -
du du dx dt dx dt at a constant rate of 2 units per second, find the
rate of change of x when x = 5.
rate
EXAMPLE 48 :
The variables, x and y are related by the equation
2
y  3x  . Given that y increases at a constant rate
x
of 4 units per second, find the rate of change of x
when x = 2.

2 =  3x  2 x 1
Answer : y  3x 
x
dy
= 3 – 2x -2 = 3 – 22
dx x
dy
when x = 2, =3– 2 = 5
dx 22 2
dy dy dx
= 4 units per second, dt  dx  dt
dy
Given
dt
5 dx
4 
2 dt
dx 2
=4 5
dt
dx 8
= units per
dt 5
second.

1
[Ans : units per second ]
13

w.c.cheong 86
EXAMPLE 49 : 62. Given y = 3x 2 - 1 . x decreases at a constant
1 dy 2x
Given y  , find . Then, find the rate rate of 2 unit s-1, find the rate of change of y when
(1  2 x 2 ) 3 dx
x = 2.
of change of y when x decreases at a constant rate
of 2 units per second when x  1 units.
2

Answer : y  1 = (1  2 x 2 ) 3
(1  2 x )
2 3

dy
= -3 (1  2 x 2 ) 4  (4 x)
dx
= 12x (1  2 x 2 ) 4
= 12 x
(1  2 x 2 ) 4
dy 1
when x  1 , = 12( )
2 = 6 = 96
2 dx 1 1
(1  2( ) 2 ) 4 16
2
dy dy dx
= -2 units per second, dt  dx  dt
dx
Given
dt
dy
 96  (2)
dt
dy
 192 units
dt
per second.

[Ans : -24.25 units s-1 ]

EXAMPLE 50 :
The radius of a sphere increases at a constant rate of
0.4 cms -1. Find the rate of change of volume of
sphere when the radius is 5 cm.
(Use   3.142, Volume of sphere = 4  r 3 )
3
63. The radius of a sphere shape balloon increases
at a constant rate of 0.4 cms -1. Find the rate of
change of surface area of a sphere shape balloon
when the radius, r = 5 cm.
(Use   3.142, Surface area of sphere = 4 r 2 )

Answer : V = 4  r 3
3
 r 2 = 4 r
dV = 3 × 4 2

dr 3
When r = 5, dV = 4 (5) 2 = 100 
dr
dr dV dV dr
Given = 0.4 cms -1, dt  dr  dt
dt
dV
 100  0.4
dt
dV
 40
dt
dV
 40(3.142) = 125.68 cm3s -1.
dt

[Ans : 50.272 cm2s -1]

w.c.cheong 87
64. The volume of water , V cm 3 , in a container is 65. The radius of a sphere shape balloon increases
1 3 at a constant rate of 0.08 cm/ s. Find the rate of
given by V  h  8h, where h cm is the height change of surface area of a sphere shape balloon
3 when the volume of the balloon is 36 cm3.
of the water in the container. Water is poured into
(Use   3.142, Volume of sphere = 4  r 3 )
the container at the rate of 10 cm 3 s 1 . Find the 3
rate of change of the height of water, in cm s 1 , at
the instant when its height is 2 cm.

5
[Ans : cm s -1]
6 [Ans : 6.033 cm2 /s]

Approximation 66. Given that y = 2x 2 – 3x . Use differentiation

y dy dy
  y   x method to find the small change in y when x
x dx dx increases from 2 to 2.02.
approximation(penghampiran)

EXAMPLE 51 :
Given that y  x 2  5x, use differentiation method
to find the small change in y when x increases from
3 to 3.01.
dy
Answer : = 2x + 5
dx
dy
When x = 3, = 2(3) + 5 = 11
dx
x = 3.01 - 3 = 0.01
dy
y   x
dx
y  11 0.01
 0.11 [Ans : 0.1]

w.c.cheong 88
67. Given that y = 2x 2 – 3x + 5, use differentiation EXAMPLE 52 :
method to find the small change in y when x By using calculus, find the small change in volume
increases from 2 to 2.01. of a x cm cube when x increases from 2 to 2.1 cm.

Answer :
Volume of cube, V = length × width × height
=x×x×x
=x3
dV
= 3x 2
dx
dV
When x = 2, = 3(2)2 = 12
dx
x = 2.1 - 2 = 0.1
dV
V   x
dx
V  12 0.1
 1.2 cm3

[Ans : 0.05]
68. The radius of a sphere increases from 10 to EXAMPLE 53 :
10.02 cm, find the small change in the surface area 4
of the sphere. (Use   3.142, Surface area of Given that y = . Find
x2
sphere = 4 r 2 ) dy
(a) the value of when x = 2,
dx
4
(b) the approximate value of .
2.012
4
Answer : (a) y = 2
= 4x -2
x
dy 8
= -8x -3 = 3
dx x
dy  8
when x = 2, = = -1
dx 2 3
(b) x = 2.01 - 2 = 0.01 when x = 2,
dy
y   x 4
y= 2 =1
dx 2
 1 0.01
 0.01

f ( x  x)  y  y
4
 1  (0.01)
x  x 2
4
 1  0.01
2  0.012
4
 0.99 (use calculator to check
2
[Ans : 5.03 cm ]
2.012 answer)

w.c.cheong 89
69. Given that y = x 5, find 18
dy 70. Given curve y = , find
(a) the value of when x = 2, x
dx dy
(b) the approximate value of 2.045. (a) when x = 6,
dx
(b) the approximate value of ( 18 ).
5.98

[Ans : (a) -½ (b) 3.01]

[Ans : (a) 80 (b) 35.2]

w.c.cheong 90