Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Airborne – stands alone, another mode of transmission only multiply in living things multiply both in living and
(e.g. Chicken pox, TB, Measles) can pass through filters in non-living things
*uses N95 mask – airborne droplet can pass through the body cannot pass through filters in
an ordinary mask. o blood-brain barrier the body (big in size)
*doors should always be closed o placental barrier self-limited/self-limiting
Rubella/German o Colds – 2-3 days
* ALL THESE FOUR (4) are HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION Measles (1st trimester) o Influenza – 1 week
self-limited/self-limiting Treponema pallidum (C.A.
VERTICAL TRANSMISSION o Colds – 2-3 days of Syphillis) – can pass
Mother to unborn child transmission (perinatal o Influenza – 1 week through placental barrier
transmission/trans-placental transmission) treated according to after the 16th week of
symptoms (no specific viral pregnancy (2nd to 3rd
INFECTIOUS DISEASES – Presence of living organisms in the body agents) trimester)
which may not be transmitted through ordinary contact. give us permanent immunity o 3rd trimester – highly fatal
management: rest, nutrition give us temporary immunity
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES – easily transmitted
Protozoal Fungal
*ALL COMMUNICABLE DISEASES are INFECTIOUS but NOT ALL are
CONTAGIOUS Amoebiasis Tinea (ring worm)
Malaria o capitis (head, scalp)
*ALL CONTAGIOUS DISEASES are INFECTIOUS and at the same Gardiasis o corporis (body)
time COMMUNICABLE PCP o pedis (feet) –athlete’s
foot
IDNAP – Infectious Disease Nurses Association of the Philippines o ugeuna (nails)
o cruris (inguinal) – jock’s
EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRIAD itch
o barbae (beard) –
barber’s itch
Environment
ENVIRONMENT
Host Agent Conducive and favorable to the growth and
multiplication of microorganisms.
1. Allergy B. Disinfection
MMR – egg and neomycin Killing of pathogenic microorganism by:
– made of chick embryo and neomycin o Physical – washing, boiling
Hepatitis B – baker’s yeast o Chemical – use of chemical agents
– Saccharomyces cerevisiae sterilization
IPV (salk vaccine) – neomycin (streptomycin)
Flu – chicken and chicken products Disinfestation
Killing of small undesirable animal forms
2. Encephalopathy without known cause or o Arthropods and rodents
convulsion within 7 days after vaccine
a. If with convulsion Fumigation
No DPT = DT only Gaseous agents
May have permanent Kill arthropods and rodents
neurologic disorder (neurologic
encephalopathy C. Medical Asepsis
24o crying inconsolably Hand washing
o 10 to 15 secs
Temporary Contraindications o Length is not considered anymore =
1. Pregnancy FRICTION
a. Live vaccines – never given to pregnant o Medical Asepsis
individuals – may affect growth and Hands are lower than the elbow
development of fetus – congenital o Surgical asepsis
problems Hands are higher than elbows
Prevention 4. POLIOMYELITIS
o Immunization – 10 years and below
BCG AKA: Infantile Paralysis
Hib Vaccine Acute Flaccid Paralysis – soft,
Meningococcemia vaccine flabby, limp
o Proper disposal of nasopharngeal secretions Heine – Medin’s Disease
o Covering of nose and mouth when coughing and
sneezing CA: Poliovirus (Legio Debilitans)
o Type I – Brunhilde – permanent immunity –
3. ENCEPHALITIS common in the Philippines
Inflammation of the encephalon/ brain o Type II – Lansing – temporary immunity
AKA Brain fever o Type III – Leon – temporary immunity
CA: Arbovirus (Arthropod borne virus) – carried and
transferred by an arthropod MOT: Early stage – direct (droplet) – 1st 4 days –
Classifications: microorganism in the nasopharynx
o Primary Encephalitis Late stage – fecal-oral – Day 5 onwards
Affects the brain directly Enterovirus – intestines
St. Louise, Japanese B, Australian X, Effects on CNS
Equine (E – W) Severe muscle pain
MOT: Mosquito bites o Do not turn or hold patient
o Aedes sollicitans o No amount of massage or positioning can
o Culex Tarsalis relieve pain of patient
Ticks of horses o Warm compress/ narcotic drugs can relieve
Migratory birds pain
No need to wear mask (x) Morphine and Nubain – may cause
Not common in the Philippines respiratory depression
(/) Codeine
Medical Management:
o Supportive
o Iron lung machine – mech vent used for polio 10% of rabid animals (-) negri bodies
patients If bitten by a dog/animal, do not kill them immediately
Principle of negative pressure breathing Cage the animal for observation
No problem in the lungs but with o Rabid if dies or have behavioral stages within 10
nerves/muscles days
Life-saving measure
Months and years S/sx:
Weaning o Animals - 3 to 8 weeks
7 machines in the Philippines Dumb Stage – complete changes in behavior
o Withdrawn – depressed
Nursing Care: o Overly affectionate
o Supportive o Hyperactive – Manic
Turn to sides
Furious Stage
Prevention: o Easily agitated
o Immunization o Easily bites
OPV (Sabin) o Vicious or fierce look
o 5 weeks after birth o Drooling of saliva
o 3 doses with 4 weeks interval o Dies
o 2-3 gtts/orem
o Vomiting: Give again o Humans – 10 days to years
o Diarrhea: Administer but does not Invasive Stage
count – repeat after 4 weeks – OPV 2 o Site of the bite
o Continuous stimulation to produce Itchy
antibodies Painful
o Be careful with disposal of feces – virus Numbness
is excreted in the feces
o Contraindication: If with relatives who o Flu-like symptoms
are immunocompromised – IPV Sore throat
IPV (Salk) Fever
o 0.5 cc/ Intramuscular Headache
o Not sensitive to neomycin and Body malaise
streptomycin
o Avoid mode of transmission o Marked insomnia
Proper disposal of oropharyngeal secretions Restless
Covering of nose and mouth when Irritable
coughing and sneezing Apprehensive
Do not put anything in the mouth o Slight photosensitivity
Prevention: Prevention:
o Immunization o Same as measles
o Proper disposal of nasopharyngeal secretions
o Covering of the nose and mouth when sneezing 3. PNEUMONIA
and coughing Inflammation of the lung parenchyma
o Never kiss the patient CA: Virus, Protozoa, Bacteria (common)
o PCP – Pneunocystis Carinii Pneumoniae
(protozoa)
2. PERTUSSIS – 6 y/o o CAP – Streptococcus (bacteria)
AKA: Whooping Cough, Chin Cough o HCAP – Staphylococcus, Gram (-) Bacteria
CA: Bordetella Pertussis, Hemophilus o ICU - Pseudomonas, Klebsiella
Pertussis o Inhalation of noxious substances
MOT: Direct (droplet) Aspiration pneumonia
IP: 7-10 days Lipid pneumonia – use of oil for cleaning
S/sx: the nose or as lubricant
o Catarrhal stage - highly communicable for 1 MOT: Direct (droplet)
week S/sx:
colds, fever, nocturnal coughing o Cardinal Signs:
tiredness and listlessness Fever
1 wk to 2 mos. 60 bpm
2 mos. to 12 mos. 50 bpm
12 mos. to 5 y/o 40 bpm
Chest indrawing
o Minimal PTB
o Subcostal retraction – use of
o Moderate Advanced PTB
accessory muscles
o Far Advanced PTB
Stridor – harsh breath sound during
INSPIRATION
Wheezing – high pitched sound during
Med Mgt:
EXPIRATION
o Antitubercular agents – SCC – Short course
chemotherapy
Dx Exam:
o Rifampicin
o Chest X-ray – Confirmatory test
o Hepatotoxic
Lung consolidation
o Avoid alcoholic beverages
Patchy infiltrates
o Monitor liver enzymes
o Sputum exam
o Remove contact lenses and replace with
Specific cause
glasses
o Turn to color orange
Med Mgt:
o Isoniazid
o Antibiotic
o Hepatotoxic
o Inhalation therapy – nebulization
o Avoid alcoholic beverages
o Monitor liver enzymes
Nrsg Care:
o Peripheral neuritis
o Maintain patent airway
o Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine
o Provide adequate rest
o Pyrazinamide
o Provide adequate nutrition
o Hyperuricemia – Gout/ Kidney Stone
o Provide comfort measures
o Alkaline urine
Increase OFI
Prevention:
Increase milk intake
o Immunization
Increase vegetable intake
o Proper disposal of nasopharyngeal secretions
o Ethambutol
o Covering of the nose and the mouth when
o Optic neuritis
sneezing and coughing
o Irreversible
o Color blindness
4. TUBERCULOSIS
o Difficulty differentiating red and
AKA: Koch’s Infection, Phthisis, Galloping
green
Consumption, PTB
o Streptomycin
CA: Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Hominis (human)
o Nephrotoxicity
o Bovis – Bovine – Cattles
o Monitor I and O
o Avis – Avium – Birds
o Monitor creatinine level
MOT: Airborne
o Ototoxicity
S/sx:
o Monitor for signs of vertigo and
o Low grade fever, night sweats
tinnitus
o Anorexia, weight loss, fatigability
o Body malaise, chest/ back pain
o Productive cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea
o Erosion of lung capillaries – NO CPT
Nursing Care:
o Provide adequate rest
Dx Exam:
o Provide adequate nutrition – increase immunity
o Encourage drug compliance
o Hepatitis C Intestines
Post Transfusion Hepatitis
CA: Hepatitis C virus
MOT: Parenteral
IP: 5 to 12 wks
At risk: Paramedical team, drug addicts, BT Stools
recipients
o Hepatitis D
Dormant type of Hepatitis B
CA: Hepatitis D / Delta virus Acholic
Delta virus cannot multiply by itself – needs
the help of the B virus
MOT: Same as hepatitis B
IP: 3 to 13 wks o Post-icteric
Jaundice disappears
o Hepatitis E Signs and symptoms subsides
CA: Hepatitis E virus Energy level increases
Source: Feces Avoid alcoholic beverages and OTC drugs
MOT: Same as hepatitis A for at least 1 year
IP: 3 to 6 wks o Liver recovers
o Hepatitis G Dx Exam:
CA: Hepatitis G virus o Liver Enzyme Test
MOT: Same as hepatitis C ALT Alanine Aminotransferase
IP: Unknown o 1st to shoot up if liver problem is
present even if asymptomatic
S/sx: AST Aspartate Aminotransferase
o Pre-incteric o Increases upon onset of jaundice
Fever, RUQ pain o Not reliable
Fatigability, weight loss, body malaise ALP Alkaline Phosphatase
o inability to convert glucose to o Obstructive jaundice
glycogen – source of energy GGR Gamma Glutanyl Transferase
Anorexia, nausea and vomiting – o Toxic Hepatitis due to toxic substances
deamination of CHON (e.g. alcohol, drugs, substances)
Anemia - lifespan RBC (60 to 120 days) LDH Lactic Dehydrogenase
o Bilirubin – end product of RBC o Increase = Liver Damage
destruction - accumulates – jaundice o Serum Antigen Antibody Test
Mode of Fecal-oral
Transmission
Mucoid stool Rice watery stool one after the Mucopurulent blood streaked stool with foul smell
Blood streak if severe other Dissolved intestinal tissue
Vibriolytic substances Stool has pus
peristalsis s/sx
Rapid DHN
Signs and
Washerwoman’s hand
Symptoms
o Dry, wrinkled
Waten bed
o Hole and pail for the
stool