“Build something that

does what we want it to

do”

– The component should

not break (Stress-strain)
– The component should
not deform excessively
(Displacements)

http://quinley.com/main/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/trampoline.jpg
• Bodies and solids are subjected to forces and
accelerations
• How do we know when a component will fail?,

Arm
Wrestiling
• Parameter or measure that allows the
comparison of componentes with different
sizes when subjected to forces or
accelerations
• The applied load extends or shrinks the
analyzed body in the normal direction of the
studied plane (keeps a rectangular shape)
• The applied load acts over the analyzed body
in a direction that lies on the studied plane
(becomes similar to a rombus)

P
P
A

P/2
P
P/2
A
 Área=2000mm2
Área=200mm2
Fuerza=7000 N
Fuerza=300 N
Esfuerzo= ?
Esfuerzo= ?

Same material
¿Where would
failure occure?

Ap1 =
Ap2 = R3= .01 m
Ap3 =

R2= .015 m
σp1 =
σp2 =
σp3 = R1= .02 m
1. Data (10%)
A. Geometry
B. Material
C. Loading
D. What am I looking for?
2. Free body diagram (20%)
3. Relevant equations (10%)
4. Solution process (40%-60%)
5. Results (20%)
• Why we talk about the average stress?

Force flow is not uniformly distributed near

supports and force application points

Saint Venant
principle (web)
Types of loading:
– Axial
– Bending
– Shear
– Torsion
Causing:
– Normal stress
– Shear stress
 θ

What happens if you change the y

coordinate system?
Is the material deforming differently as
we change the CS? x
Normal and
shear stresses
(web)
16.8 9 MPa

10 KN

30 mm
50 mm
 17 9 MPa

32.07<α<67.3
10 KN

22.7<θ<32.07

30 mm
50 mm
 A x
Engineering strain
(Deformación ingenieril)

L0
L
True strain
(Deformación real)

L0 L1 L2 L3
Tension test

Instron 3 pont bend test

Tensile testing fo astm a36
Tnsile testing of HDPE 27
• Young modulus
Stress

Elastic limit

Strain
• Spring deformation model

• Column deformation model

x

k=
L
Stress

Engineering Materials I. Second Edition, M.F. Ashby and D.R.H. Jones. 1996
Young Modulus (E)

http://www-materials.eng.cam.ac.uk/mpsite/properties/units_pics/stiffness.jpg
Young Modulus (E)
Exercise #5
Hierro 196 GPa
Aluminio 69 GPa
Nylon 4 GPa
Epoxy 3 GPa
Fibra de vidrio con matriz epóxica 45 GPa

.0001 m2 x

2000 N

0.5 m
• Deformation in the x direction: Done
• ¿And y and z? ¿Is there any? ¿Is the volume
changing?
• Growth results into a …..

A x
Poisson
Coefficient
y L0
L
x
z
 RA • How can we solve them?

• Free body diagram

Fc
δc
• What’s next?

RB
• Look for a second equation
 RA RA RA

Fc Fc Fc

δc δc δc

RB RB RB
Cross section
x

L0 ¿Unidades?
L

Thickness
Normal Load
change

Angular
Shear load deformation ???
• Relates shear stress and shear strain (similar
to Young modulus)

Poisson
coefficient
 Mechanical
properties Fatigue
• Materials can hold a (variability
limit stress before Riesgo a seres Load
fracture or yielding humanos (variability)

• Service conditions Component

Failure type
(Fragile or
importance
• ¿How smaller should dúctile)

these stresses be? Stability

Analysis
insight or
through time
suitability
vw beetle and golf (rabbit) crash test.FLV
ELASTIC MOUTH!!.FLV
Density (ρ)
Ashby diagram
Yield stress (σf)