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FOUNDATION DESIGN REPORT

Foundation Design Report

Table of Contents
Foreword ........................................................................................................................................2
Objective: ...................................................................................................................................... 2
Geotechnical Data...........................................................................................................................3
Raft Modeling and Analysis...........................................................................................................4
Raft dimensions: ............................................................................................................................4
Why Raft should be used................................................................................................................4
Initial Raft thickness.......................................................................................................................5
Punching shear check ....................................................................................................................6
Soil pressure check ........................................................................................................................8
Settlement check ............................................................................................................................8
Crack width check..........................................................................................................................9
Uplift pressure check.....................................................................................................................10
Uplift Flotation check ...................................................................................................................11
Strength design reinforcement check.............................................................................................11
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................12
References .....................................................................................................................................12

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Foundation Design Report

Foreword

This foundation will be done for a G+12 story building. The raft will be used for economical
consideration. The justification of using raft foundation will be discussed in vertical load carrying
elements section.

The raft foundation is a kind of combined footing that may cover the entire area under the structure
supporting several vertical load carrying elements in one rigid body. In this project, the soil profile
shows that the bearing stress is around 200 kN/m2. The raft foundation is usually used with this
kind of soil. The vertical load carrying elements have high axial loads. If spread footings used, the
area of the footing required will be big as will be shown in vertical load carrying elements section.
In this big spread footing condition, the raft foundation could be much practical and economical.

In this project, the raft will be designed as flat plate, which has a uniform thickness and without
any beams or pedestals.

Objective

This report shows the structural design of the raft foundation. The raft is modeled in SAFE
software. All analysis and design are based on the IS code. Raft foundation can be design using
several methods. In this project the method used in the design called “the Conventional Rigid
Method” and all design steps will be shown in the report. All design parameters are shown in
table 1.

Parameter Notation Value


Yield strength of steel Fy 500 MPa
Strength of concrete Fck 30 MPa
Young modules of elasticity E 200000
Soil Unit weight γ soil 18 kN/m3
Allowable Bearing stress qe 200 kN/ m2
Concrete Unit weight γ concrete 25 kN/ m3

Parameters used in Raft Design

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Foundation Design Report

Geotechnical data

Soil investigations have been carried out.

Subsurface Conditions

Encountered soil/rock layer are described below;

LAYER I: (Commences at 0.0 m end at 1.0 m to 2.5 m depth)


The top layer is consisting of filled up the soil with 1.0 m to 2.5 m thickness. The filling is sort of
level ground on which truck movement in the fair season is possible. In the rainy season it may
cause a problem at few locations due to variation in density and moisture content. The groundwater
table is noted at one-meter depth below ground level.

LAYER II: (Commences at 1.0 m to 2.5 m end at 1.75 m to 3.0 m) sandy soil

The next layer is yellowish sand with rock fragment having a thickness of 0.5 meters to 1.3 meters.

LAYER III: (Commences at 1.75 m to 3.0 m up to drilled depth)

The following layer is grayish basaltic rocky formation from 1.75 m to 3.0 m depth. The rock layer
possesses 61% to 72% recovery and 14% to 50% RQD values at commencement. The recovery
and RQD values show an improvement along the depth. The basaltic layer is noted up to a drilled
depth.

Ground Water Table

The groundwater table was encountered at 2.0 m to 3.2 m depth below G.L. The water is alkaline
in nature with pH = 7.33. The chlorides (650 ppm) and sulphate (280 ppm) are well within the
limits.

Lateral earth pressures on basement walls

For the purpose of the design of retaining structures such as underground stack parking, basement
wall to sustain level differences, the various soil parameters in absence of data will be considered.

An angle of shearing resistance  = 30


Co-efficient of active earth pressure = 0.33
Co-efficient of passive earth pressure = 3.00
Co-efficient of earth pressure at rest = 0.50
(For basements and pit walls with support at top)
General Surcharge on the soil retained = q = 10 kN/m2.
Special surcharge for movement of fire engine wherever applicable.

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Foundation Design Report

Raft Modeling and Analysis

Raft dimensions

Raft foundation has been modeled in SAFE software. The plan of the raft is shown in figure 1.

Raft layout

The total area of the raft = 465.34 m2

Why Raft should be used

This foundation will be used for a loose sand soil. The properties used in the analysis and the
design of this raft foundation are shown in table.

Soil type Loose sand


Effective bearing stress for the soil qe = 200 kN/m2
Sub-grade modules 20,000 kN/m3
Concrete strength of raft 30 MPa
Reinforcement Steel strength 500MPa
Properties taken in Raft Design

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Foundation Design Report

If a single square footing need to be designed under the maximum axial load that is occurred in
vertical load carrying elements.

qe = 100 kN/m2
Total Maximum Service Axial load =1962 kN
Area of single square footing = 1.1X1962/100
= 21.6m2
B X B=21.6
B=4.7m
This area is considered to be very big to be excavated under one vertical load carrying element.
So the raft foundation will be much efficient and more economical for this foundation.

Initial Raft thickness

Find out initial thickness of raft foundation Only for Judgment point of view.

In Raft foundation, the thickness can be determined by checking the diagonal tension shear that
will be imposed in the raft. The maximum ultimate vertical load carrying elements load will be
used in the calculation.
𝑃𝑐 = (𝑏𝑜) (𝑑) (∅) (0.34) √𝑓𝑐k (As per IS 2950 Part-1)
Where,

𝑃𝑐 = vertical load carrying element load


∅ = Reduction factor = 0.85
𝑏𝑜 = the parameter of the sheared area
𝑑 = effective depth of raft
𝑓𝑐k = Compressive strength of concrete

Diagonal tension shear area

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Foundation Design Report

In this Raft,

𝑃𝑐 =Capacity of vertical load carrying element having maximum value in entire raft
foundation

𝑃𝑐 = (0.45𝑓ck 𝐴c+ 0.67𝐹𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑡)


Ag = Gross C/s Area =950x300 =285000 mm2
Assuming minimum steel 0.8 %
Area of concrete Ac= 99.2% of Ag= 99.2% x285000 =282720 m2
Area of steel Ast =0.8% of Ag =0.8% x285000=2280 m2
𝑃𝑐 = (0.45𝑓ck 𝐴c+ 0.67𝐹𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑡)
𝑃𝑐 = (0.45x30x282720) + (0.67x500x2280)
𝑃𝑐 = 3816720+763800
𝑃𝑐= 4580520 N
𝑃𝑐=4580.52 kN
𝑃𝑐=4.580 MN

𝑏𝑜 = the parameter of the sheared area


𝑏𝑜 = 4 (0.3 + d)
𝑏𝑜 = 1.2 + 4 d

And by using the equation above, the required depth of the raft can be determined.

4.580= (1.2+4𝑑) (𝑑) (0.85) (0.34) √30


4.580= (1.2𝑑+4 𝑑2) (1.582)
2.895=1.2𝑑+4d2

Solving equation for d


d = 0.485 m = 482 mm = 500 mm

Thickness of the raft = 500 + 75 + 25 (assumed bar diameter)


Thickness = 600 mm

Punching Shear check

Permissible shear stress in shear wall


=0.5+shorter dimension/ longer dimension x0.25√fck
=0.5+0.3/1.5x0.25√30
=0.773 N/mm2

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Foundation Design Report

Allowable stress D/2 from face of shear wall

Figure 7, shear area

=coordinate of maximum valve –thickness of foundation/2 –thickness of shear wall /2


=1.195-0.6/2-0.3/2
=0.712 m

Punching shear factors for the raft

The value of shear stress in coordinate 0.712 having valve of 0.440 N/mm2 <0.773 N/mm2
(
allowable)
…………………………………………………………………….Safe

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Foundation Design Report

Soil Pressure Check:

In this section, the soil net pressure should be checked in each point of the raft foundation. The
raft foundation is not symmetric around x-axis nor y-axis due to difference in the vertical load
carrying elements positions and loads. Moments effects on the raft should be checked to assure
that the stresses of the raft under all vertical load carrying elements are less than the net allowable
stress which is equal to 200 kN/m2.

Figure, soil pressure of Raft using SAFA software

Settlement check

SAFE software has been used in the modeling of the raft, because the SAFE is specified slabs,
footing and mat foundations modeling. Figure shows the settlements contours that are analyzed
by SAFE software. The maximum settlement occurred is equal to 24.5 millimeter.

Settlement of 24.5 millimeters is considered to be acceptable, because the maximum allowable


settlement is equal to 75 mm.

Settlement of Raft using SAFA software

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Foundation Design Report

Crack width Check

N/m
fck= 30 m2
N/m
fy= 500 m2
5584
Area of reinforcement " As " = 1 mm2
b= 1000 mm
h= 600 mm
d= 493 mm
Minimum cover to tension reinforcement " CO "
= 50 mm
Maximum bar spacing " S " = 125 mm
Bar dia " DIA " = 25 mm
" acr " =(((S/2)^2+(CO+DIA/2)^2)^(1/2)-DIA/2)
as default or enter other value = 75.89 mm
"acr " is distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest
longitudinal bar
Applied service moment " Ms "= 950.3 KNm

CALCULA
TIONS
moduli of elasticity of concrete " Ec" = KN/
(1/2)*(20+0.2*fcu) = 13.0mm2
KN/
moduli of elasticity of steel " Es " = 200.0 mm2
Modular ratio "  " = (Es/Ec) = 15.38
" " = As/bd = 0.113
depth to neutral axis, "x" = (- +(()2 +
2.)0.5.d = 400 mm

" Z " = d-(x/3) = 360


N/m
Reinforcement stress " fs " = Ms/(As*Z) = 47 m2
N/m
Concrete stress " fc " = (fs*As)/(0.5*b*x) = 13.21 m2
Strain at soffit of concrete beam/slab "" = 0.000
(fs/Es)*(h-x)/(d-x) = 508
Strain due to stiffening effect of concrete
between cracks " 2 " =
2 = b.(h-x) /(3.Es.As.(d-x)) for crack widths of
2

0.2 mm Used

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Foundation Design Report

2 = 1.5.b.(h-x)2/(3.Es.As.(d-x)) for crack widths


of 0.1 mm n/a
0.000
2 =  013
Average strain for calculation of crack width " 0.000
m "= 1-2 = 496

Calculated crack width, " w " =


3.acr.m/(1+2.(acr-c)/(h-x))
CALCULATED CRACK WIDTH, 'w' = 0.09 mm

Crack width =0.09< 0.2 allowable


…………………………………………………………………………….safe

Uplift pressure check

Combination for uplift =0.9 Dead +1.4 uplift


After assign the uplift load the check for top steel.

After checking top steel direction 1 having maximum additional steel 99.433 mm2/m
This additional steel included in detailing of raft foundation

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Foundation Design Report

Uplift Floatation check

During Manson season

=Height of water table x density of water < thickness of raft x density of concrete
=1x10< 0.6x25
=10<15
………………………………………………………….safe

Strength design reinforcement check

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Foundation Design Report

Reinforcement (Providing in whole area)


Bottom
Direction 1 =T25@100 mm
Direction 2 =T25@100 mm

Top
Direction 1 =T25@125 mm
Direction 2 =T25@125 mm

Additional reinforcement (Providing critical area)


Bottom
Direction 1 =T25@200 mm
Direction 2 =T20@150 mm

Top
Direction 1 =T8@300 mm
Direction 2 =Not Required

Conclusion

At the end of this project, really happy that involved in the Raft design. The raft foundation is
considered to be a very common foundation type especially where the soil having low soil
bearing capacity. We also have been involved in using SAFE analysis and design software which
is really professional and helped us for this project.

References

- Braja M.Das, Principles of Foundation Engineering, 6th edition, 2007 by Nelson, Chris Carson
- IS code 1904 Indian Standard Code of practice for design & construction foundations in Soil
General Requirements.

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