1.

PRESENTATION
My name is Marcos López Suárez , i´m student of fourth course in the degree electricity an my project consist in
GENERATORS IN WIND SYSTEMS. COMPARISON AND TYPES OF WIND TURBINES

2. WORD KEYS
 winding/coil - are several cupper cables at around the rotor or stator
 torque - the forcethan server overthe turns axis


3. SUMMARY
The wind turbine converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Wind turbines are somewhat unusual,
compared to other generating equipment that is usually connected to the electricity grid. One of the reasons is
that the generator must work with a power source (the rotor of the wind turbine) that provides a very variable
mechanical power (torque).

4. INTRODUCTION.
The industrial development worldwide has brought negative consequences for society:
 high pollution rates
 unsustainable production processes
 climate change

Due to this, society today is taking a more concerned approach regarding nature, and correcting past mistakes
by implementing and increasing renewable energy sources.

Due to the above and the drop in investment costs, wind power over electrical systems has had an upward
development in recent years internationally.

5. THE "SQUIRREL CAGE", THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ASYNCHRONOUS AND SYNCHRONOUS

From a construction point of view the difference is in the rotor. An asynchronous machine does not have the
rotor winding:

The main deference is that in an synchronous machine, we have two magnetic fields created "from the
outside" and it is necessary that they go exactly at the same speed so that they work. While a asynchronous
machine it is necessary that the movement of the rotor and the magnetic field of the stator must have different
speeds, because otherwise, a current is not induced in the rotor and therefore there is no magnetic field and
no movement (hence the name of asynchronous).

The winding of the asynchronous machine is usually short-circuited or you may have a squirrel-cage rotor
instead (which is not exactly a winding but you can induce currents). The "squirrel cage" is what differeciates
from asynchronous to synchronous generator.

The "squirrel cage" consists of a certain number of copper or aluminum bars, electrically connected by final
aluminum rings at the end of the rotor, directly connected to the three phases of the electrical network.

5.1. CHARACTERISTICS
In this Figure, when a asynchronous machine works as an engine, it generally works in the vicinity of the
nominal operating point, which is always to the right of the maximum torque point.
For speeds higher than the synchronism, the machine operations as a generator as can be seen in the same
Figure, in this case the torque is negative, in other words, it will receive mechanical power from an exterior
source through the axis. The asynchronous machine needs a contribution of external reactive energy to be able
to work as a generator. This reactive contribution can come from the electrical network itself, when the
generator is connected to it, or from a capacitor batteries when the machine runs isulated.

Fig. 1. Features induction machine

5.2. SELECTION OF OF GENERATORS.

In either case, this type of generators presents an ability to produce electrical power independently of its
rotational speed, which makes it the most used in installations where wind power is the primary source used.
To choose one machine or another we have to take into account many things; the size, the price, the
maintenance (the asynchronous is more robust, small and easy to manufacture) ..., if you need it to work at
exactly constant speed you will have to choose the synchronous and vice versa asynchronous for different
parameters, although now with the electronic power it is possible to choose the parameters and also the
reactive energy that they produce or consume.

In general, synchronous is used as a generator and asynchronous as a motor, although there are many
exceptions and one of them is in the field that we are going to relate to,… wind turbines.

6. TYPES OF GENERATORS.
6.1. DESIGN AND NETWORK CONNECTION
The electric turbines can be designed with both synchronous and asynchronous generators, and with several
forms of direct connection or indirect connection to the generator network. The direct connection to the grid
means that the generator is directly connected to the alternating current network (usually three-phase). The
indirect connection to the network means that the current coming from the turbine passes through a series of
electrical devices that adjust the current to match that of the network. In asynchronous generators this
happens automatically.

6.2. SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS

These generators are characterized by the relationship between the speed of rotation and the frequency of the
voltages and currents generated, which conditions the rotor speed and must make it constant and equal to the
speed of synchronism, which in the case of wind generators It is difficult due to the variable speed of the wind.
However, by adding a rectifier and an inverter to the generator, it is possible to connect these synchronous
generators.

The main advantages of this type of generator are that there is greater control of the injection of power
However, also the use of rectifiers and inverters leads to a harmonic contamination of the network that can
damage the interconnected system.
 6.3. ASYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS

The curious thing about this type of generator is that it was initially designed as an electric motor. in fact, it is
the most used in the world, in applications in which electrical energy must be transformed into mechanical
energy. But as a generator, outside the wind industry and small hydroelectric units, it is not very widespread
the majority of wind turbines in the world use a three-phase asynchronous generator (coil winding), also called
an induction generator, to generate alternating current.

Another reason for the choice of this type of generator, is that it is very reliable, and comparatively not
expensive.

This generator also has mechanical properties that makes it especially useful in wind turbines (the generator
slide and a certain overload capacity).

7. SYSTEMS CONTROL
7.1. OPERATION BY VARIATION OF THE PITCH ANGLE, (PITCH CONTROL).
Basically, an electronic controller of the turbine checks the power generated several times per second and will
to do rotate the blades around its longitudinal axis and thereby vary the angle of inclination a few degrees each
time the wind changes, to maintain an optimum angle that provide maximum performance at any of the wind
speeds, stopping turning if necessary.

7.2. AEROGENERATORS OF REGULATION FOR AERODYNAMIC LOSS ("STALL CONTROLLED")

The blades have been designed aerodynamically and have been attached to the rotor at a fixed angle.
increasing the angle of attack of the rotor blade as the wind speed increases, until it reaches the point of losing
resistance.

this system they avoid the moving parts of the rotor and a complex control system. but it implies challenges in
the design of the structural dynamics of the whole turbine, to avoid the vibrations caused by the loss of
sensitivity.

Fig. 7. sistemas de regulación de las palas

7.3. WIND TURBINES WITH ACTIVE REGULATION DUE TO AERODYNAMIC LOSS

This technology combines variation of the pitch angle, (pitch control) and regulation for aerodynamic loss
("stall controlled").

One of the advantages of the active regulation due to aerodynamic loss is that the power production can be
controlled more accurately than with the passive regulation, in order to avoid that at the beginning of a wind
gust the nominal power is exceeded.
Another advantage is that the machine can operate almost exactly at a nominal power at all wind speeds.

The choice of one or the other system is mainly an economic consideration depending on what your
turbines are going to generate.
8. THE WIND TURBINE
the use of one or other components depends on the type of wind turbines.
Horizontal axis wind turbines, whether fixed or variable speed, generally have the following main components

 The wind turbine corresponds to the external rotor of the wind turbine, which is responsible for
capturing the kinetic energy of the wind and transforming it into mechanical energy. (main
components: blades, bushing, step system actuator)

 The gondola is the compartment in which the electrical and mechanical equipment necessary for the
electro-mechanical conversion of energy is housed (main components: low speed shaft, gearbox, high
speed shaft, generator, mechanical brake, guidance system, anemometer, wind vane, lightning rod)

 The tower is the structure that supports the elements mentioned above. (main components: electric
transmission and control cables)

 The step system actuator and the guidance system refer to the active controls of the blades.

On the other hand, the wind vane and the anemometer are necessary measurement instruments for the
correct operation of the wind generator control systems.

Fig.8 Basic components of a horizontal axis wind turbine