Partial Differential Equations Solved Examples

1
TRANSFORMS AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

UNIT I – PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
PART – A
1. Find the solution of px  qy  z

2 2 2
Sol. A. E. are
dx dy dz
 2  2
x2 y z
st nd
Take 1 and 2 ratio, we have
dx dy
 2
x2 y
Integrating, we get
1 1
  c1
x y
1 1
  c1
y x
Take 2nd and 3rd ratio, we have
dy dz
 2
y2 z
Integrating, we get
1 1
  c2
y z
1 1
  c2
z y
Hence the required solution is
1 1 1 1
F   ,    0
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
 y x z y
2. Solve ( D  2 D D ) z  0
3 2
Sol. A.E. is m3 – 2m2 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

2
m (m – 2) = 0
m2 = 0 (or) m – 2 = 0
m = 0, 0, 2
 z  f1 ( y )  x f 2 ( y )  f 3 ( y  2 x )
3. Find the particular integral of ( D  2 DD   D  ) z  e

2 2 x y
1
Sol. P.I = 2 ex y
D  2 DD  D 2
1
 2 ex y
(1)  2(1)( 1)  (1) 2
1
 ex y
4
4. Solve the equation ( D  D  ) z  0
3
Sol. A.E. is (m – 1)3 = 0 [Put D = m and J.

MUD′TH=U1]
ERULAPPAN,M.SC.
,M.PHIL.
,M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
(m – 1)(m – 1)(m – 1) = 0 A SSI
STANTPROFESSORIN MAT HEMATICS,
ANNAIVAI LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
m = 1, 1, 1 KANYAKUMARI -
629401
 z  f1 ( y  x )  x f 2 ( y  x )  x 2 f 3 ( y  x )
2
5. Find the particular integral of ( D  3 DD   2 D  ) z  x  y

2 2
1
Sol. P.I = 2 ( x  y)
D  3DD  2 D 2
1
 ( x  y)
2 3DD   2 D  2 
D 1  
 D2 
1
1   3DD   2 D  2 
 2 1    ( x  y)
D   D2 
1   3DD  2 D 2 
 2 1   2
 ( x  y )
D   D 

1
( x  y)  0
D2
1  x2 
   x y
D2 
x3 x 2 y
 
6 2
6. Solve: ( D  2 DD   D  ) z  0
2 2
Sol. A.E. is m2 – 2m + 1 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

(m – 1)(m – 1) = 0
m = 1, 1
 z  f1 ( y  x )  x f 2 ( y  x )
7. Solve: ( D  2 D )( D  2 D   1) z  0
Sol. The given equation is non-homogeneous.
( D  2D)(D  2D  1) z  0
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
 z  e 0 x f1 ( y  2 x )  e  x f 2 ( y  2 x )
(i.e.) z  f1 ( y  2 x)  e  x f 2 ( y  2 x)
8. Solve ( D  D D   DD   D  ) z  0
3 2 2 3
Sol. A.E. is m3 + m2 – m – 1 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

2
m (m + 1) –1(m + 1) = 0
(m + 1)(m2 – 1) = 0
m = –1, m2 = 1
m= 1
 m = 1, –1, –1
 z  f1 ( y  x )  f 2 ( y  x )  x f 3 ( y  x )
3 z 3 z 3 z 3 z
9. Solve:  2  4  8 0
x 3 x 2 y xy 2 y 3
Sol. The given equation can be written as ( D  2 D D  4 DD  8D ) z  0
3 2 2 3
A.E. is m3 – 2m2 – 4m + 8 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

2
m (m – 2) – 4(m – 2) = 0
(m – 2)(m2 – 4) = 0
m = 2, m2 = 4 J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
m=  2 ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
 m = 2, 2, –2 KANYAKU MARI-6
294
01
 z  f1 ( y  2 x )  x f 2 ( y  2 x )  f 3 ( y  2 x )
3
2z
10. Solve:  sin y
 x2
2z
Sol. Given  sin y
 x2
z
 x sin y  f ( y )
x
x2
(i.e.) z  sin y  x f ( y )   ( y )
2
2 z
11. Solve: xy
 xy
2 z
Sol. Given xy
 xy
 z x y2
  f ( x)
x 2
x2 y2
(i.e.) z   F ( x)   ( y )
4
12. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the constants a and b from
z  ( x 2  a 2 )( y 2  b 2 )
Given z  ( x  a )( y  b ) ---------- (1)
2 2 2 2
Sol.
Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. x, we get
z
p  (2 x)( y 2  b 2 )
x
p
  y 2  b 2        ( 2)
2x
Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. y, we get
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
z
q  ( x 2  a 2 )(2 y )
y
q
  x 2  a 2        (3)
2y
Substitute (2) and (3) in equation (1), we have
q p
z .
2 y 2x
(i.e.) 4 xy z  pq
13. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants ‘a’ and ‘b’
from z = ax + by.
Sol. Given z  ax  by ---------- (1)
z
p  a        ( 2)
x
z J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,M.PHIL.
,M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
q  b        (3)
y ASSISTANTPROFESSORIN MAT HEMATICS,
Substitute (2) and (3) in equation (1), we have KANYAKUMARI -
629401
z  px  qy
4
14. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants a and b
from ( x  a )  ( y  b )  z cot 
2 2 2 2
Sol. Given ( x  a )  ( y  b )  z cot  ------------ (1)

2 2 2 2

z
2( x  a)  0  2 z cot2 
x
 x  a  z p cot2         (2)
z
0  2( y  b)  2 z cot2 
y
 y  b  z q cot2         (3)
( z p cot2  ) 2  ( z q cot2  ) 2  z 2 cot2 
z 2 cot4  ( p 2  q 2 )  z 2 cot2 
cot2  ( p 2  q 2 )  1
(i.e.) p 2  q 2  tan 2 
from z  a x  ay  b
2 2
Given z  a x  ay  b ----------- (1)

2 2
Sol.
z
p  a 2        (2)
x
z q
q  2ay  a         (3)
y
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
2y
Substitute (3) in equation (2), we have
2
 q 
p   
 2y 
4 y2 p  q2
from z  ( x  a )  ( y  b )
2 2
Sol. Given z  ( x  a)  ( y  b) ---------- (1)

2 2

z
p  2( x  a)        (2)
x
z
q  2( y  b)        (3)
y
2 2
 p q
z     J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
 2  2 ASSI
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
(i.e.) 4 z  p 2  q 2 KANYAKUMARI-629401
5
from z  ax  by
n n
Sol. Given z  ax  by ------------ (1)

n n

z
p  a n x n 1
x
a n xn
p
x
px
 a x n        (2)
n
z
q  b n y n 1
y
bn yn
q
y
qy
 b y n        (3)
n
px qy
z 
n n
(i.e.) n z  p x  q y
18. Find the partial differential equation of all planes cutting equal intercepts from the
x and y axes.
Sol. The equation of the plane is
x y z
   1 ------------ (1)
a a c
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
1 p
0  0
a c
p 1
         (2)
c a
1 q
0   0
a c
q 1
         (3)
c a
Divide (2) by (3), we get
p
1
q
(i.e.) p  q.
19. Form the partial differential equation of all spheres whose centre lies on the z-axis.
Sol. Any point on the z-axis is of the form (0, 0, a)
J.
MUradius
Then the equation of the sphere with centre (0, 0, a) and THUERUkL(say)
APPANis
,M.SC.
,M.PHIL.
,M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
ASSI
STAN TPROF ESSORIN MAT HEMATICS,
x 2  y 2  ( z  a) 2  k 2 -------------- (1) ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI -
629401
where ‘a’ is the arbitrary constant.
6

2 x  0  2( z  a ) p  0
x  ( z  a ) p        (2)
0  2 y  2( z  a )q  0
y  ( z  a )q        (3)
x p

y q
(i.e.) p y  q x.
20. Find the partial differential equation of all planes passing through the origin.
Sol. The equation of the plane passing through the origin is
ax + by + cz = 0
 c z  a x  b y
a b
 z  x y
c c
(i.e.) z  A x  B y        (1)
where A and B are arbitrary constants.
z
p  A ------------ (2)
x
z
q  B ------------ (3)
y
z  pxq y
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
21. Find the partial differential equation of the family of spheres having their centres on the
line x = y = z.
Sol. Since the centre (a, b, c) lies on the line x = y = z, we have a = b = c
Hence the equation of the sphere is
(x – a)2 + (y – a)2 + (z – a)2 = r2 ---------------- (1)
where ‘a’ is the arbitrary constants.
2( x  a)  2( z  a) p  0
2 x  2 z p  2 a (1  p)        (2)
2( y  a )  2( z  a ) q  0
2 y  2 z q  2 a (1  q)        (3)
2 ( x  z p) 1  p

2 ( y  z q) 1  q
( x  z p )(1  q )  ( y  z q )(1  p )
x  xq  z p  z pq  y  y p  zq  z pq
(i.e.) ( y  z ) p  ( z  x) q  x  y J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
7
22. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary function from
 x
  z 2  xy ,   0
 z
x
Sol. The given equation can be written as z  xy  f   -------------- (1)
2
z
 x   z.1  x. p 
2 z p  y  f           (2)
z z
2

 x   xq
2 z q  x  f     2        (3)
z z 
2z p y z  px

2zq x qx
(2 z p  y )(q x)  (2 z q  x)(z  p x)
 2 z p q x  x y q  2 z 2q  2 z p q x  z x  p x2
(i.e.) x 2 p  (2 z 2  x y ) q  z x
23. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating an arbitrary function from
z  f (x2  y2 )
Sol. Given z  f ( x  y ) -------------- (1)
2 2

p  f  ( x 2  y 2 ) (2 x)       (2)
q  f  ( x 2  y 2 ) (2 y )       (3)
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
p x

q y
(i.e.) p y  q x
z  xy  f ( x 2  y 2 )
Sol. Given z  xy  f ( x  y ) -------------- (1)
2 2

p  y  f  ( x 2  y 2 ) (2 x)
p  y  f  ( x 2  y 2 ) (2 x)       (2)
q  x  f  ( x 2  y 2 ) (2 y )
q  x  f  ( x 2  y 2 ) (2 y)       (3)
p y x

qx y
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
py y qxx
2 2
ASSI
(i.e.) p y  q x  y 2  x 2 KANYAKUMARI-629401
8
z  f (x2  y2 )  x  y
Sol. Given z  f ( x  y )  x  y -------------- (1)
2 2

p  f  ( x 2  y 2 ) (2 x)  1
p  1  f  ( x 2  y 2 ) (2 x)       (2)
q  f  ( x 2  y 2 ) (2 y )  1
q  1  f  ( x 2  y 2 ) (2 y)       (3)
p 1 x

q 1 y
py y qxx
(i.e.) p y  q x  y  x
26. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary functions from
z  f 1 ( x ) f 2 ( y ).
Sol. Given z  f1 ( x) f 2 ( y) ----------- (1)
p  f1( x) f 2 ( y)       (2)
q  f1 ( x) f 2( y)       (3)
r  f1( x) f 2 ( y)       (4)
s  f1( x) f 2( y)       (5)
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
t  f1 ( x) f 2( y)       (6)
From (2) and (3) we have
p q  f1 ( x) f 2 ( y) f1( x) f 2( y)
(i.e.) p q  z s
27. Find the complete integral of p  q 1
Sol. Given p  q  1 --------------- (1)
The solution of equation (1) is
z  axb yc
where a  b  1
 b  1 a
 b  1 a  
2
Hence the complete integral is

z  a x  1 a 
2
yc
28. Find the complete integral of p – q = 0 J.

,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
Sol. Given p – q = 0 ------------ (1) ASSI
The solution of equation (1) is z  a x  b y  c KANYAKUMARI-629401
where a – b = 0  b = a
Hence the complete integral is z  a x  a y  c
9
29. Find the complete solution of the partial differential equation p  q  4 pq  0

2 2
Sol. Given p  q  4 pq  0
2 2
The solution of equation (1) is

z  axb yc
where a  b  4 a b  0
2 2
 b2  4 a b  a2  0
4a  16a 2  4.1.a 2
b
2. 1
4a  12 a 2

2
4a  2a 3
  a (2  3 )
2
Hence the complete integral is
z  a x  a (2  3 ) y  c
30. Solve the partial differential equation pq  x

Sol. Given pq  x ------------ (1)
Let q = a
Then equation (1) becomes
pa  x
x
 p
a
Substitute p and q in the relation
dz  p dx  q dy
x
dz  dx  a dy
a
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
Integrating , we get
x2
z  ay  b
2a
which is the complete integral.
z x y
31. Find the complete integral of    pq
pq q p
z x y
Sol. Given    pq
pq q p
z  p x  q y  p q pq ------------- (1)
The complete integral of equation (1) is
z  a x  b y  ab ab
32. Find the complete integral of the partial differential equation (1 – x)p + (2 – y)q = 3 – z.
Sol. Given (1 – x)p + (2 – y)q = 3 – z
(i.e.) z = px + qy + (3 – p – 2q) ----------- (1)
z = ax + by + (3 – a – 2b)
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
10
33. Find the singular solution of z  px  qy  p  pq  q

2 2
Sol. Given z  px  qy  p  pq  q ------------- (1)

2 2

z  ax  by  a 2  ab  b 2 -------------- (2)
To find singular integral, Diff. eqn. (2) p.w.r.t. ‘a’ and ‘b’, in turn, we get
0  x  2a  b
 2a  b   x       (3)
and 0  y  a  2b
 a  2b   y       (4)
Solving (3) and (4) we get
y  2x
3a  y  2 x  a 
3
x  2y
3b  x  2 y  b 
3
Substitute the values of a and b in equation (2) we have
 y  2x   x  2 y   y  2x   y  2x   x  2 y   x  2 y 
2 2
z  x   y      
 3   3   3   3  3   3 
9 z  3 x( y  2 x)  3 y ( x  2 y )  ( y  2 x) 2  ( y  2 x)(x  2 y )  ( x  2 y ) 2
9 z  3xy  3x 2  3 y 2
(i.e.) 3 z  xy  x 2  y 2
34. Find the singular integral of the partial differential equation z  px  qy  p  q

2 2
Sol. Given z  px  qy  p  q ------------- (1)

2 2

z  ax  by  a 2  b 2 -------------- (2)
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
0  x  2a
x
 a       (3)
2
0  y  2b
y
b       (4)
2
Substitute the values of a and b in equation (2) we have
2 2
 x  y  x  y
z  x   y        
 2  2  2  2
4 z  2 x 2  2 y 2  x 2  y 2
(i.e.) 4 z  y 2  x 2
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
11
PART -B
1. Solve: x( y  z ) p  y( z  x)q  z( x  y)
Sol. A. E. are
dx dy dz
 
x ( y  z ) y ( z  x) z ( x  y )
dx dy dz
 
x y z
Each ratio 
yz zx x y
dx dy dz
   0
x y z
Integrating we get
log x  log y  log z  log c1
 log( x y z )  log c1
 x y z  c1
dx  dy  dz
Each ratio 
xy  xz  yz  yx  zx  zy
 dx  dy  dz  0
Integrating we get
x  y  z  c2
F ( xy z, x  y  z )  0
2. Solve: z ( x p  yq)  y  x
2 2
Sol. A. E. are
dx dy dz
  2
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
x z  y z y  x2
Take 1st and 2nd ratio, we have
dx dy

xz  yz
dx dy

x y
Integrating, we get
log x   log y  log c1
log x  log y  log c1
(i.e.) x y  c1
x dx  y dy  z dz
Each ratio  2
x z  y2 z  y2 z  x2 z
 x dx  y dy  z dz  0
Integrating, we get
x2 y2 z 2
   c2
2 2 2 J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
(i.e.) x 2  y 2  z 2  c2 ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
Hence the required solution is KANYAKUMARI-629401
F ( x y, x 2  y 2  z 2 )  0
12
3. Solve: x( y  z ) p  y ( z  x )q  z ( x  y )
2 2 2 2 2 2
Sol. A. E. are
dx dy dz
 
x ( y2  z 2 ) y (z 2  x2 ) z (x2  y2 )
dx dy dz
 
x y z
Each ratio  2
y  z  z  x  x2  y2
2 2 2
dx dy dz
   0
x y z
Integrating we get
log x  log y  log z  log c1
 log( x y z )  log c1
 x y z  c1
Each ratio 
x y  x z  y2 z 2  y2 x2  z 2 x2  z 2 y2
2 2 2 2
 x dx  y dy  z dz  0
Integrating, we get
x2 y2 z 2
   c2
2 2 2
(i.e.) x 2  y 2  z 2  c2
F ( xyz, x 2  y 2  z 2 )  0
4. Solve: (mz  ny) p  (nx  lz)q  ly  mx

Sol. A. E. are
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
dx dy dz
 
mz  ny nx  lz ly  mx
ldx  mdy  ndz
Each ratio 
lmz  nly  mnx  lmz  nly  nmx
 ldx  mdy  ndz  0
Integrating we get
lx  my  nz  c1
Each ratio 
m z x  n xy  n xy  lyz  lyz  m z x
 x dx  y dy  z dz  0
Integrating, we get
x2 y2 z 2
   c2
2 2 2
(i.e.) x 2  y 2  z 2  c2
F (lx  my  nz, x 2  y 2  z 2 )  0 J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
13
5. Solve: z ( x  y ) p  z ( x  y )q  x  y
2 2
Sol. A. E. are
dx dy dz
  2
z ( x  y) z ( x  y) x  y 2
x dx  y dy  z dz
Each ratio 
x z  xyz  xyz  y 2 z  x 2 z  y 2 z
2
 x dx  y dy  z dz  0
Integrating, we get
x2 y2 z 2
   c1
2 2 2
(i.e.) x 2  y 2  z 2  c1
y dx  x dy d ( x y)
Each ratio  
xyz  y 2 z   x 2 z  xyz z ( x 2  y 2 )
Equate this to 3rd ratio, we have
d ( x y) dz

z( x 2  y 2 ) x 2  y 2
 d ( xy )  z dz
Integrating we get
z2
xy   c2
2
2 xy  z 2  c2
F ( x 2  y 2  z 2 , 2 xy  z 2 )  0
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
6. Solve: x( y  z ) p  y ( x  z )q  z ( x  y )
2 2 2 2
Sol. A. E. are
dx dy dz
 
x ( y 2  z) y ( x 2  z) z ( x 2  y 2 )
dx dy dz
 
x y z
Each ratio 
( y  z)  ( x  z)  ( x 2  y 2 )
2 2
dx dy dz
   0
x y z
Integrating we get
log x  log y  log z  log c1
 log( x z )  log y  log c1
xz
 c1
(i.e.)
y
x dx  y dy  dz
Each ratio  2 2
x y  x z  x2 y2  y2 z  x2 z  J
2 2
y.MUz THUERULAPPAN,M.SC.,M.PHIL.,M.B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
 x dx  y dy  dz  0 ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
14
Integrating, we get
x2 y2
  z  c2
2 2
(i.e.) x 2  y 2  2 z  c2
xz 
F  , x 2  y 2  2 z   0
 y 
7. Solve: ( x  y  y z ) p  ( x  y  x z )q  z ( x  y )
2 2 2 2
Sol. A. E. are
dx dy dz
 2 
x  y  y z x  y  x z z ( x  y)
2 2 2
dx  dy  dz
Each ratio 
x2  y2  y z  x2  y2  x z  x z  y z
 dx  dy  dz  0
Integrating, we get
x  y  z  c1
x dx  y dy x dx  y dy
Each ratio  
x( x  y  y z )  y ( x  y  x z ) x( x  y 2 )  y ( x 2  y 2 )
2 2 2 2 2
x dx  y dy

( x  y)(x 2  y 2 )
Equate this to 3rd ratio, we have
x dx  y dy dz

( x  y )(x  y ) z ( x  y )
2 2
xdx  ydy
x dx  y dy dz I 
  x2  y2
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
x2  y2 z put x 2  y 2  t
Integrating we get 2 xdx  2 ydy  dt
1 2( xdx  ydy)  dt
log( x 2  y 2 )  log z  log c2 dt / 2 1 dt
2 I   
t 2 t
log( x 2  y 2 )  2 log z  log c2 1 1
 log t  log( x 2  y 2 )
log( x 2  y 2 )  log z 2  log c2 2 2
x2  y2
(i.e.)  c2
z2
 x2  y2 
F  x  y  z, 2
  0
 z 
8. Solve: ( x  y  z ) p  2 xy q  2 z x
2 2 2
Sol. A. E. are
dx dy dz
 
x 2  y 2  z 2 2 xy 2 z x J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
Take 2nd and 3rd ratio, we have ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
dy dz KANYAKUMARI-629401

2x y 2 z x
15
dy dz

y z
Integrating, we get
log y  log z  log c1
log y  log z  log c1
y
(i.e.)  c1
z
Each ratio 
x( x  y 2  z 2 )  2 y 2 x  2 z 2 x
2
 3
x  y2x  z2x

x( x 2  y 2  z 2 )
Equate this to 2nd ratio, we have
x dx  y dy  z dz dy

x( x 2  y 2  z 2 ) 2 xy
x dx  y dy  z dz dy
  I 
xdx  ydy  zdz
x2  y2  z 2 2y x2  y2  z2
Integrating we get put x 2  y 2  z 2  t
1 1 2 xdx  2 ydy  2 zdz  dt
log( x 2  y 2  z 2 )  log y  log c2
2 2 2( xdx  ydy  zdz )  dt
log( x 2  y 2  z 2 )  log y  log c2 I 
dt / 2 1 dt
 
t 2 t
log( x 2  y 2  z 2 )  log y  log c2 1 1
 log t  log( x 2  y 2  z 2 )
x2  y2  z 2 2 2
 c2
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
(i.e.)
y
 y x2  y2  z 2 
F  ,   0
 z y 
9. Solve: (3z  4 y) p  (4 x  2 z )q  2 y  3x
Sol. A. E. are
dx dy dz
 
3z  4 y 4 x  2 z 2 y  3x
2dx  3dy  4dz
Each ratio 
6 z  8 y  12 x  6 z  8 y  12 x
 2dx  3dy  4dz  0
Integrating we get
2 x  3 y  4 z  c1
Each ratio 
3 z x  4 xy  4 xy  2 yz  2 yz  3Jz.MU
x THUERULAPPAN,M.SC.,M.PHIL.,M.B.A.,PGDCA.
 x dx  y dy  z dz  0 ASSI
STANTPROFESSORI NMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAI
LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERI
NG
KANYAKUMARI-629401
16
Integrating, we get
x2 y2 z 2
   c2
2 2 2
(i.e.) x 2  y 2  z 2  c2
F (2 x  3 y  4 z, x 2  y 2  z 2 )  0
10. Solve: ( x  y z ) p  ( y  z x) q  z  x y
2 2 2
Sol. A. E. are
dx dy dz
 
x2  y z y2  z x z 2  x y
dx  dy d ( x  y)
Each ratio   2
( x  y z )  ( y  z x) ( x  y 2 )  ( z x  y z )
2 2
d ( x  y)

( x  y )(x  y )  z ( x  y )
d ( x  y)

( x  y )(x  y  z )
dy  dz d ( y  z)
Each ratio  
( y 2  z x)  ( z 2  x y ) ( y 2  z 2 )  ( x y  z x)
d ( y  z)

( y  z )( y  z )  x( y  z )
d ( y  z)

( y  z )( x  y  z )
d ( x  y) d ( y  z)
 
( x  y )( x  y  z ) ( y  z )( x  y  z )
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN 
Integrating we get
d ( x  y) d ( y  z )
( x  y)

( y  z)
log( x  y )  log( y  z )  log c1

x y
(i.e.)  c1
yz
dx  dy  dz d ( x  y  z)
Each ratio  2 
x  y2  z 2  x y  y z  z x x2  y2  z 2  x y  y z  z x
Also each ratio  3
x  y 3  z 3  3x y z

( x  y  z )(x 2  y 2  z 2  x y  y z  z x)
d ( x  y  z) x dx  y dy  z dz
 2 
x  y 2  z 2  x y  y z  z x ( x  y  z )( x 2  y 2  z 2  x y  y z  z x)
( x  y  z ) d ( x  y  z )  x dx  y dy  z dz
Integrating we get J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
ASSI
( x  y  z)2 x 2 y 2 z 2 ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
    c2 KANYAKUMARI-629401
2 2 2 2
17
( x  y  z ) 2  x 2  y 2  z 2  c2
x 2  y 2  z 2  2( x y  y z  z x)  x 2  y 2  z 2  c2
2( x y  y z  z x)  c2
(i.e.) x y  y z  z x  c2
x y 
F  , x y  y z  z x   0
 yz 
11. Solve: (4 D  4 DD  D ) z  e
3x  2 y
2 2
 sin x
2
Sol. A.E. is 4m – 4m + 1 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]
2
4m – 2m – 2m + 1 = 0
2m(2m – 1) – 1(2m – 1) = 0
(2m – 1)(2m – 1) = 0
1 1
m= ,
2 2
 1   1 
C.F = f1  y  x   x f 2  y  x 
 2   2 
1
P.I1 = e3x  2 y
4 D  4 DD  D
2 2
1
 e3x  2 y
4(3)  4(3)( 2)  (2)
2 2
1
 e3x  2 y
64
1
P.I2 = sin( x  0 y)
4 D  4 DD  D 2
2
1
 sin( x  0 y )
4( 1)  0  0
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN 1
  sin x
4
 z = C.F + P.I1 + P.I2
 1   1  1 1
(i.e.) z  f1  y  x   x f 2  y  x   e 3 x  2 y  sin x
 2   2  64 4
12. Solve: ( D  2 DD  D ) z  x y  e

2 2 2 x y
Sol. A.E. is m2 + 2m + 1 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

(m + 1)(m + 1) = 0
m = –1, –1
C.F = f1 ( y  x)  x f 2 ( y  x)
1
P.I1 = 2 ex y
D  2 DD  D 2
1
 2 ex y Since the denominator = 0, we have to
(1)  2(1)(1)  (1) 2
multiply x on Nr. and Diff. Dr. w.r.t.‘D’
x
 ex y
2 D  2 D J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.,M.PHIL. ,
M.B.A.,
PGDCA.
A SSISTANT PROFESS O RIN MA TH EMA TICS,
x2 x y ANNAIVAI LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
 e
2 KA NYAKU MA RI-
62940 1
18
1
P.I2 = x2 y
D  2 DD  D
2 2
1
 x2 y
 2 DD  D 2
D 2 1  
 D2 
1
1   2 DD  D 2 
 2 1   2
 x2 y
D   D 
1   2 DD  D 2  2
 2 1   2
 x y
D   D 
1  2 D  2
 1  D  x y
D2
1  2 2 D 2 
  ( x y )  ( x y )
D2 D 
 2
1 2 2 
  x y  ( x )
D2 D 
1  2 x3 
 2 x2 y 
D  3 
1  x3 y 2x 4 
  
D 3 12 
x 4 y x5
 
12 30
 z = C.F + P.I1 + P.I2
x 2 x  y x 4 y x5
(i.e.) z  f1 ( y  x)  x f 2 ( y  x)  e  
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
2 12 30
13. Solve: ( D  D D  DD  D ) z  e

2x  y
3 2 2 3
 cos(x  y )
Sol. A.E. is m3 + m2 – m – 1 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]
2
m (m + 1) –1(m + 1) = 0
(m + 1)(m2 – 1) = 0
m = –1, m2 = 1
m= 1
 m = 1, –1, –1
C.F = f1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  x)  x f 3 ( y  x)
1
P.I1 = 3 e2x  y
D  D D  DD  D
2 2 3
1
 e2x  y
(2)  (2) (1)  (2)(1)  (1)
3 2 2 3
1
 e2x  y
9
1
P.I2 = 3 cos(x  y)
D  D 2 D  DD 2  D3 J.
MUTHUERU
D3L
=APDP2A
DN,M.
SC.
,
M. PH
D′3IL.
= ,
M.
D′B
2.A.
D′ ,PGDCA.
1 ASSI
 cos(x  y) ANNAIVAI LAN=K(–1)D
ANNICOLLEGEOF =E(–1)D′
NGINEERI NG
 D  D  D  D = – D
KANYAKUMARI - =1– D′
62940
19
x
 cos(x  y ) Since the denominator = 0, we have to
3D  2 DD  D 2
2
x
 cos(x  y )
3(1)  2(1)  (1)
x
  cos(x  y )
4
 z = C.F + P.I1 + P.I2
1 2x  y x
(i.e.) z  f1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  x)  x f 3 ( y  x)  e  cos(x  y)
9 4
14. Solve: ( D  2 DD  D  3D  3D  2) z  (e  2 e )

2 2 3x 2y 2
Sol. The given equation is non-homogeneous and it can be written as

( D  D  1)( D  D  2) z  e 6 x  4 e  4 y  4 e 3 x  2 y
C.F = e f1 ( y  x)  e f 2 ( y  x)
x 2x
1
P.I1 = e6 x  0 y
( D  D  1)( D  D  2)
1
 e6x  0 y
(6  0  1)( 6  0  2)
1 6x
 e
20
1
P.I2 = 4 e0 x  4 y
( D  D  1)( D  D  2)
1
4 e0x  4 y
(0  4  1)( 0  4  2)
2
 e 4 y
3
1
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
P.I3 = 4 e3x  2 y
( D  D  1)( D  D  2)
1
4 e3x  2 y
(3  2  1)( 3  2  2)
1
 e3x  2 y
3
 z = C.F + P.I1 + P.I2 + P.I3
1 6 x 2  4 y 1 3x  2 y
(i.e.) z  e x f1 ( y  x)  e 2 x f 2 ( y  x)  e  e  e
20 3 3
15. Solve: ( D  7 DD  6 D ) z  e

2x y
3 2 3
 sin( x  2 y )
3
Sol. A.E. is m – 7m – 6 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]
m = –1 is a root –1 1 0 –7 –6
The other roots are 0 –1 1 6
m2 – m – 6 = 0 1 –1 –6 0
(m – 3)(m + 2) = 0
m = 3, –2
 m = –1, –2, 3 J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
C.F = f1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  2 x)  f 3 ( y  3x) ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
20
1
P.I1 = e2x  y
D  7 DD  6 D
3 2 3
1
 e2x  y
(2)  7(2)(1)  6(1)
3 2 3
1
  e2x  y
12
1
P.I2 = 3 sin( x  2 y )
D  7 DD 2  6 D3 D3 = D2D D′3 = D′2D′
1 = (–1)D = (–4)D′
 sin( x  2 y ) =–D = – 4D′
 D  7 D(4)  6(4 D)
1
 sin( x  2 y )
27 D  24D 
1
 sin( x  2 y )
3(9 D  8 D )
9 D  8D
 sin( x  2 y )
3(9 D  8 D )(9 D  8 D)
9 D  8D
 sin( x  2 y )
3(81D 2  64D  2 )
9 D  8D
 sin( x  2 y )
3[81(1)  64(4)]
9 D[sin(x  2 y )]  8 D [sin(x  2 y )]

525
1
 [9 cos(x  2 y )  16 cos(x  2 y )]
525
1
 [7 cos(x  2 y )]
525
1
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
 cos(x  2 y )
75
 z = C.F + P.I1 + P.I2
1 2x  y 1
(i.e.) z  f1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  2 x)  f 3 ( y  3x)  e  cos(x  2 y)
12 75
2 z 2 z 2 z
16. Solve:   2 2  sinh(x  y)  xy
 x 2  xy y
(or) r  s  2t  sinh(x  y)  xy
Sol. The given equation can be written as ( D  DD  2 D ) z  sinh( x  y )  xy
2 2
A.E. is m2 + m – 2 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

(m + 2)(m – 1) = 0
m = –2, 1
C.F = f1 ( y  2 x)  f 2 ( y  x)
1
P.I1 = 2 sinh( x  y)
D  DD  2 D 2
1  e x y  e  ( x y )  e x  e x
 2 sinh x 
D  DD  2 D 2  2 

J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
ASSI
SC.
STANTPROFESSORI
,
M.PHI L
2.,
M.
NMATHEMATI
B.A.
,PGDCA.
CS,
1  1 x y 1 ANNAIVAI LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI
 xy 
NEERI
NG
 e  e K A NYAKUMARI
-62
940
1
2  D 2  DD  2 D 2 D 2  DD  2 D 2 
21
1  1 1 
  e x y  e x  y 
2  (1)  (1)(1)  2(1)
2 2
(1)  (1)(1)  2(1)
2 2

1 x x 
  e x y  e x  y 
2  2 D  D 2 D  D 
Since the denominator = 0, we have to
1 x x 
  e x y  e x  y 
2 2 1  2 1 
x x
 e x y  e  x  y
6 6
1
P.I2 = 2 xy
D  DD  2 D2
1
 xy
 D D   2 D  2

D 2 1  
 D2 
1
1   DD   2 D  2  
 2 1    xy
D   D2 
1   DD   2 D  2  
 2 1    xy
D   D2 
1  D 
 2 1   xy
D  D
1  D 
 2 ( xy )  ( xy )
D  D 
1  1 
 2  xy  ( x)
D  D 
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
1  x2 
 2  xy  
D  2
1  x2 y x3 
   
D 2 6
x3 y x 4
 
6 24
 z = C.F + P.I1 + P.I2
x x  y x  x  y x3 y x 4
(i.e.) z  f1 ( y  2 x)  f 2 ( y  x)  e  e  
6 6 6 24
2 z 2 z 2 z
17. Solve: 5  6 2  y sin x
 x2  xy y
Sol. The given equation can be written as ( D  5DD  6 D ) z  y sin x
2 2
A.E. is m2 – 5m + 6 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

(m – 2)(m – 3) = 0
m = 2, 3
C.F = f1 ( y  2 x)  f 2 ( y  3x) J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
22
1
P.I = y sin x
D  5DD  6 D 2
2
1
 y sin x
( D  2 D) ( D  3D)
1  1 
  y sin x 
D  2 D   D  3D  
1
D  2 D 
 (c  3 x) sin x dx where y = c – 3x

1
(c  3x)( cos x)  (3)( sin x)
D  2 D
1
 [ y cos x  3 sin x]
D  2 D
  [(c  2 x) cos x  3 sin x] dx where y = c – 2x
  [ (c  2 x)(sin x)  (2)( cos x)]  3( cos x)

  y sin x  2 cos x  3 cos x
 5 cos x  y sin x
 z = C.F + P.I
(i.e.) z  f1 ( y  2 x)  f 2 ( y  3x)  5 cos x  y sin x
18. Solve: ( D  D  3D  3D) z  xy  7

2 2

( D  D)(D  D  3) z  xy  7
C.F = e f1 ( y  x)  e f 2 ( y  x)
0x 3x
 f1 ( y  x )  e 3 x f 2 ( y  x )
1
P.I = ( xy  7)
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
( D  D)( D  D  3)
1 1
 ( xy  7)
( D  D )  D  D 
 31 
  3 
1
1   D  D  
 1   3  ( xy  7)
3( D  D)   
1   D  D   D  D  2 
 1      ( xy  7)
3( D  D)   3   3  
1  D D 2 DD  
 1   ( xy  7)
3( D  D)  3 3 9 
1  D D 2 DD  
  ( xy  7 )  ( xy  7 )  ( xy  7 )  ( xy  7)
3( D  D) 3 3 9 
1  y x 2
  xy  7    
3( D  D)  3 3 9
1
 y x 65 
  xy     J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
 D 
3D 1   
3 3 9 ASSI
 D ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
23
1
 1  D   y x 65 
 1  xy   
3D  D   3 3 9 
 1  D   y x 65 
 1    xy    
3D  D   3 3 9
 1  y x 65  D  y x 65 
  xy       xy    
3D  3 3 9  D 3 3 9 
 1  y x 65  1  1 
  xy       x  
3D  3 3 9  D 3 
 1  y x 65   x 2 x 
  xy        
3D  3 3 9   2 3 
 1  x 2 y xy x 2 65 x x 3 x 2 
       
3  2 3 6 9 6 6
 1  x 2 y x 3 xy x 2 65 x 
      
3  2 6 3 3 9 
 z = C.F + P.I
1  x 2 y x 3 xy x 2 65x 
(i.e.) z  f1 ( y  x)  e f 2 ( y  x)  
3x
   
3 2 6 3 3 9 
19. Solve: ( D  D  2 DD  2 D  2 D  1) z  e

2 2 2 x y

( D  D  1)( D  D  1) z  e 2 x y
x x
C.F = e f1 ( y  x)  xe f 2 ( y  x)
1
e2x  y
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
P.I = 2
D  D  2 DD  2 D  2 D  1
2
1
 e2x  y
(2)  (1)  2( 2)(1)  2(2)  2(1)  1
2 2
1
 e2x  y
16
 z = C.F + P.I
1
(i.e.) z  e  x f1 ( y  x)  xe  x f 2 ( y  x)  e 2 x y
16
20. Solve: ( D  3DD  4 D ) z  x  sin y

2 2
Sol. A.E. is m2 + 3m – 4 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

(m – 1)(m + 4) = 0
m = 1, – 4
C.F = f1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  4 x)
1
P.I1 = 2 x
D  3DD  4 D 2
1
 x
 3 DD   4 D  2
 J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
D 2 1  
D2 ASSI
 
1
1   3DD  4 D2  KANYAKUMARI-629401
 2 1   2
 x
D   D 
24
1   3DD  4 D 2 
 2 1   2
 x
D   D 

1
x  0
D2
1  x2 
  
D2
x3

6
1
P.I2 = sin(0 x  y )
D  3DD  4 D 2
2
1
 sin(0 x  y )
0  0  4(1)
1
 sin y
4
 z = C.F + P.I1 + P.I2
x3 1
(i.e.) z  f1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  4 x)   sin y
6 4
21. Eliminate the arbitrary function ‘f ’ from the relation f ( x  y  z , x  y  z )  0

2 2 2
Sol. The given relation f ( x  y  z , x  y  z )  0 can also be written as

2 2 2
x 2  y 2  z 2   ( x  y  z ) ------------- (1)
Diff. equation (1) p.w.r.to x, we get
2 x  0  2 z p   ( x  y  z ) (1  0  p)
2 x  2 z p   ( x  y  z ) (1  p)        (2)
Diff. equation (1) p.w.r.to y, we get
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
0  2 y  2 z q   ( x  y  z ) (0  1  q)
2 y  2 z q   ( x  y  z ) (1  q)        (3)
Dividing (2) by (3), we have
2 x  2 z p  ( x  y  z ) (1  p)

2 y  2 z q  ( x  y  z ) (1  q)
x  z p (1  p)

y  z q (1  q)
( x  zp )(1  q)  ( y  zq )(1  p)
x xq  z p  z pq  y  y p  zq  z pq
(i.e.) ( y  z ) p  ( z  x) q  x  y
1 
22. Eliminate the arbitrary function ‘f ’ from the relation z  y  2 f   log y 
2
x 
1 
Sol. Given z  y  2 f   log y  ------------------ (1)
2
x 
Diff. equation (1) p.w.r.to x, we get J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
1   1 ASSI
p  0  2 f    log y   2         (A
2N
)NAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
x  x  KANYAKUMARI-629401
25

1  1 
q  2 y  2 f    log y   
x  y 
1  1 
q  2 y  2 f    log y           (3)
x  y 
Dividing (2) by (3), we have
1   1
2 f    log y   2 
p
 x  x 
q  2y 1  1 
2 f    log y   
x  y 
p  1/ x2

q  2y 1/ y
p y
 2
q  2y x
x 2 p   y (q  2 y )
(i.e.) x 2 p  y q  2 y 2
23. Eliminate the arbitrary function ‘f ’ and ‘  ’ from the relation z  f ( x  y)  ( x  y)
Sol. Given z  f ( x  y)  ( x  y) ------------ (1)
z
p  f ( x  y)  ( x  y)  f ( x  y)  ( x  y)        (2)
x
z
q  f ( x  y )  ( x  y )(1)  f ( x  y )  ( x  y )
y
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
q   f ( x  y )  ( x  y )  f ( x  y )  ( x  y )        (3)
2 z
r  2  f ( x  y )  ( x  y )  f ( x  y )  ( x  y )  f ( x  y )  ( x  y )
x
 f ( x  y )  ( x  y )
r  f ( x  y )  ( x  y )  2 f ( x  y )  ( x  y )  f ( x  y )  ( x  y )        (4)
2z
s   f ( x  y )  ( x  y )  f ( x  y )  ( x  y )  f ( x  y )  ( x  y )
xy
 f ( x  y )  ( x  y )
s   f ( x  y )  ( x  y )  f ( x  y )  ( x  y )            (5)
2z
t  2  f ( x  y )  ( x  y )  f ( x  y )  ( x  y )  f ( x  y )  ( x  y )
y
f T(HxUERyU)LA(PxPAN,yM.
J.MU )SC.,M.PHIL.,M.B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI STANTPROFESSORI NMATHEMATI CS,
t  f ( x  y ) ( x  y )  2 f ( x  y )  ( x  y )  f (AxNNAyIV IL
)A (AxNKAyN)NI COLLEGEOF
ENG(I
6N)EERING
KANYAKUMARI
-629401
26
(2) + (3)  p  q  2 f ( x  y)  ( x  y)
(2) – (3)  p  q  2 f ( x  y)  ( x  y)
 ( p  q)( p  q)  4 f ( x  y)  ( x  y) f ( x  y)  ( x  y)
(i.e.) p 2  q 2  4 z f ( x  y)  ( x  y ) -------------- (7)
(4) – (6)  r  t  4 f ( x  y) ( x  y)
 (7)  p 2  q 2  z (r  t )
24. Find the PDE of all planes which are at a constant distance ‘k’ from the origin.
Sol. The equation of the plane having constant distance ‘k’ from the origin is
a x  b y  c z  k a 2  b 2  c 2  0 ------------------ (1)
ac p 0
 a   c p        ( 2)
b  cq  0
 b   c q        (3)
 c p x  c q y  c z  k c2 p2  c2q2  c2  0
 p x  q y  z  k p2  q2 1  0
(i.e.) z  p x  q y  k p 2  q 2  1
25. Solve: ( D  D ) z  e sin(2 x  3 y )

2 2 x y
Sol. A.E. is m2 – 1 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

2
m =1
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
 m= 1
C.F = f1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  x)
1
P.I = 2 e x  y sin(2 x  3 y)
D  D 2
1
 ex y sin(2 x  3 y )
( D  1) 2  ( D  1) 2
1
 ex y sin(2 x  3 y )
D  2 D  1  D 2  2 D  1
2
1
 ex y sin(2 x  3 y )
D 2  2 D  D 2  2 D
1
 ex y sin(2 x  3 y )
 4  2 D  ( 9 )  2 D 
1
 ex y sin(2 x  3 y )
2( D  D)  5
[2( D  D)  5]
 ex y sin(2 x  3 y )
[2( D  D)  5][2( D  D)  5]
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
[2( D  D)  5] ASSI
 ex y sin(2 x  3 y ) ANNAIVAI LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
4( D  D) 2  25 KANYAKUMARI-629401
27
[2( D  D)  5]
 ex y sin(2 x  3 y )
4( D  2 DD  D 2 )  25
2
[2( D  D )  5]
 ex y sin(2 x  3 y )
4[(4)  2(6)  (9)]  25
[2( D  D )  5]
 ex y sin(2 x  3 y )
 125
2 D[sin(2 x  3 y )]  2 D[sin(2 x  3 y )]  5 sin(2 x  3 y )
 ex y
 125
x y
e
 [4 cos(2 x  3 y )  6 cos(2 x  3 y )  5 sin(2 x  3 y )]
125
ex y
 [10 cos(2 x  3 y )  5 sin(2 x  3 y )]
125
ex y
 [sin(2 x  3 y )  2 cos(2 x  3 y )]
25
 z = C.F + P.I
ex y
(i.e.) z  f1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  x)  [sin( 2 x  3 y )  2 cos(2 x  3 y )]
25
26. Solve: (2 D  DD  D  6 D  3D) z  x e

2 2 y
Sol. Given (2 D  DD  D  6 D  3D) z  x e

2 2 y
(2 D  D)( D  D  3) z  x e y
1
Here  1  0, m1   ,  2  3, m1  1
2
 1  3 x
C.F = e f1  y  x   e f 2 ( y  x)
0x
 2 
 1  3 x
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
= f1  y  x   e f 2 ( y  x )
 2 
1
P.I = xe y
2 D  DD  D  6 D  3D
2 2
1
ey x
2 D  D( D  1)  ( D  1) 2  6 D  3( D  1)
2
1
ey x
2 D  DD  D  D  2 D  1  6 D  3D  3
2 2
1
ey x
2  2 D 2  DD  D 2  5 D  D
1
ey x
 2 D 2  DD  D 2  5 D  D 
2 1  
 2 
1
ey  2 D 2  DD  D 2  5 D  D 
 1   x
2  2 
e y   2 D 2  DD  D 2  5 D  D  J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.SC.,M.PHIL.,M.B.A.,PGDCA.
 1    x
2   2 
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI
-629401
28
ey  5D 
  x  2 ( x)
2
ey  5
  x 
2 2 
ey
 (2 x  5)
4
 z = C.F + P.I
 1  y
e
(i.e.) z  f1  y  x   e  3 x f 2 ( y  x)  (2 x  5)
 2  4
27. Solve: ( D  3DD  2 D  2 D  2 D) z  x  y  sin(2 x  y )

2 2
Sol. Given ( D  3DD  2 D  2 D  2 D) z  x  y  sin(2 x  y )

2 2
( D  D)(D  2D  2) z  x  y  sin(2 x  y)

Here 1  0, m1  1,  2  2, m1  2
2 x
C.F = e f1 ( y  x)  e f 2 ( y  2 x)
0x
2 x
= f1 ( y  x )  e f 2 ( y  2 x )
1
P.I1 = 2 ( x  y)
D  3DD  2 D 2  2 D  2 D
1
 ( x  y)
( D  D)(D  2 D  2)
1
 ( x  y)
 D   D  2 D 
D1   21  
 D  2 
1 1
1  D   D  2 D 
 1   1   ( x  y)
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
2D  D  2 
D    D  2 D   D  2 D  
2
1 
 1   1      ( x  y)
2D  D    2   2  
1  1 D   D D2 
   2  1   D   DD ( x  y )
2D D   2 4 
1  1 1 D D D D D 
     D     ( x  y)
2  D 2 D 4 D 2 2 D 4 
1  1 1 D  D D  3D  
       ( x  y)
2  D 2 2D 4 D 2 4 
11 x  y D( x  y ) D ( x  y ) D( x  y ) 3D( x  y ) 
  ( x  y)      
2 D 2 2D 4 D2 4
1  x2 x y x 1 x2 3 
  xy     
2 2 2 2 2 4 2 4 
1 y 1
 x2  x y   
2 2 2 J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
29
1
P.I2 = sin(2 x  y)
D  3DD  2 D 2  2 D  2 D
2
1
 sin(2 x  y )
 4  3( 2)  2(1)  2 D  2 D 
1
 sin(2 x  y )
2 D  2 D
2 D  2 D
 sin(2 x  y )
(2 D  2 D)(2 D  2 D)
2 D  2 D
 sin(2 x  y )
4 D 2  4 D 2
2 D  2 D
 sin(2 x  y )
4(4)  4(1)
2 D[sin(2 x  y )]  2 D[sin(2 x  y )]

 12
1
  [4 cos(2 x  y )  2 cos(2 x  y )]
12
1
  [6 cos(2 x  y )]
12
1
  cos(2 x  y )
2
 z = C.F + P.I1 + P.I2
1 y 1 1
(i.e.) z  f1 ( y  x)  e 2 x f 2 ( y  2 x)   x 2  x y     cos(2 x  y )
2 2 2 2
28. Solve: ( D  D D  4 DD  4 D ) z  cos(2 x  y )

3 2 2 3
Sol. A.E. is m3 + m2 – 4m – 4 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

2
m (m + 1) – 4(m + 1) = 0
(m + 1)(m2 – 4) = 0
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN m = –1, m2 = 4
m=  2
 m = –1, –2, 2
C.F = f1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  2 x)  f 3 ( y  2 x)
1
P.I = 3 cos(2 x  y )
D  D D  4 DD 2  4 D3
2
1
 cos(2 x  y )
 4 D  4 D  4 D  4 D
Since the denominator = 0, we have to
x multiply x on Nr. and Diff. Dr. w.r.t.‘D’
 cos(2 x  y )
3D  2 DD  4 D
2 2
x
 cos(2 x  y )
3(4)  2(2)  4(1)
x
  cos(2 x  y )
12
 z = C.F + P.I
x
(i.e.) z  f1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  2 x)  f 3 ( y  2 x)  cos(2 x  y)
12 J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.SC.,M.PHIL.,M.B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
30
29. Solve: z  px  qy  p q
2 2
Sol. Given z  px  qy  p q ------------- (1)

2 2

z  ax  by  a 2b 2 ------------------- (2)
0 = x + 2ab2  x = – 2ab2 --------- (3)
and 0 = y + 2a2b  y = – 2a2b --------- (4)
Multiplying (3) × a + (4) × b, we get
a x + by + 4a2b2 = 0
(a x + by + a2b2) + 3a2b2 = 0
(i.e.) z = – 3(ab)2 -------------- (5)
Now, multiplying (3) and (4), we get
x y = 4a3b3
xy
 ( a b) 3 
4
1/ 3
xy
 ab         (6)
 4 
Substitute (6) in equation (5) we have
2/3
xy
z   3 
 4 
2
xy
z   27 
3

 4 
(i.e.) 16 z 3  27 x 2 y 2  0
To find general integral, assume b = f(a)
Then equation (2) becomes z  a x  f (a) y  a { f (a)} -------------- (7)
2 2
Diff. eqn. (7) p.w.r.t. ‘a’, we get
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
0  x  f (a) y  a 2 .2{ f (a)} f (a)  { f (a)}2 .2a         (8)
The eliminant of ‘a’ between equations (7) and (8) gives the general integral.
30. Find the singular integral of z  px  qy  2 pq

Sol. Given z  px  qy  2 pq ------------- (1)
z  a x  b y  2 a b ------------- (2)
2
0 x (b)
2 ab
b
 x       (3)
a
2
and 0  y  (a)
2 ab
a
y       (4) J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
b ASSI
Multiplying (3) and (4) we get ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
x y=1, which is the singular integral.
31
31. Solve: z  px  qy  1  p  q
2 2
Sol. Given z  px  qy  1  p  q ------------------- (1)

2 2

z  ax  by  1  a 2  b 2 ------------- (2)
1
0 x ( 2a )
2 1 a  b 2 2
a
 x        (3)
1 a  b 2 2
1
and 0  y  (2b)
2 1  a2  b2
b
 y        (4)
1 a  b
2 2
Substitute (3) and (4) in equation (1), we get

a2 b2
z   1  a2  b2
1  a2  b2 1  a2  b2
 a2  b2  1  a2  b2

1  a2  b2
1

1  a2  b2
1
(i.e.) z 2        (5)
1  a2  b2
Squaring and adding (3) and (4), we have
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN x y 
2 2 a2

b2
1  a2  b2 1  a2  b2
(1  a 2  b 2 )  1

1  a2  b2
1
1
1  a2  b2
x2  y2  1  z2 [ u sin g (5) ]
(i.e.) x 2  y 2  z 2  1
which is the singular integral.
Then equation (2) becomes z  a x  f (a) y  1  a  { f (a)} -------------- (6)
2 2

1
0  x  f (a) y  [2a  2 f (a). f (a).1]         (7)
2 1  a  { f (a)}
2 2
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
32
q 
32. For the equation z  px  qy  
p  p  , find the complete and singular solutions.
 
q 
Sol. Given z  px  qy    p  ------------------- (1)
p 
b 
z  ax  by    a  ------------- (2)
a 
b
0  x  2 1
a
b
 x 1  2       (3)
a
1
and 0  y 
a
1 1
 y   a         ( 4)
a y
Substitute (4) in (3) , we get

b
x 1  2
 1
  
 y
 x 1  b y2
x 1
b       (5)
y2
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
x  x  1   ( x  1) 1 
z    y 2      
y  y   y y
 x  x  1  ( x  1)  1
z
y
(i.e.) y z  1  x
which is the singular integral.
33. Solve: p (1  q )  qz
Sol. Given p (1  q )  qz --------------- (1)
Let q = ap
p(1 + ap) = ap z
1 + ap = az
a z 1
 p
a
Now, q  a p
 a z 1 J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
 a  ASSI
 a  ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
 a z 1
33

dz = p dx + q dy
a z 1
dz  d x  (a z  1) d y
a
dz dx
 d y
a z 1 a
log( a z  1) x
  yb
a a
(i.e.) log( a z  1)  x  a y  b       (2)
a
y
a z 1
and 0  1
The last equation is absurd and shows that there is no singular integral.
log(a z  1)  x  a y  f (a) -------------- (3)
a
 y  f (a)         (4)
a z 1
34. Solve: p  q  x  y
2 2 2 2
Sol. Given p2 + q2 = x2 + y2
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
 p2  x2  y2  q2
Let p  x  a  p  
2 2 2
x2  a2
Also y  q  a  q   y  a
2 2 2 2 2

dz = p dx + q dy
dz   x 2  a 2 dx  y 2  a 2 dy
Integrating we get
x 2 a2 1  x   y a2  y 
z  x  a  sinh    
2
y  a  cosh1    b     (2)
2 2
2 2  a   2 2  a 
x x 
2a a2 1 1  x 
0    2   sinh   .( a )
 2 x  a
2 2 2 2 1  ( x / a) 2 a   a  
 y (2a) a2 1   y  J.MUTHU RyULAPPAN, 
1E
   2   cosh  .(a)M.SC.,M.PHIL.,M.B.A.,PGDCA.
 2 2 y  a
2 2 2 ( x / a)  1  a 
2 ASSI TA
S aNTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
ANNAIVAI LANKANNI COLLEGEOFENGINEERING
and 0  1 K A N YA KUMARI-629401
34

x 2 a2 1  x   y a2  y 
z    x  a  sinh    
2
y  a  cosh1    f (a) -------- (3)
2 2
2 2  a   2 2  a 
x x 
2a a2 1 1  x 
0    2   sinh   .(a )
 2 x  a
2 2 2 2 1  ( x / a) 2
 a   a  
 y (2a )  y 
a2 1 1  y 
   2   cosh  .(a )  f  (a )    (4)
 2 y  a
2 2 2 2 ( x / a)  1  a 
2
a 
35. Find the complete solution of pqxy  z

2
Given ( x p) ( y q)  z ---------- (1)

2
Sol.
Put X  log x , Y  log y
z z X
p  .
x X x
z 1

X x
z
 xp
X
z
(i.e.) x p  P where P 
X
 z  z Y
q  .
 y Y  y
z 1

ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
Y y
z
 yq 
Y
z
(i.e.) y q  Q where Q 
Y
Equation (1) becomes
P Q  z 2 ---------- (2)
Let Q = aP
P.aP  z 2
z
P
a
Now, Q  a P
 z 
 a 
 a 
 a z
Substitute P and Q in the relation
dz = P dX + Q dY J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
z ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
dz  d X  a zdY KANYAKUMARI-629401
a
35
dz
a  d X a dY
z
a log z  X  aY  b
(i.e.) a log z  log x  a log y  b
which is the complete solution.
36. Solve: z ( p  q )  x  y
2 2 2
Sol. Given ( z p)  ( z q)  x  y ----------- (1)

2 2
1 1
Put Z  z  z
2
Z z
 2z
x x
P Z
  z p where P 
2 x
Z z
 2z
y y
Q Z
  z q where Q 
2 y
2 2
 P Q
     x y
2 2
(i.e.) P 2  Q 2  4 ( x  y )
 P2  4 x  4 y  Q2
Let P  4 x  a  P   4x  a
2
Also 4 y  Q  a  Q   4 y  a
2
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
dz = p dx + q dy
dz   4 x  a dx  4 y  a dy
Integrating we get
(4 x  a) 3 / 2 (4 y  a) 3 / 2
z  b
4(3 / 2) 4(3 / 2)
(4 x  a) 3 / 2 (4 y  a) 3 / 2
z   b       (2)
6 6
1 1
0   (4 x  a)1 / 2  (4 y  a)1/ 2
4 4
and 0  1
(4 x  a) 3 / 2 (4 y  a) 3 / 2
z   f (a) -------------- (3)
6 6
Diff. eqn. (3) p.w.r.t. ‘a’, we get J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.
,PGDCA.
ASSISTANTPROFESSORI NMATHEMATI CS,
1 1
0   (4 x  a)1 / 2  (4 y  a)1/ 2  f (a)   AN NA(I
4V)AILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
4 4 KANYAKUMARI-629401
36
Problems for practice
1. Solve: ( D  2 DD  D ) z  sinh( x  y )  e

2 2 x2y
2. Solve: ( D  2 DD  D  2 D  2 D) z  sin( x  2 y )

2 2
3. Solve: ( D  D ) z  e
x2 y
2 2
sin(2 x  y )
4. Solve: ( D  D ) z  e sin( x  2 y )
2 2 x y
5. Solve: ( D  4 DD  2 D ) z  e
x y
2 2
1
6. Solve: ( D  7 DD  6 D ) z  e
2x y
3 2 3
 sin( x  2 y)
7. Solve: ( y  z ) p  ( z  x)q  ( x  y)
8. Solve: ( y  xz ) p  ( yz  x ) q  ( x  y )( x  y )
9. Solve: x ( y  z ) p  y ( z  x)q  z ( x  y )
2 2 2
y2z
10. Find the general solution of p  xzq  y 2
x
11. Eliminate the arbitrary function ‘ф’ from the relation  ( x  y  z , ax  by  cz )  0
2 2 2
12. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating arbitrary function f and ф from
z  f ( x  ct )   ( x  ct )
13. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary function ‘g’ from the
relation g ( x  y  z , xyz )  0
2 2 2
14. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating arbitrary functions ‘f’ and ‘g’ from
z  xf ( 2 x  y )  g ( 2 x  y )
Answers
1 1
1. z  f1 ( y  x)  x f 2 ( y  x)  sinh( x  y )  e x  2 y
4 9
1
2. z  f1 ( y  x)  e 2 x f 2 ( y  x)  [2 cos(x  2 y)  3 sin( x  2 y)]
39
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
x 2 y
e
3. z  f1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  x)  [ 4 cos(2 x  y )  3 sin(2 x  y )]
50
ex  y
4. z  f1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  x)  [ sin( x  2 y )  2 cos(x  2 y )]
15
  
5. z  f1 y  (2  2 ) x  f 2 y  (2  2 ) x  e  x y

x2
2
1 1
6. z  f1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  2 x)  f 3 ( y  3x)  e 2 x  y  cos(x  2 y)
12 75
x  y 
7. F  , ( x  y  z)(x  y) 2   0 8. F [ x 2  y 2  z 2 , x y  z ]  0
yz 
1 1 1 
9. F    , x 2  y 2  z 2   0 10 . F [ x 3  y 3 , x 2  z 2 ]  0
x y z 
11. (b z  c y) p  (c x  a z) q  a y  b x 12 . T  c 2 r
13 . ( y 2  z 2 ) p x  ( z 2  x 2 ) q y  ( x 2  y 2 ) z
14. r  4(s  t ) J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
1

UNIT II – FOURIER SERIES
PART – A
1. State the Dirichlet’s conditions for a given function to expand in Fourier series.
Sol. The Dirichlet’s conditions are
(i) f(x) is periodic with period 2l in (c, c + 2l) and f(x) is bounded.
(ii) The function f(x) must have finite number of maxima and minima.
(iii) The function f(x) must be piecewise continuous and has a finite number of finite
discontinuities.
Then the Fourier series of f(x) converges in (c, c + 2l)
2. Write the formula for finding Fourier coefficients.
c + 2l c + 2l c + 2l
1 1 nπ x 1 nπ x
Sol. a 0 = ∫ f ( x) dx , a n = ∫ f ( x) cos dx , bn = ∫ f ( x) sin dx
l c
l c
l l c
l
3. Define RMS value of a function.

Sol. The RMS value of a function f(x) in (a,b) is defined by
b
1
y= ∫
b−a a
[ f ( x)]2 dx
b
1
2
y = ∫
b−a a
[ f ( x)] 2 dx
4. State the Parseval’s identity for Fourier series.

Sol. The Parseval’s identity for Fourier series in the interval (c, c + 2l) is
c + 2l 2 ∞
1 a
l c ∫ [ f ( x)]2 dx = 0 +
2
∑ (a
n =1
n
2
+ bn )
2
The Parseval’s identity for Fourier series in the interval (c, c + 2π) is
c + 2π 2 ∞
1 a0
π ∫c
[ f ( x )] dx = 2
2
+ ∑ (a
n =1
n
2
+ bn )
2
 2x
1 + , −π < x < 0
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
5. In the Fourier series expansion of f ( x) =  π π,π
in (–π π),
2x
1− , 0< x<π
 π
find the coefficient of sin nx
Sol. Since the interval is (–π,π), let us verify whether the function is odd or even
2( − x ) 2x
f (− x) = 1 + = 1− in (−π , 0)
π π
= f ( x) in (0, π )
2( − x ) 2x
and f ( − x ) = 1 − = 1+ in (0, π )
π π
= f ( x ) in (−π , 0)
Hence f(x) is an even function.
So the coefficient of sin nx (i.e.) bn = 0.
6. Find the mean square value of the function f(x) = x in the interval (0, l).
Sol. Mean square value is
l
2 1
y =
l0∫ [ f ( x)] 2 dx
l
1  x3  1 l 3 
l
1 2
= ∫ x dx =   =  − 0
l0 l 3 0 l3 J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.

ASSI
l2 ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
= KANYAKUMARI-629401
3
2
7. Find the value of an in the cosine series expansion of f(x) = 10 in the interval (0,10).
Sol.
nπx nπx
10 10
2 2
an =
10 ∫
0
f ( x ) cos
10
dx =
10 ∫ (10) cos 10
0
dx
nπx 
10

 sin 10 
= 2  =
20
[sin nπ − 0] = 0
 nπ  nπ
 10  0
8. What do you mean by Harmonic Analysis.

Sol. The process of finding the Fourier series for a function given by numerical value is known
as harmonic analysis.
9. What is the constant term a0 and the coefficient an in the Fourier series expansion of
f(x) = x – x3 in (–π π,π
π).
Sol. Since the interval is (–π,π), let us verify whether the function is odd or even
f(– x) = (– x) – (–x)3
= – x + x3 = – (x – x3) = – f(x)
The given function is an odd function.
Hence a0 = 0 and an = 0.
10. Find the constant term in the Fourier series corresponding to f(x) = cos2 x expanded
in the interval (–ππ,π
π).
Sol. Since the interval is (–π,π), let us verify whether the function is odd or even.
f(–x) = cos2 (–x)= cos2x = f(x). Hence the function is even.
π π
2 2
a0 = ∫ f ( x) dx = ∫ cos
2
x dx
π 0
π 0
π
2 1 + cos 2 x
=
π 0 ∫ 2
dx
π
1 sin 2 x 
= x +
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
π 2  0
= [(π + 0) − (0)]
1
π
=1
a0 1
Hence the constant term in the Fourier expansion is =
2 2
11. Find the Fourier constant bn for f(x) = xsinx in (–π, π)
Sol. f(–x) = (–x)sin(–x) = (–x)(–sinx) = xsinx = f(x)
Hence the function is an even function. So bn = 0.
12. Find the constant term in the Fourier expansion of f(x) = x2 – 2 in –2 < x < 2
Sol. f(–x) = (–x)2 – 2 = x2 – 2 = f(x), which is an even function
2 2
2
a0 = ∫ f ( x) dx = ∫ ( x − 2) dx
2
2 0 0
2
 x3 
=  − 2 x
3 0
 8   4
=  − 4  − (0)  = −
J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.
,PGDCA.
 3   3
a0 IVA−IL4A/N3KANNI2
Hence the constant term in the Fourier expansion isANNA =
K A
= − COLLEGEOFENGINEERING
NYAK
2 2 3UMARI-629401
3
13. Find an in expanding e − a x as a Fourier series in (–π

π,π
π).
π π
1 1 −a x
Sol. an =
π −
∫π f ( x) cos nx dx =
π −
∫π e cos nx dx
π
1  e − a x  
=  2  (−a cos nx + n sin nx) 
π  a + b 2   −π
1  e − a π   e aπ 
=  2 [ − a ( −1) n
+ 0]− 2 [ −a (−1) n + 0] 
π  a + b 2
 a + b
2

− a(−1) n
= ( e − aπ − e aπ )
π (a + b )
2 2
a(−1) n
= (e aπ − e − aπ )
π (a + b )
2 2
a(−1) n
(i.e.) a n = 2 sinh aπ
π (a 2 + b 2 )
14. If f(x) is an odd function in the interval (–l, l), write the formula to find the Fourier
coefficients.
Sol. a0 = an = 0
nπ x
l
2
bn =
l ∫ f ( x) sin
0
l
dx
15. If f(x) is an even function in the interval (–l, l), write the formula to find the Fourier
coefficients.
nπ x
l l
2 2
Sol. a0 = ∫ f ( x) dx , a n = ∫ f ( x) cos dx , bn = 0
l 0
l 0
l
π,π
16. Find a0 if f ( x) = x , expanded as a Fourier series in (–π π).
Sol. f (− x) = − x = x = f ( x) , which is an even function.
π π
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
2 2
a0 =
π ∫
0
f ( x) dx =
π ∫ | x | dx
0
π
2
=
π ∫ x dx
0
π
2  x2 
=  
π  2 0
2 π 2 
=  − 0 = π
π 2 
17. Find a sine series for f(x) = x in (0, π)

π π
2 2
Sol. bn =
π ∫ f ( x) sin nx dx
0
=
π ∫ x sin nx dx
0
π
2   − cos nx   − sin nx 
=  x  − (1) 
π  n   n
2
 0
2  − π ( −1) n   2( −1) n +1
=  + 0  − {0 + 0}=
π  n   n
Sine series is J.
M.PHIL.
,M.
B.A.
,PGDCA.
ASSISTANTPROFESSORI NMATHEMATICS,
∞ ∞
2(−1) n + 1  sin x sin 2 x ANsin 3x ANKANNICO 
f ( x) = ∑ bn sin nx =∑ sin nx = 2  − + NAIVA−IL................. LLEGEOFENGINEERING
n =1 n =1 n  1 2 3 K A N Y A K U MA
 RI-629401
4
18. To which value the half range sine series corresponding to f(x) = x2 expressed in the
interval (0,2) converges at x = 2?
Sol. At x = 2 (which is point of discontinuity), the x2
Half range Fourier sine series converges to –2 – x2 0 2 – (4 – x )2 4
f (2−) + f (2+) 2 + [− (4 − 2) ]
2 2
=
2 2
4−4
= =0
2
π,π
19. If the Fourier series of the function f(x) = x + x2, in the interval (–π π) is
π2 ∞
4 2 
+ ∑ (−1) n  2
cos nx − sin nx  , then find the value of the infinite series
3 n =1 n n 
1 1 1
2
+ 2 + 2 + .......... ...
1 2 3
π2 ∞
4 2 
Sol. Given f ( x ) = + ∑ ( −1) n  2 cos nx − sin nx 
3 n =1 n n 
Put x = π in the above series we get
π2 ∞
4 
f (π ) = + ∑ (−1) n  2 (−1) n − 0 --------------- (1)
3 n =1 n 
But x = π is the point of discontinuity. So we have
f (−π ) + f (π ) (−π + π 2 ) + (π + π 2 ) 2π 2
f (π ) = = = =π2
2 2 2
Hence equation (1) becomes
π2 ∞
4 
π =
2
+ ∑ (−1) n  2 (−1) n − 0
3 n =1 n 
π2 ∞
4 ( −1) 2 n
π2 − =∑
3 n =1 n2
2π 2 1 1 1 
= 4  2 + 2 + 2 + .......... .....
3 1 2 3 
π2 1 1 1
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
= 2
+ 2 + 2 + .......... .....
6 1 2 3
20. The cosine series for f(x) = x sin x in 0 < x < π is given as
1 ∞ (−1) n
1 1 1  π
x sin x = 1 − cos x − 2 ∑ 2 cos nx . Deduce that 1 + 2  − + − .... =
2 n=2 n − 1 1.3 3.5 5.7  2
Sol. As n2 –1 = ( n – 1)( n + 1)
1  cos 2 x cos 3x cos 4 x cos 5 x cos 6 x 
x sin x = 1 − cos x − 2  − + − + − ................ 
2  1 .3 2 .4 3 .5 4 .6 5 .7 
π
Put x = in the above series we get
2
π 1  −1 1 −1 
(1) = 1 − (0) − 2  −0+ −0+ − ................ 
2 2 1.3 3 .5 5 .7 
π  1 1 1 
= 1+ 2  − + − ................ 
2  1 . 3 3 .5 5 . 7 
21. Find the half range sine series for f(x) = 2 in 0 < x < π.
π π
2 2
Sol. bn =
0
=
π ∫ 2 sin nx dx
0
π J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
4  − cos nx 
= 
π  n  0 nπ  =
−4
[ ]
AN
[
− (−1) ]
4 STANTnPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
( −1) n − 1 = AS1SI
πAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
nN
KANYAKUMARI
-629401
5
Half range sine series is

∞ ∞
4 [1 − (−1) n ]
f ( x) = ∑ bn sin nx =∑ sin nx
n =1 n =1 nπ
4  2 sin x 2 sin 3x 2 sin 5 x 
= + + + .................
π  1 3 5 
8  sin x sin 3 x sin 5 x 
=  + + + .................
π 1 3 5 
22. Does f(x) = tan x posses a Fourier series? Justify your answer.
Sol. For a function f(x) to have Fourier series expansion it must satisfy all the three criteria
π
in Dirichlet’s conditions. But f(x) = tan x has value ∞ at x = and so it is a discontinuous
2
point and moreover it is an infinite discontinuity. So it does not have a Fourier series
expansion.
23. Does f(x) = sin (1/x) posses a Fourier series? Justify your answer.
Sol. For a function f(x) to have Fourier series expansion it must satisfy all the three criteria
in Dirichlet’s conditions. But f(x) = sin(1/x) has minimum or maximum value at odd
π 1 ( 2n − 1)π
multiple of . (i.e.) when =
2 x 2
2
⇒x=
( 2n − 1)π
As n tend to ∞, x = 0. So the function does not have a Fourier series expansion.
24. Without finding the values of a0, an and bn, the Fourier coefficients of Fourier series,
 a0 2 ∞
2 
for the function f(x) = x2 in the interval (0, π) find the value of 
 2
+ ∑ (a
n =1
n
2
+ bn )

2 ∞ π
a0 2
Sol.
2
+ ∑ (an + bn ) =
n =1
2 2
π∫
[ f ( x)] 2
dx
0
π
2
= ∫[x
2 2
] dx
π
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
0
π
2
= ∫x
4
dx
π 0
π
2  x5  2 π 5  2π 4
=   =  − 0 =
π  5 0 π  5  5
a0 ∞
+ ∑ (an cos nπ x + bn sin nπ x) is the Fourier series of f(x) = x in (–1, 1), find a3 + b3
2 2
25. If
2 n =1
Sol. Since the given function f(x) = x is an odd function, we have a0 = 0, an = 0 (i.e.) a3 = 0
1 1
2
f ( x) sin nπ x dx = 2 ∫ x sin nπ x dx
1 ∫0
bn =
0
1
  − cos nπ x   − sin nπ x 
= 2 ( x )  − (1) 
  nπ   nπ
2 2
 0
 ( −1) n  
= 2 − + 0 − {0 + 0}
  nπ  
2 (−1) n
bn = −
nπ
2 (−1) 3
4 (−1) 6 4J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
b3 = − ⇒ b3 = =
2
3π 9π 2
9π 2 ASSI
STANTPROFESSORIN MATHEMATICS,
4 4 KANYAKUMA RI-
6294
01
∴ a3 + b3 = 0 + 2 = 2
2 2
9π 9π
6
PART – B
1. Find the Fourier series for the function f(x) = 1 + x + x2 in (–π, π).
1 1 1 π2
Deduce + + + .............. =
12 2 2 3 2 6
Sol. The given function is neither an even nor an odd function.
∞
a0
f ( x) = + ∑ ( a n cos nx + bn sin nx )
2 n =1
π π
1 1
a0 = ∫π f ( x) dx = ∫π (1 + x + x
2
) dx
π −
π −
π
1 x2 x3 
= x + + 
π 2 3  −π
1  π2 π3  π 2 π 3 
= π + +  − − π + − 
π  2 3   2 3 
1 2π 3  2π 2
2π + = = 2 +
π  3 

3
π π
1 1
a n = ∫ f ( x ) cos nx dx = ∫ (1 + x + x 2 ) cos nx dx
π −π
π −π
π
1  sin nx   − cos nx   − sin nx 
= (1 + x + x 2 )  − (1 + 2 x )  + ( 2 ) 
π  n   n
2
  n
3
 − π
1  (1 + 2π ) ( −1) n   (1 − 2π ) ( −1) n 
=  0 + − 0 −
 0 + − 0
π  n 2
  n 2
 cos nπ = (−1) n
(−1) n sin nπ = 0
= [1 + 2π − 1 + 2π ]
πn 2
cos n(−π ) = cos nπ
( −1) n
4 ( −1) n
= (−1) n
= ( 4π ) =
π n2 n2
π π
1 1
bn = ∫π f ( x) sin nx dx = ∫π (1 + x + x
2
) sin nx dx
π −
π −
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
π
1  − cos nx   − sin nx   cos nx  
= (1 + x + x 2 )  − (1 + 2 x )  + ( 2 ) 
π  n   n
2

3
 n  − π
1  2 ( −1)
n
2 ( −1) n   2 ( −1)
n
2 (−1) n 
=  − (1 + π + π ) + 0 + −
  − (1 − π + π ) + 0 + 
π  n n3   n n 3 
=
(−1) n
nπ
[
−1− π − π 2 +1− π + π 2 ]
( −1) n − 2 (−1) n 2 ( −1) n +1
= (−2π ) = =
nπ n n
a0 ∞
2 n =1
1 2π 2
 ∞  4( −1) n 2( −1) n +1 
=  + ∑ 
 2 + 2
cos nx + sin nx 
2  n =1  n
3 n 
π2  cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x   sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x 
= 1+ + 4 − 2 + 2
− 2
+ .......... + 2  − + − ..........
3  1 2 3   1 2 3 
π2  cos x cos 2 x cos 3x   sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x 
(i.e.) f ( x) = 1 + − 4 2 − 2
+ 2
− ............ + 2 − + − ............
3  1 2 3   1 2 3 
Put x = π in the above series we get J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
π2  1 1 1  ANNAIVAI LANKA NNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
f (π ) = 1 + − 4− 2 − 2 − 2 − ............ + 2(0) --------------- (1)
3  1 2 3  KANYAKUMARI -629401
7
But x = π is the point of discontinuity. So we have

f (−π ) + f (π ) (1 − π + π 2 ) + (1 + π + π 2 ) 2 + 2π 2
f (π ) = = = = 1+ π 2
2 2 2
 1π2 1 1 
1+ π 2 = 1+ − 4 − 2 − 2 − 2 − ............
3  1 2 3 
π 2
1 1 1 
π2 − = 4  2 + 2 + 2 + ............
3 1 2 3 
2π 2 1 1 1 
= 4  2 + 2 + 2 + ............
3 1 2 3 
π 2
1 1 1
= 2 + 2 + 2 + ................
6 1 2 3
1 + x, −2≤ x≤0
2. Find the Fourier series for the function f ( x) = 
1 − x, 0≤ x≤2
∞
1 π2
Deduce that ∑
n =1 ( 2n − 1) 2
=
8
Sol. f(– x) = 1 – x in (–2, 0)
= f(x) in (0, 2)
and f(– x) = 1 + x in (0, 2)
= f(x) in (–2, 0)
Hence f(x) is an even function.
a0 ∞ nπx
∴ f ( x) = + ∑ a n cos
2 n =1 2
2 2
2
a0 =
2 ∫
0
f ( x) dx = ∫ (1 − x) dx
0
2
 x2 
= x − 
 2 0
= [( 2 − 2) − (0)]
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
=0
nπx nπx
2 2
2
an =
2 ∫
0
f ( x) cos
2
dx = ∫ (1 − x ) cos
0
2
dx
2
  nπx   nπx 
  sin   − cos 
= (1 − x) 2  − (−1) 2 
  nπ   n 2π 2 
    
 2   4  0 cos nπ = (−1) n
 4 (−1) n   4  sin nπ = 0
=  0 − 2 2  − 0 − 2 2 
 n π   n π  cos 0 = 1
4
[
= 2 2 1 − ( −1) n
π n
] sin 0 = 0
0 ∞ 4 [1 − ( −1) n ] nπx
f ( x) = +∑ cos
2 n =1 nπ2 2
2
4 2 πx 2 3πx 2 5πx 
= 2  2
cos + 0 + 2 cos + 0 + 2 cos + .......... .......... ....
π 1 2 3 2 5 2 
8 1 πx 1 3πx 1 5πx 
f ( x ) = 2  2 cos + 2 cos + 2 cos + .......... .......... ....
π 1 2 3 2 5 2 
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
Put x = 0 in the above series we get ASSI
8 1 1 1 
f ( 0) = 2  2
+ 2 + 2 ............ --------------- ANNAIVAI
(1) LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
NEERING
π 1 3 5 
8
But x = 0 is the point of discontinuity. So we have

f (0−) + f (0+ ) (1) + (1) 2
f ( 0) = = = =1 f(x) = 1 + x
2 2 2 f(0–) = 1 + 0 = 1
8 1 1 f(x) = 1 – x
1 
1= 2  2
+ 2 + 2 ............ f(0) = 1 – 0 = 1
π 1 3 5 
π21 1 1
+ =+ ................
8 12 3 2 5 2
π2 ∞
1
(i.e.) =∑
n = 1 ( 2n − 1)
2
8
3. Expand f(x) = cos x, 0 < x < π in a Fourier sine series.

Sol. Fourier sine series is
∞
f ( x ) = ∑ bn sin nx
n =1
π π
2 2
bn =
π ∫
0
f ( x ) sin nx dx =
π ∫ cos x sin nx dx
0
π
1
=
π ∫ 2 sin nx cos x dx
0
2SinACosB = Sin(A+B) + Sin(A–B)
1
π
cos(n + 1)π = (−1) n +1
=
π ∫ [sin(n + 1) x + sin(n − 1) x] dx ,
0
n ≠1
cos(n − 1)π = (−1) n−1
π
1  − cos( n + 1) x   − cos( n − 1) x 
=  + 
π  n +1   n −1  0
1  (−1) n +1 (−1) n −1   1 1 
=−  + − + 
π  n + 1 n − 1   n + 1 n − 1
1   −1 −1   1 1 
= − (−1) n  + − + 
π   n + 1 n − 1   n + 1 n − 1 
1   1 1   1 1 
=  ( −1) n  + + + 
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
π   n + 1 n − 1   n + 1 n − 1 
1   2n   2n 
= ( −1) n  2 + 2 
π   n − 1   n − 1 
bn =
2n
π (n − 1)
2
[
(−1) n + 1 , n ≠ 1 ]
When n = 1, we have
π π
2 2
b1 =
π ∫
0
f ( x ) sin x dx =
π ∫ cos x sin x dx
0
π
1
=
π ∫ sin 2 x dx
0
π
1  − cos 2 x  1
=   =− (1 − 1) = 0
π  2 0 2π
∞ ∞
f ( x ) = ∑ bn sin nx = b1 sin x + ∑ bn sin nx
n =1 n=2
∞
2n [ ( −1) n + 1]
= 0+∑ sin nx
n=2 π (n 2 − 1)
2  4 sin 2 x 8 sin 4 x 12 sin 6 x 
=  +0+ +0+ J.
MUTH +U
0E+R..........
ULAPP........
AN,M.
SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,PGDCA.
π 3 15 35 ASSI STANTPROFESS ORINMATHEMATICS,
8  sin 2 x 2 sin 4 x 3 sin 6 x ANNAIVAI LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI
NEERI
NG
= + + + .................. KANYAKUMA RI
-62
940
1
π  3 15 35 

9
4. Find the Fourier series expansion of f(x) = x2, 0 < x < 2π. Hence deduce that
1 1 1 π2
(i ) 2 + 2 + 2 + .............. =
1 2 3 6
1 1 1 π2
(ii ) 2 − 2 + 2 − .............. =
1 2 3 12
1 1 1 π2
(iii ) 2 + 2 + 2 + .............. =
1 3 5 8
Sol. Fourier series is
∞
a0
2 n =1
2π 2π
1 1
a0 = ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫x
2
dx
π 0
π 0
2π
1  x3 
=  
π  3 0
1  8π 3  8π 2
= − 0  =
π  3  3
2π 2π
1 1
an = ∫ f ( x) cos nx dx = ∫x
2
cos nx dx
π 0
π 0
2π
= ( x 2 )  − (2 x )  + ( 2)  
π  n   n
2
  n
3
 0
1  ( 4π ) (1)   cos 2nπ = 1
=  0 + − 0 − {0 + 0 − 0}
π  n 2
  sin 2nπ = 0
4
= 2
n
2π 2π
1 1
bn = ∫ f ( x) sin nx dx = ∫x
2
sin nx dx
π 0
π 0
2π
1  − cos nx   − sin nx   cos nx 
=  ( x 2 )  − ( 2 x )  + ( 2 ) 
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
π  n   n
2

3
 n  0
1  4π 2 2  2 
=  − + 0 + 3  − 0 + 0 + 3 
π  n n   n 
4π
=−
n
a0 ∞
2 n =1
1  8π 2
 ∞ 4 4π 
=   + ∑  2 cos nx − sin nx 
2  3 n =1  n n 
4π 2  cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x   sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x 
f ( x) = + 4 2 + 2
+ 2
+ .......... ..... − 4π  + + + .......... ..
3  1 2 3   1 2 3 
Put x = 0 in the above series we get
4π 2 1 1 1 
f ( 0) = + 4  2 + 2 + 2 + ............ − 4π (0) --------------- (1)
3 1 2 3 
f (0) + f ( 2π ) (0) + (4π 2 )
f ( 0) = = = 2π 2
2 2 J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
10

4π 2 1 1 1 
2π 2 = + 4  2 + 2 + 2 + ............
3 1 2 3 
4π 2 1 1 1 
2π − 2
= 4  2 + 2 + 2 + ............
3 1 2 3 
2π 2 1 1 1 
= 4  2 + 2 + 2 + ............
3 1 2 3 
π2 1 1 1
= 2
+ 2 + 2 + ................ − − − − − − − ( 2)
6 1 2 3
Now, put x = π (which is point of continuity) in the above series we get
4π 2  1 1 1 
π = 2
+ 4− 2 + 2 − 2 + ............ − 4π (0)
3  1 2 3 
4π 2
1 1 1 
π2 − = − 4  2 − 2 + 2 − ............
3 1 2 3 
π2 1 1 1 
− = − 4  2 − 2 + 2 − ............
3 1 2 3 
π2 1 1 1
= 2
− 2 + 2 − ................ − − − − − − − (3)
12 1 2 3
Adding (2) and (3), we get
π2 π2 1 1 1 
+ = 2  2 + 2 + 2 + ............
6 12 1 3 5 
3π 2 1 1 1 
=2 12 + 3 2 + 5 2 + ............
12
π2 1 1 1
= + + + ................
8 12 3 2 5 2
5. Find the Fourier series expansion of (π – x)2 in –π < x < π.
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
∞
a0
2 n =1
π π
1 1
a0 = ∫π f ( x) dx = ∫π (π − x)
2
dx
π −
π −
π
1  (π − x ) 3 
= 
π  − 3  − π
1
− 3π
0 − 8π 3 = [ ]
8π 2
=
3
π π
1 1
a n = ∫ f ( x ) cos nx dx = ∫ (π − x ) 2 cos nx dx
π −π
π −π
π
1  sin nx   − cos nx   − sin nx  
= (π − x) 2   − [2(π − x)( −1)]   + ( 2 ) 
π  n   n
2
  n
3
 − π
1  ( 4π ) ( −1) n 
= {0 + 0 − 0} − 0 − − 0
π  n 2

J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
4 ( −1) n ASSI
=
n2 ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
11
π π
1 1
bn = ∫π f ( x ) sin nx dx = ∫π (π − x)
2
sin nx dx
π −
π −
π
1  − cos nx   − sin nx   cos nx 
= (π − x ) 2   − [ 2(π − x )( −1)]   + ( 2 ) 
π  n   n
2

3
 n  − π
1  2 ( −1) n   2 ( −1)
n
2 ( −1) n 
=  0 + 0 +  −  − ( 4π ) + 0 + 
π  n3   n n 3 
4π ( −1) n
=
n
a0 ∞
2 n =1
1  8π 2
 ∞  4( −1) n 4π ( −1) n 
=  + ∑  cos nx + sin nx 
2  3
 n =1  n
2
n 
4π 2
 cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x   sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x 
f ( x) = + 4 − 2 + 2
− 2
+ .......... ..... + 4π
− 1 + 2 − 3 + .......... ..
3  1 2 3 
4π 2  cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x   sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x 
(i.e.) f ( x) = − 4 2 − 2
+ 2
− .......... ..... − 4π  − + − .......... ..
3  1 2 3   1 2 3 
6. Expand in Fourier series of f(x) = x sinx for 0 < x < 2π and deduce the result
1 1 1 π −2
− + − .......... =
1.3 3.5 5.7 4
∞
a0
2 n =1
2π 2π
1 1
a0 =
π ∫ f ( x) dx
0
=
π ∫ x sin x dx
0
=
1
[x (− cos x) − (1)(− sin x)]02π
π
=
1
[(−2π + 0) − (0 + 0)]
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
π
= −2
2π 2π
1 1
an =
π ∫ f ( x) cos nx dx
0
=
π ∫ x sin x cos nx dx
0
2π
1
=
2π ∫ x(2 cos nx sin x) dx
0
2π
∫ x [sin( n + 1) x − sin( n − 1) x] dx
1
= , n ≠1
2π 0
2π 2π
1 1
=
2π ∫ x sin( n + 1) x dx −
0
2π ∫ x sin( n − 1) x dx
0
2π
1   − cos( n + 1) x   − sin( n + 1) x 
=  ( x )  − (1) 
2π   n + 1   ( n + 1) 2
 0
2π
1   − cos( n − 1) x   − sin( n − 1) x 
− ( x )  − (1) 
2π   n −1   ( n − 1) 2
 0
1  − 2π (−1) 2 n+ 2   1  − 2π (−1) 2 n − 2  
(−1) 2 n + 2 = 1 =  + 0 − {0 + 0} −  + 0 − {0 + 0}
2π  n +1  J.MU TH2UπERULAPP nA−N1,M. SC.
,
M. PHI
L.,
M.B.A.
,PGDCA.
(−1) 2 n −2 = 1 −1 1 ASSI
= + ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
n +1 n −1 KANYAKUMARI-629401
12
− ( n − 1) + (n + 1)
an =
(n + 1)(n − 1)
2
an = , n ≠1
n −12
When n = 1, we have
2π 2π
1 1
a1 =
π ∫ f ( x) cos x dx
0
=
π ∫ x sin x cos x dx
0
2π
1
=
2π ∫ x sin 2 x dx
0
2π
1   − cos 2 x   − sin 2 x  
=  x  − (1) 
2π   2   4   0
1   − 1   
=  2π   + 0  − (0 + 0)
2π   2   
1
=−
2
2π 2π
1 1
bn =
π ∫
0
f ( x ) sin nx dx =
π ∫ x sin x sin nx dx
0
2π
1
=
2π ∫ x(2 sin nx sin x) dx
0
2π
∫ x [cos(n − 1) x − cos(n + 1) x] dx
1
= , n ≠1
2π 0
2π 2π
1 1
=
2π ∫0 x cos(n − 1) x dx − 2π ∫ x cos(n + 1) x dx
0
2π
1   sin( n − 1) x   − cos( n − 1) x 
=  ( x )  − (1) 
2π   n − 1   ( n − 1)
2
 0
2π
1   sin( n + 1) x   − cos( n + 1) x 
−  ( x )  − (1) 
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
2π   n +1   ( n + 1)
2
 0

1 (−1) 2 n − 2   1  1   (−1) 2 n + 2   1 
= 0 + 2 
− 0 + 2 
− 0 + 2 
− 0 + 
2π
 (n − 1)   (n − 1)  2π  (n + 1)   (n + 1) 2 
1  1   1  1   1   1 
= 0 + 2 
− 0 + 2 
− 0 + 2 
− 0 + 
2π  (n − 1)   (n − 1)  2π  (n + 1)   (n + 1) 2 
bn = 0 , n ≠ 1
When n = 1, we have
2π 2π
1 1
b1 =
π ∫ f ( x) sin x dx
0
=
π ∫ x sin x sin x dx
0
2π
1
= ∫ x sin
2
x dx
π 0
2π
1  1 − cos 2 x 
=
π ∫
0
x
 2
 dx

2π
1  x 2   sin 2 x   − cos 2 x  
=  −  x  − (1)  
2π 2   2   4   0
1  2  1    J. MUT 1HU ERULAPPAN,M.SC.
,M.
PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,PGDCA.
= 2π − 0 −    − 0 − 0 − ASSISTANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
2π   2   2
ANNAIVAI LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
=π KANYAKUMARI
-629401
13
a0 ∞
f ( x) = + ∑ ( a n cos nx + bn sin nx)
2 n =1
∞ ∞
a0
= + a1 cos x + ∑ a n cos nx + b1 sin x + ∑ bn sin nx
2 n=2 n=2
−2 1 ∞
2
= − cos x + ∑ cos nx + π sin x + 0
2 2 n = 2 ( n − 1)( n + 1)
1  cos 2 x cos 3 x cos 4 x cos 5 x 

x sin x = −1 − cos x + π sin x + 2  + + + + .......... ........
2  1.3 2.4 3.5 4.6 
π
Put x = in the above series we get
2
π  −1 1 −1 
(1) = −1 − 0 + π (1) + 2  + 0 + +0+ + 0 + ..................
2 1.3 3.5 5.7 
π 1 1 1 
− π + 1 = −2  − + − ..................
2 1.3 3.5 5.7 
π − 2π + 2 1 1 1 
= −2  − + − ..................
2 1.3 3.5 5.7 
−π + 2 1 1 1 
= −2  − + − ..................
2 1.3 3.5 5.7 
π −2 1 1 1
= − + − .................
4 1.3 3.5 5.7
7. Find the Fourier series of periodicity 3 for f(x) = 2x – x2 in 0 < x < 3.

a0 ∞  2 nπ x 2nπ x 
f ( x) = + ∑  a n cos + bn sin 
2 n =1  3 3 
3 3
1 2
a0 = ∫
(3 / 2) 0
f ( x) dx = ∫ (2 x − x 2 ) dx
30
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
3
2  2x 2 x3 
=  − 
3 2 3 0
2  27  
=  9 −  − (0 − 0)
3  3  
=0
2nπx
3 3
1 2
an =
(3 / 2 ) ∫
0
f ( x ) cos nx dx = ∫ ( 2 x − x 2 ) cos
30 3
dx
3
  2nπx   2nπx   2nπx  
  sin   − cos   − sin 
2 2  3  − (2 − 2 x)  3   3 
= ( 2 x − x ) + ( −2)
3  2 n π   4n π
2 2
  8n π3 3

      
 3   9   27  0
2   −9     − 9  
= 0 − ( −4) 2 2  + 0 − 0 − ( 2) 2 2  + 0
3   4n π     4 n π  
2  − 54 
=  2 2
3  4n π 
−9
= 2 2 J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,PGDCA.
nπ ASSI STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
ANNAIVAI
NG
KANYAKUMARI-629401
14
2nπx
3 3
1 2
bn =
(3 / 2 ) ∫
0
f ( x ) sin nx dx = ∫ ( 2 x − x 2 ) sin
30 3
dx
3
  2nπx   2nπx   2nπx 
  − cos   − sin   cos 
2 3  3   3 
=  ( 2 x − x )
2
 − (2 − 2 x) + ( −2)
3  2 n π   4n π2 2
  8n π  
3 3
      
 3   9   27  0
2   −3   27     27 
= ( −3)  + 0 − 2  3 3   − 0 + 0 − 2  3 3 
3   2 nπ   8n π     8n π   
3
=
nπ
a0 ∞  2nπ x 2 nπ x 
f ( x) = + ∑  a n cos + bn sin 
2 n =1  3 3 
∞
 −9 2nπ x 3 2 nπ x 
= 0 + ∑  2 2 cos + sin 
n =1  n π 3 nπ 3 
9 1 2π x 1 4π x 1 6π x 
(i.e.) f ( x) = − 2  2
cos + 2 cos + 2 cos + .....................
π 1 3 2 3 3 3 
3 1 2π x 1 4π x 1 6π x 
+  sin + sin + sin + .....................
π 1 3 2 3 3 3 
8. Expand f(x) = x – x2 as a Fourier series in –l < x < l and using this series find the root
square mean value of f(x) in the interval.
a0 ∞  nπ x nπ x 
f ( x) = + ∑  a n cos + bn sin 
2 n =1  l l 
l l
1 1
a 0 = ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ ( x − x 2 ) dx
l −l l −l
l
1  x2 x3 
=  − 
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
l2 3  −l
1   l 2 l 3   l 2 l 3 
=   −  −  + 
l   2 3   2 3 
1 − 2l 3  − 2l 2
=  =
l  3  3
nπx nπx
l l
1 1
a n = ∫ f ( x) cos dx = ∫ ( x − x 2 ) cos dx
l −l l l −l l
l
  nπx   nπx   nπx  
  sin   − cos   − sin 
1 2  l   l   l 
= ( x − x ) − (1 − 2 x) + ( −2 )
l  nπ   n 2π 2   n 3π 3  
      
 l   l2   l3  − l
1   ( −1) n l 2     ( −1) n l 2  
=  0 + (1 − 2l ) 2 2  + 0 − 0 + (1 + 2l ) 2 2  + 0 
l    n π     nπ  
( −1) n l 2
= [1 − 2l − 1 − 2l ]
l n 2π 2
( −1) n l 4 l 2 ( −1) n + 1
= 2 2 [− 4l ] = J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
nπ n 2π 2
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
15
nπx nπx
l l
1 1
bn = ∫
l −l
f ( x ) sin
l
dx = ∫ ( x − x 2 ) sin
l −l l
dx
l
  nπx   n πx   nπx 
  − cos   − sin   cos 
1 l  l   l 
= ( x − x )
2
 − (1 − 2 x ) + ( −2 )
l  n π   nπ2 2
  n π 
3 3
      
 l   l2   l 3  − l
1   ( −1) n l  2( −1) n l 3   2  ( −1) l 
n
2( −1) n l 3 
= − (l − l 2 )  + 0 − −
  − ( − l − l ) 
 nπ   + 0 − 
l   nπ  n 3π 3     n 3π 3 
=
− ( −1) n l
l nπ
[
l −l2 + l + l2 ]
( −1) n +1 n +1
[2l ] = 2 l (−1)
=
nπ nπ
a ∞
 nπ x nπ x 
f ( x) = 0 + ∑  a n cos + bn sin 
2 n =1  l l 
 ∞  4 l 2 (−1) n + 1
1  − 2l 2 nπ x 2 l (−1) n + 1 nπ x 
=  + ∑ 
 cos + sin 
2  3
 n =1  n π
2 2
l nπ l 
−l 2 4l 2  1 πx 1 2π x 1 3π x 1 4π x 
(i.e.) f ( x) = + 2  2 cos − 2 cos + 2 cos − 2 cos + ....................
3 π 1 l 2 l 3 l 4 l 
2 l 1 π x 1 2π x 1 3π x 1 4π x 
+  sin − sin + sin − sin + ....................
π 1 l 2 l 3 l 4 l 
RMS value of f(x) in (–l, l ) is

2 ∞
a 1
∑ (a
2
y = 0 + + bn )
2 2
n
4 2 n =1
2
1  − 2l 2  1 ∞
16 l 4 (−1) 2 n + 2 4 l 2 (−1) 2 n + 2 
= 
4  3  2
 + ∑ 
n =1  n 4π 4
+
n 2π 2


l4 ∞
 8l 4 2l 2 
∑
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
2
(i.e.) y = +  4 4 + 
9 n =1  n π n 2π 2 
 l
 x in 0 ≤ x ≤
2
9. Obtain the sine series for f ( x) = 
l − x in l ≤ x ≤ l
 2
Sol. Fourier sine series is
∞
nπ x
f ( x) = ∑ bn sin
n =1 l
nπx
l
2
bn = ∫
l 0
f ( x) sin
l
dx
nπx nπx
l/2 l
2 2
=
l ∫
0
x sin
l
dx + ∫ (l − x) sin
l l/2 l
dx
l/2 l
  nπx   nπx    nπx   nπx 
  − cos   − sin    − cos   − sin 
2 l  l  2 l  l 
= ( x)  − (1)  + (l − x)  − ( −1)
l  nπ   nπ2 2
  l  nπ   nπ2 2

       
  l   l 2
 0  J.
MUTHUElRULAP PAN,M. SC.
,M.P
2
lHIL. ,
M.B.
A
l / 2.
,
PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
16
  nπ   2 nπ      nπ   2 nπ  
2    l    l . sin     l . cos   l . sin  
l . cos 
=  −   2 + 2   − {0 + 0} + {0 − 0} − −  
2 l 2 − 2  
l    2  nπ   n π 2 2
  l   2  nπ   nπ 2 2
 
            
          
 2 nπ 
2l . sin
2  2 
=  
l  n π 2 2

 
4l nπ
bn = 2 2 sin
n π 2
∞
nπ x
f ( x) = ∑ bn sin
n =1 l
∞
4l nπ nπ x
=∑ sin sin
n =1 nπ 2 2
2 l
4l  1 π πx 1 3π 3π x 1 5π 5π x 
= 2  2
sin sin + 0 + 2 sin sin + 0 + 2 sin sin + 0 + .......................
π 1 2 l 3 2 l 5 2 l 
4l  1 πx 1 3π x 1 5π x 
= 2  2
sin − 2 sin + 2 sin + .......................
π 1 l 3 l 5 l 
10. Find the half range cosine series for the function f(x) = x (π – x) in 0 < x < π.
1 1 1 π4
Deduce that 4 + 4 + 4 + ............ =
1 2 3 90
Sol. Half range fourier cosine series is
a0 ∞
f ( x) = + ∑ a n cos nx
2 n =1
π π
11. 2 2
a0 =
π ∫ f ( x) dx
0
=
π ∫ x(π − x) dx
0
π
2 π x 2 x3 
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
=  − 
π 2 3 0
2  π 3 π 3  
=  −  − (0 − 0) 
π  2 3  
2 π 3 
=
π  6 
π2
=
3
π π
2 2
an =
π ∫ f ( x) cos nx dx
0
=
π ∫ x(π − x) cos nx dx
0
π
= (π x − x 2 )  − (π − 2 x )  + ( − 2 ) 
π  n   n
2
  n
3
 0
2  ( −π )( −1) n   (π )(1) 
=  0 + + 0  − 0 + + 0 
π  n2   n2 
2π
=
πn 2
[
− ( −1) n − 1 ]
=−
2
n 2
[
( −1) n + 1 ] J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
ASSI
SC.
,
M.
STANTPROFESSORI
PHIL.
,M.
B.
NMATHEMATI
A.,PGDCA.
CS,
KANYAKUMARI-629401
17
a0 ∞
f ( x) = + ∑ a n cos nx
2 n =1
1 π 2
=
 ∞ 2
 + ∑ − 2 ( −1) n + 1 cos nx

2  3
[ ]
 n =1 n
π2  2 cos 2 x 2 cos 4 x 2 cos 6 x 
= − 2 0 + 2
+0+ 2
+0+ 2
+ 0 + .......... .....
6  2 4 6 
π2  cos 2 x cos 4 x cos 6 x 
= −4  2 + 2
+ 2
+ .......... .....
6  2 4 6 
Parseval’s identity for half range fourier cosine series is
π 2∞
2 a0
∫ [ f ( x)] dx = + ∑ an
2 2
π 0
2 n =1
π 2
2 1 π 2  ∞
4
∫
π0
[π x − x ] dx = 

2 2
2 3 

 + ∑
n =1 n
4
[(−1) n + 1]2
π
2 π4  4 4 4 
(π x + x − 2π x )dx =
π∫
2 2 4 3
+ 40 + 4 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 4 + 0 + ..............
0
18  2 4 6 
π
2  π 2 x 3 x 5 2π x 4  π 4 16  1 1 1 
 + −  = + 4  4 + 4 + 4 + ..............
π 3 5 4  0 18 2 1 2 3 
2  π 5 π 5 π 5   π 4  1 1 1 
 + −  − 0 = +  4 + 4 + 4 + ..............
π  3 5 2   18 1 2 3 
2 π 5  π 4 1 1 1
  − = 4 + 4 + 4 + ...................
π  30  18 1 2 3
π4 π4 1 1 1
− 4
=
+ 4 + 4 + .............
15 18 1 2 3
π 4
1 1 1
(i.e.) = 4 + 4 + 4 + .............
90 1 2 3
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
11. Find the complex form of the Fourier series of f ( x) = e − x in –1 < x < 1.
Sol. The complex form of Fourier series of f(x) is given by
∞
∑ f ( x) =
n= −∞
Cn ei nπ x
1
1 2l = 2
Cn = ∫ f ( x ) e − i n π x dx l=1
2(1) −1
1
1
= ∫ e − x e − i n π x dx
2 −1
1
1
= ∫ e − (1+i n π ) x dx
2 −1
1
1  e − (1+i n π ) x 
=  
2  − (1 + i nπ )  −1
=
−1
2(1 + i nπ )
[
e − (1+i n π ) − e (1+i n π ) ]
− (1 − i nπ ) −1 − i n π
=
2(1 + n π )
2 2
e e [ − e 1e i n π ]
J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.,
M. PHIL.
,M.B.
A. ,
PGDCA.
− (1 − i nπ ) −1
=
2(1 + n 2π 2 )
e (cos [ n π − i sin n π ) − e 1
(cos n
ANπN
A
−
A
SS
i
IV
IST
sin
AI
A
L
N
n
A
T
π
N
P
)
K
R
A
O
N]
F
N
E
I
S
C
S
O
O
L
R
L
I
N
EG
MA
EO
T
F
H
E
E
N
MA
G
T
I
N
I
C
EE
S,
RING
KANYAKUMARI -629401
18
− (1 − i nπ ) −1
Cn =
2(1 + n π )
2 2
[
e (−1) n − e 1 (−1) n ]
(1 − i nπ ) (−1) n 1
=
2(1 + n π )
2 2
e − e −1 [ ]
(1 − i nπ ) (−1) n
= 2 sinh 1
2(1 + n 2π 2 )
(−1) n sinh1(1 − i nπ )
Cn =
1 + n 2π 2
∞
(−1) n sinh 1(1 − i nπ ) i n π x
∴ f ( x) = ∑ e
n=−∞ 1 + n 2π 2
 1, 0< x < π
12. Find the Fourier series of f ( x) = 
 2, π < x < 2π
1 1 1
Hence evaluate the value of the series 2
+ 2 + 2 + ................
1 3 5
∞
a0
2 n =1
2π π 2π
1 1 1
a0 =
π ∫ f ( x) dx
0
=
π ∫ (1) dx + π π∫ (2) dx
0
=
1
[x ]0π +
2
[x ]π2π
π π
=
1
[(π − 0)] + 2 [(2π − π )]
π π
= 1+ 2 = 3
2π π 2π
1 1 1
an =
π ∫
0
f ( x ) cos nx dx =
π ∫ (1) cos nx dx +
0
π ∫π (2) cos nx dx
π 2π
1  sin nx  2  sin nx 
=  + 
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
π  n  0 π  n  π

1 2
= (0 − 0) + (0 − 0)
π π
=0
2π π 2π
1 1 1
bn =
π ∫
0
f ( x ) sin nx dx =
π ∫ (1) sin nx dx +
0
π ∫π (2) sin nx dx
π 2π
1  − cos nx  2  − cos nx 
=  + 
π  n  0 π  n  π

−1 2
= [( −1) n − 1] − [1 − (−1) n ]
nπ nπ
=
nπ
1
[
− ( −1) n + 1 − 2 + 2(−1) n ]
( −1) n − 1
=
nπ
a0 ∞
2 n =1
3 ∞  ( −1) n − 1 
= + ∑ 0. cos nx + sin nx 
2 n =1  nπ J. MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.
,PGDCA.
 ASSI STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
3 2  sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x ANNA  IVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
= − + + + .......... .......... .....
2 π  1 2 3 
KANYAKUMARI-629401
19
When we put x = 0, π , π, 2π we will not get the given series.

2
So, using Parseval’s identity for Fourier series we have
2π ∞ 2
1 a
∫ [ f ( x)] dx = 0 + ∑ (a n + bn )
2 2 2
π 0
2 n =1
1
π
1
2π
(3) 2 ∞ 
+ ∑ 0 +
(−1) n − 1 
2
{ }
∫ (1) dx + ∫ (2) dx = 
2 2
π 0 π π 2 n =1 
 n π
2 2

9 1 4 
1
[x]π0 +
4
[x]π2π =
4 4
+ 2  2 + 0 + 2 + 0 + 2 + 0 + ..................
π π 2 π 1 3 5 
4 1 1 
1
[π − 0] + 4 [2π − π ] = 9 + 2  2
1
+ 2 + 2 + ..................
π π 2 π 1 3 5 
9 4 1 1 1 
5− = 2  2 + 2 + 2 + ..................
2 π 1 3 5 
1 4 1 1 1 
= 2  2 + 2 + 2 + ..................
2 π 1 3 5 
π2 1 1 1
= 2
+ 2 + 2 + .................
8 1 3 5
 l
 x, 0< x<
13. Find the Fourier series expansion of f ( x) =  2
l
l − x, < x<l
 2
∞
1
Hence deduce the value of ∑
n = 1 ( 2 n − 1)
4
l  x, 0<x<L
Sol. Let 2 L = l ⇒ L = , then the given function becomes f ( x) = 
2 2 L − x, L < x < 2 L
a0 ∞  nπ x nπ x 
Fourier series is f ( x) = + ∑  a n cos + bn sin 
2 n =1  L L 
2L L 2L
1 1 1
a0 = ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ ( x ) dx + ∫ (2L − x) dx
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
L 0
L 0 L L
L 2L
1  x2  1  (2 L − x) 2 
=   +  
L  2 0 L  − 2 L
1  L2  1 L2 
 = − 0  +  0 − 
L 2  L − 2
L L
= + =L
2 2
nπ x
2L
1
an =
L ∫
0
f ( x ) cos
L
dx
nπ x nπ x
L 2L
1 1
=
L ∫0 x cos L dx + L ∫
L
( 2 L − x ) cos
L
dx
L 2L
  nπ x   nπ x     nπ x   nπ x  
  sin   − cos    sin   − cos 
1  L   L  1  L   L 
= ( x ) − (1)  + ( 2 L − x ) − ( −1)
L   nπ   n 2π 2  L  nπ   n 2π 2 
  L



 L2

 0  
 L



 L2

 L
1  ( −1) n L2   L2  1  L2   ( −1) n L2 
=  0 + 2 2  − 0 + 2 2  + 0 − 2 2  − 0 − 2 2 
L  n π   n π  L   n π   n π 
J.
MUT HUE RU LAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,PGDCA.
=
1 L2
L n 2π 2
[ 2L
( −1) − 1 − 1 + (−1) = 2 2 ( −1) − 1
n n
n π
n ASSI
ANNAIVAI
]
STANTPROFESSORI
[
NMATHEMATI
LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI
]
CS,
NEERING
KANYAKUMARI
-629401
20
nπ x
2L
1
bn =
L ∫
0
f ( x ) sin
L
dx
nπ x nπ x
L 2L
1 1
=
L ∫0 x sin L dx + L ∫
L
( 2 L − x ) sin
L
dx
L 2L
  nπ x   nπ x     nπ x   nπ x  
  − cos   − sin    − cos   − sin 
1 L  L  1 L  L 
= ( x )  − (1)  +  ( 2 L − x )  − ( −1)
L  n π   n π
2 2
  L  n π   n π
2 2

         
L   L2   0   L   L2  L
1  ( −1) n L2   1  ( −1) n L2 
=  − + 0  − {0 + 0 } + {0 − 0} − − − 0 
L  nπ   L  nπ 
=0
a ∞
 nπ x nπ x 
f ( x) = 0 + ∑  a n cos + bn sin 
2 n =1  L L 
L ∞  2 L [(−1) n − 1] nπ x 
= + ∑  cos + 0 
2 n =1  nπ2 2
L 
L 2L  2 πx 2 3π x 2 5π x 
= + 2 − 2 cos + 0 − 2 cos + 0 − 2 cos + 0 − .................
2 π  1 L 3 L 5 L 
L 4L  1 πx 1 3π x 1 5π x 
= − 2  2 cos + 2 cos + 2 cos + .................
2 π 1 L 3 L 5 L 
l 2l  1 2π x 1 6π x 1 10π x 
(i.e.) f ( x) = − 2  2 cos + 2 cos + 2 cos + .................
4 π 1 l 3 l 5 l 
Using Parseval’s identity for Fourier series we have
2L ∞
2
1 a0
∫ [ f ( x)] 2 dx = + ∑ (a n + bn )
2 2
L 0
2 n =1
1
L
1
2L
L2 ∞  4 L2 (−1) n − 1
+ ∑
2
{  }
∫ ( x) 2 dx + ∫ (2 L − x) dx = + 
2
0
L0 L L
2 n =1  n 4π 4 
L 2L
1  x3  1  (2 L − x) 3  L2 4 L2  4 4 4 
+ = + 4  4 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 4 + 0 + ..................
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
   
L  3 0 L  − 3  L 2 π 1 3 5 
1  L3  1 L3  L2 16 L2  1 1 1 
 − 0  +  0 − = + 4  4 + 4 + 4 + ..................
L 3  L − 3 2 π 1 3 5 
2L 2
L 2
16 L  1
2
1 1 
− = 4  4 + 4 + 4 + ..................
3 2 π 1 3 5 
L2 16 L2  1 1 1 
= 4  4 + 4 + 4 + ..................
6 π 1 3 5 
π 4
1 1 1
= 4 + 4 + 4 + .................
96 1 3 5
π 4 ∞
1
(i.e.) =∑
96 n =1 (2n − 1) 4
14. Find the half range cosine series for the function f(x) = x in 0 < x < l.
∞
1
Hence deduce the value of the series ∑ (2n − 1)
n =1
4
a0 ∞ nπ x
Sol. Half range Fourier cosine series is f ( x) = + ∑ a n cos
2 n =1 l
l
2  x2  2 l 2  J.
l l
2 2 MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
a 0 = ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ x dx =   =  − 0 = l ASSISTANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
l 0 l 0 l  2 0 l  2  ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
KANYAKUMARI
-629401
21
nπ x nπ x
l l
2 2
an =
l ∫
0
f ( x ) cos
l
dx = ∫ x cos
l 0 l
dx
l
  nπ x   nπ x  
  sin   − cos 
2  l   l 
= ( x)
 − (1)
l   nπ   n 2π 2  
  l



 l2

 0
2  ( −1) n l 2   l 2 
=  0 + 2 2  − 0 + 2 2  
l  n π   n π 
2l
= 2 2 ( −1) n − 1
n π
[ ]
a ∞
nπ x
f ( x) = 0 + ∑ a n cos
2 n =1 l
l ∞ 2 l [(−1) n − 1] nπ x
= +∑ cos
2 n =1 nπ2 2
l
 2
l 2l πx 2 3π x 2 5π x 
= + − 12 cos l + 0 − 3 2 cos l + 0 − 5 2 cos l + 0 − ...................
2 π2
 
l 4l  1 πx 1 3π x 1 5π x 
(i.e.) f ( x) = − 2  2 cos + 2 cos + 2 cos + ...................
2 π 1 l 3 l 5 l 
Using Parseval’s identity for half range Fourier cosine series we have
l ∞ 2
2 a0
∫ = + ∑
2 2
[ f ( x )] dx an
l 0 2 n =1
2
l
l 2 ∞  4l 2 (−1) n − 1 
( x) dx = + ∑ 
2
{ }
l ∫0

2
2 n =1  n 4π 4 
l
2  x3  l 2 4l 2  4 4 4 
  = + 4  4 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 4 + 0 + ..................
l  3  0 2 π 1 3 5 
2 l 3  l 2 16l 2  1 1 1 
 − 0  = + 4  4 + 4 + 4 + ..................
l 3  2 π 1 3 5 
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
2l 2
l 2
16l  1
2
1 1 
− = 4  4 + 4 + 4 + ..................
3 2 π 1 3 5 
l 2 16 l 2  1 1 1 
= 4  4 + 4 + 4 + ..................
6 π 1 3 5 
π 4
1 1 1
= 4 + 4 + 4 + .................
96 1 3 5
π 4 ∞
1
(i.e.) =∑
96 n = 1 (2n − 1) 4
15. Find the half range sine series of f(x) = x cos x in (0, π).
∞
Sol. Fourier sine series is f ( x ) = ∑ bn sin nx
n =1
π π
2 2
bn =
0
=
π ∫ x cos x sin nx dx
0
π
1
=
π ∫ x (2 sin nx cos x) dx
0
π
1
=
π ∫ x [sin(n + 1) x + sin(n − 1)Jx.MU
0
] dx , n ≠ 1
THUERULAPPAN,M.
SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
ASSI STANTPROFESSORI NMATHEMATI CS,
π π
1 1 ANNAIVAI LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
=
π ∫ x sin(n + 1) x dx + π ∫
0 0
x sin( n − 1) x dx ,KA
nN≠YA
1KUMARI-629401
22
π π
1   − cos( n + 1) x   − sin( n + 1) x  1   − cos( n − 1) x   − sin( n − 1) x 
bn =  x   − (1)   +  x   − (1)  
π  n +1   (n + 1)
2
 0 π   n −1   ( n − 1)
2
 0
1  − π ( −1) n +1   1  − π ( −1) n −1  
=  + 0  − {0 + 0} +  + 0 − {0 + 0}
π  n + 1   π  n − 1  
(−1) n + 2 ( −1) n
= +
n +1 n −1
 1 1 
= ( −1) n  +
 n + 1 n − 1
 2n 
= ( −1) n  
 ( n + 1)( n − 1) 
2n (−1) n
(i.e.)bn = 2 , n ≠1
n −1
When n = 1, we have
π π
2 2
b1 =
π ∫ f ( x) sin x dx
0
=
π ∫ x cos x sin x dx
0
π
1
=
π ∫ x sin 2 x dx
0
π
1   − cos 2 x   − sin 2 x  
=  x  − (1) 
π  2   4   0
1   − 1    1
=  π   + 0 − {0 + 0} = −
π   2    2
∞ ∞
f ( x ) = ∑ bn sin nx = b1 sin x + ∑ bn sin nx
n =1 n=2
1 ∞
2 n( −1) n
= − sin x + ∑ sin nx
2 n=2 n2 −1
1  2 sin 2 x 3 sin 3 x 4 sin 4 x 
= − sin x + 2  3 − + + ..................
2 8 15 
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
16. Prove that 1 =
4 

π 
sin
πx 1
l
+ sin
3
3πx 1
l
+ sin
5
5πx
l

+ .............. in the interval 0 < x < l

Sol. Since RHS contains sine series and given 0 < x < l, we have to find half range Fourier sine
series for f(x) = 1
∞
nπ x
Fourier sine series is f ( x ) = ∑ bn sin
n =1 l
nπ x nπ x
l l
2 2
bn =
l ∫
0
f ( x ) sin
l
dx = ∫ (1) sin
l 0 l
dx
nπ x 
l

− cos
2 l  = 2 − ( −1) l  − − l 
n
=      
l nπ  l  nπ   nπ  
 l  0
=
2
nπ
( −1) n +1 + 1 [ ]
∞
nπ x ∞ n +1
2 [( −1) + 1] nπ x
f ( x ) = ∑ bn sin =∑ sin
n =1 l n =1 nπ l
2 2 πx 2 3π x 2 5π x 
= sin + 0 + sin J.
MUT+HU
0E +RUL APPAN,M.
sin +S0C.
+,
M. PHI L. ,
..........M.
. B.
A.,
PGDCA.
π 1 l 3 l ASSISTA5NTPROlFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
4  πx 1 3πx A 1NNAI5VπAxILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
(i.e.) 1 = sin + sin + sin +K..........
ANYAK ...U
MARI-629401
π  l 3 l 5 l 
23
 l − x, 0 < x < l
17. Find the Fourier series expansion of f ( x) = 
 0, l < x < 2l
1 1 1 1 1 1
Hence deduce the value of the series (i) 1 − + − + .......... (ii) 2 + 2 + 2 + ..............
3 5 7 1 3 5
a ∞
 nπ x nπ x 
Sol. Fourier series is f ( x) = 0 + ∑  a n cos + bn sin 
2 n =1  l l 
2l l 2l
1 1 1
a0 =
l ∫ 0
f ( x ) dx = ∫ (l − x ) dx + ∫ (0) dx
l 0 l l
l
1  (l − x ) 2 
=  
l  − 2 0
=
1
− 2l
[0 −l2 ]
l
=
2
nπ x nπ x
2l l
1 1
an =
l ∫
0
f ( x ) cos
l
dx = ∫ (l − x ) cos
l 0 l
dx + 0
l
  nπ x   nπ x  
  sin   − cos 
1  l   l 
=  (l − x ) − ( −1)
l  nπ   n 2π 2 
    
 l   l2  0
1  ( −1) n l 2   l 2 
= 0 − 2 2  − 0 − 2 2 
l  n π   n π 
=
1 l2
l n 2π 2
[
( −1) n +1 + 1 ]
l
[
= 2 2 ( −1) n +1 + 1
n π
]
nπ x nπ x
2l l
1 1
bn =
l ∫ f ( x) sin
l
dx = ∫ (l − x) sin
l 0 l
dx + 0
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
0
l
  nπ x   nπ x  
  − cos   − sin 
1 l  − ( −1) l 
=  (l − x )
l  nπ   n 2π 2 
    
 l   l2  0
1  l2 
= {0 − 0} − − − 0 
l  nπ 
l
=
nπ
a ∞
 nπ x nπ x 
f ( x) = 0 + ∑  a n cos + bn sin 
2 n =1  l l 
l ∞  l [(−1) n +1 + 1] nπ x l nπ x 
= + ∑  cos + sin 
4 n =1  nπ
2 2
l nπ l 
l l 2 πx 2 3π x 2 5π x 
= + 2  2 cos + 0 + 2 cos + 0 + 2 cos + 0 + .................
4 π 1 l 3 l 5 l 
l 1 π x 1 2π x 1 3π x 
+  sin + sin + sin + .................
π 1 l 2 l 3 l 
l 2l 1 πx 1 3π x 1 5π x J.MUTHU ERU LAPPAN,M. SC.,M.PHIL.,
M. B.
A.,
PGDCA.
(i.e.) f ( x) = + 12 cos l + 3 2 cos l + 5 2 cos l + .................NTPROFESSORI
4 π2  A S S IST A  N MA THE MATICS,
l 1 π x 1 2π x 1 3π x KA NYAKUMARI -
629401
+  sin + sin + sin + ................. − − − − − − − −(1)
π 1 l 2 l 3 l 
24
l
Put x = (which is point of continuity) in equation (1), we get
2
l l 2l l 1 π 1 1 3π 1 1 5π 
l− = + 2 (0) + 1 sin + sin π + sin + sin 4π + sin + .................
2 4 π π  2 2 3 2 4 5 2 
l l l 1 1 1 
= + 1 + 0 − 3 + 0 + 5 + 0 − 7 + .................
2 4 π
l l l  1 1 1 
− = 1 − + − + .................
2 4 π 3 5 7 
l l  1 1 1 
= 1 − + − + .................
4 π 3 5 7 
π 1 1 1
= 1 − + − + .................
4 3 5 7
Put x = l in equation (1) we get
l 2l  1 1 1 
f (l ) = + − 12 − 3 2 − 5 2 − ................ --------------- (2)
4 π2
But x = l is the point of discontinuity. So we have f(x) = l – x
f (l −) + f (l +) (0) + (0)
f (l ) = = =0 f(l–) = l – l =0
2 2
Hence equation (2) becomes f(x) = 0
f(l) = 0
1 1l 2l 1 
0= −
12 + 3 2 + 5 2 ............
4 π2
l 2l  1 1 1 
− = − 2  2 + 2 + 2 ............
4 π 1 3 5 
π2 1 1 1
= 2
+ 2 + 2 ................
8 1 3 5
18. Obtain the half range cosine series for f(x) = (x – 2)2 in the interval 0 < x < 2.
∞
1 π2
Deduce that ∑
n =1 ( 2n − 1) 2
=
8
Sol. Half range cosine series is
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
a0 ∞ nπx
f ( x) = + ∑ a n cos
2 n =1 2
2 2
2
a0 =
2 ∫
0
f ( x ) dx = ∫ ( x − 2) 2 dx
0
2
 ( x − 2) 3 
= 
 3 0
  − 8  8
= 0 −   =
  3  3
nπx nπx
2 2
2
an =
2 ∫
0
f ( x) cos
2
dx = ∫ ( x − 2) 2 cos
0
2
dx
2
  nπx   nπx   nπx 
  sin   − cos   − sin 
=  ( x − 2) 2
 2  − [ 2( x − 2)] 2  + ( 2) 2 
  nπ   n 2π 2   n 3π 3  
      
 2   4   8  0
  
= {0 + 0 − 0} − 0 − 2 2 − 0
16
  n π 
16
= 2 2 J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
π n
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
25
8 ∞ 16 nπx
f ( x) = + ∑ 2 2 cos
6 n =1 n π 2
4 16  1 πx 1 2πx 1 3πx 
(i.e.) f ( x ) = + 2  2 cos + 2 cos + 2 cos + .......... .......... .... --------- (1)
3 π 1 2 2 2 3 2 
Put x = 0 in equation (1) we get
4 16 1 1 1 
f ( 0) = + 12 + 2 2 + 3 2 + ........................ ------------- (2)
3 π2
( x + 2) 2 + ( x − 2) 2
f ( x) = (x + 2)2 (x – 2)2 (2 – x )2
2
(0 + 2) + (0 − 2) 2 (4) + (4)
2 –2 0 2 4
f (0) = = =4
2 2
4 16  1 1 1 
4= + 2  2 + 2 + 2 + ........................
3 π 1 2 3 
4 16  1 1 1 
4− = 2  2 + 2 + 2 + ........................
3 π 1 2 3 
8 16  1 1 1 
= 2  2 + 2 + 2 + ........................
3 π 1 2 3 
π2 1 1 1
= 2
+ 2 + 2 + ...................... − − − − − − − − − − (3)
6 1 2 3
Put x = 2 in equation (1) we get

4 16  1 1 1 
f ( 2) = + − 12 + 2 2 − 3 2 + ........................ ------------- (4)
3 π2
( x − 2) 2 + (2 − x) 2
f ( x) =
2
(2 − 2) + (2 − 2) 2
2
f (2) = =0
2
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
 1
4 16 1 1 
0= +
− 12 + 2 2 − 3 2 + ........................
3 π2
 
4 16  1 1 1 
− = − 2  2 − 2 + 2 − ........................
3 π 1 2 3 
π2 1 1 1
= 2
− 2 + 2 − ...................... − − − − − − − − − − (5)
12 1 2 3
Adding (3) and (5), we get

π2 π21 1 1 
+ = 2  2 + 2 + 2 + ............
6 12 1 3 5 
3π 2
1 1 1 
= 2  2 + 2 + 2 + ............
12 1 3 5 
π2 1 1 1
= 2
+ 2 + 2 + ................
8 1 3 5
π2 ∞
1
(i.e.) =∑
8 n =1 ( 2n − 1) 2
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
26
19. Find the Fourier series expansion up to third harmonic from the following data:
x: 0 1 2 3 4 5
f(x) : 9 18 24 28 26 20
Sol. Here the length of the interval is 6
(i.e.) 2l = 6 ⇒ l = 3
Fourier series is
a0 ∞  nπ x nπ x 
f ( x) = + ∑  a n cos + bn sin 
2 n =1  3 3 
a πx 2π x 3π x πx 2π x 3π x
f ( x ) = 0 + a1 cos + a 2 cos + a3 cos + b1 sin + b2 sin + b3 sin
2 3 3 3 3 3 3
a πx
(i.e.) f ( x) = 0 + a1 cos θ + a 2 cos 2θ + a 3 cos 3θ + b1 sin θ + b2 sin 2θ + b3 sin 3θ where θ =
2 3
x y θ=πx/3 cosθ cos2θ cos3θ sinθ sin2θ sin3θ ycosθ ycos2θ ycos3θ
0 9 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 9 9 9
1 18 π/3 0.5 –0.5 –1 0.866 0.866 0 9 –9 –18
2 24 2π/3 –0.5 –0.5 1 0.866 –0.866 0 –12 –12 24
3 28 π –1 1 –1 0 0 0 –28 28 –28
4 26 4π/3 –0.5 –0.5 1 –0.866 0.866 0 –13 –13 26
5 20 5π/3 0.5 –0.5 –1 –0.866 –0.866 0 10 –10 –20
Total 125 –25 –7 –7
ysinθ ysin2θ ysin3θ

0 0 0
15.588 15.588 0
20.784 –20.784 0
0 0 0
–22.516 22.516 0
–17.32 –17.32 0
–3.464 0 0
Here n = 6
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
∑ y  125 
a 0 = 2 [mean value of y ] = 2  =2  = 41.667
 n   6 
 ∑ y cos θ   − 25 
a1 = 2 [mean value of y cos θ ] = 2  =2  = − 8.333
 n   6 
 ∑ y cos 2θ  − 7
a 2 = 2 [ mean value of y cos 2θ ] = 2   = 2   = − 2.333
 n   6 
 ∑ y cos 3θ  − 7
a3 = 2 [mean value of y cos 3θ ] = 2   = 2   = − 2.333
 n   6 
 ∑ y sin θ   − 3.464 
b1 = 2 [ mean value of y sin θ ] = 2  =2  = − 1.155
 n   6 
 ∑ y sin 2θ  0
b2 = 2 [ mean value of y sin 2θ ] = 2  =2  =0
 n  6
 ∑ y sin 3θ  0
b3 = 2 [ mean value of y sin 3θ ] = 2  =2  =0
 n  6
41.667
∴ f ( x) = − 8.333 cos θ − 2.333 cos 2θ − 2.333 cos 3θ − 1.155 sin θ + 0 sin 2θ + 0 sin 3θ
2 J. MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.,M.PHIL.
,M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
ASSISTANTPROFESSORI πx
N MAT HEMATICS,
(i.e.) f ( x) = 20.833 − 8.333 cos θ − 2.333 cos 2θ − 2.333 cos 3θ − 1A.N
155
NAIsin
VAIθLANK
where
ANNICOθL=LEGEOFENGINEERING
KANYAKUMARI 329401
-
6
27
20. Find the Fourier series expansion up to second harmonic from the following data:
x: 0 π /3 2π / 3 π 4π / 3 5π / 3 2π
f(x) : 10 12 15 20 17 11 10
Sol. Since the last value of y is a repetition of the first, only the first six values will be used.
Fourier series is
a0 ∞
f ( x) = + ∑ ( a n cos n x + bn sin n x)
2 n =1
a0
(i.e.) f ( x) = + a1 cos x + a 2 cos 2 x + b1 sin x + b2 sin 2 x
2
x y cosx cos2x sinx sin2x ycosx ycos2x ysinx ysin2x

0 10 1 1 0 0 10 10 0 0
π/3 12 0.5 –0.5 0.866 0.866 6 –6 10.392 10.392
2π/3 15 –0.5 –0.5 0.866 –0.866 –7.5 –7.5 12.99 –12.99
π 20 –1 1 0 0 –20 20 0 0
4π/3 17 –0.5 –0.5 –0.866 0.866 –8.5 –8.5 –14.722 14.722
5π/3 11 0.5 –0.5 –0.866 –0.866 5.5 –5.5 –9.526 –9.526
Total 85 –14.5 2.5 –0.866 2.598
Here n = 6
∑ y   85 
a 0 = 2 [ mean value of y ] = 2   = 2   = 28.333
 n  6
 ∑ y cos x   − 14.5 
a1 = 2 [ mean value of y cos x] = 2  =2  = − 4.833
 n   6 
 ∑ y cos 2 x   2. 5 
a 2 = 2 [ mean value of y cos 2 x] = 2   = 2   = 0.833
 n   6 
 ∑ y sin x   − 0.866 
b1 = 2 [ mean value of y sin x] = 2  =2   = − 0.289
 n   6 
 ∑ y sin 2 x   2.598 
b2 = 2 [ mean value of y sin 2 x] = 2  =2   = 0.866
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
 n   6 
28.333
∴ f ( x) = − 4.833 cos x + 0.833 cos 2 x − 0.289 sin x + 0.866 sin 2 x
2
(i.e.) f ( x) = 14.1665 − 4.833 cos x + 0.833 cos 2 x − 0.289 sin x + 0.866 sin 2 x
21. Find the Fourier series expansion up to first harmonic from the following data:
x: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
f(x) : 18 18.7 17.6 15 11.6 8.3 6 5.3 6.4 9 12.4 15.7
Sol. Here the length of the interval is 12
(i.e.) 2l = 12 ⇒ l = 6
Fourier series is
a0 ∞  nπ x nπ x 
f ( x) = + ∑  a n cos + bn sin 
2 n =1  6 6 
a πx πx
f ( x ) = 0 + a1 cos + b1 sin
2 6 6
a πx
(i.e.) f ( x) = 0 + a1 cos θ + b1 sin θ where θ =
2 6
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
28
x y θ=πx/6 cosθ sinθ ycosθ ysinθ

0 18 0 1 0 18 0
1 18.7 π/6 0.866 0.5 16.1942 9.35
2 17.6 2π/6 0.5 0.866 8.8 15.2416
3 15 3π/6 0 1 0 15
4 11.6 4π/6 –0.5 0.866 –5.8 10.0456
5 8.3 5π/6 –0.866 0.5 –7.1878 4.15
6 6 π –1 0 –6 0
7 5.3 7π/6 –0.866 –0.5 –4.5898 –2.65
8 6.4 8π/6 –0.5 –0.866 –3.2 –5.5424
9 9 9π/6 0 –1 0 –9
10 12.4 10π/6 0.5 –0.866 6.2 –10.7384
11 15.7 11π/6 0.866 –0.5 13.5962 –7.85
Total 144 36.0128 18.0064
Here n = 12
∑ y  144 
a 0 = 2 [mean value of y ] = 2  =2  12  = 24
 n 
 ∑ y cos θ   36.0128 
a1 = 2 [mean value of y cos θ ] = 2  =2 = 6.002
 n   12 
 ∑ y sin θ  18.0064 
b1 = 2 [ mean value of y sin θ ] = 2  =2 = 3.001
 n   12 
24
∴ f ( x) = + 6.002 cos θ + 3.001sin θ
2
πx
(i.e.) f ( x) = 12 + 6.002 cos θ + 3.001sin θ where θ =
6
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
29
Part – A
1. Write down the form of the Fourier series of an odd function in (– l, l) and the
associated Euler’s formula for the Fourier coefficients.
∞
nπ x
Sol. f ( x) = ∑ bn sin
n =1 l
nπ x
l
2
bn = ∫ f ( x) sin dx
l 0 l
2. If f(x) = 3x – 4x3 defined in the interval (– 2, 2) then find the value of a1 in the
Fourier series expansion.
Sol. Since f(x) is an odd function, an = 0.
∴ a1 = 0
3. Obtain the first term of the Fourier series for the function f(x) = x2, – π < x < π
Sol. f(x) = x2 is an even function.
Fourier series is
a0 ∞
f ( x) = + ∑ a n cos nx
2 n =1
π π
2 2
a0 = ∫ f ( x) dx = ∫x
2
dx
π 0
π 0
π
2  x3  2 π 3  2π 2
=   =  − 0 =
π  3 0 π  3  3
a π2
Hence the first term of the Fourier series = 0 =
2 3
4. If f(x) = 2x in the interval (0, 4) then find the value of a2 in the Fourier series
expansion.
2π x
4
1
Sol. a 2 = ∫ 2 x cos
2 0
dx
2
4
= ∫ x cos π x dx
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
0
4
  sin π x   − cos π x 
=  x  − (1) 
  π   π
2
 0
 1   1 
= 0 + 2  − 0 + 2 
 π   π 
=0
5. Define root mean square value of a function

Sol. The root mean square value of f(x) over the interval (a, b) is defined as
b
∫ [ f ( x )] 2 dx
2 1
b
RM S = y = a
b−a
⇒y = ∫
b−a a
[ f ( x )] 2 dx
6. Find the root mean square value of f(x) = x2 in (0, l)

l
12
Sol. R M S = y = ∫ [ f ( x)]2 dx
l0
l
1  x5  1 l5  l4
l l
1 1
= ∫ [ x 2 ]2 dx = ∫ x 4 dx =   =  − 0 =
J.
l0 l0 l  5 0 l  5  MUT
5HUERULAPPAN,M.
ASSI
SC.
,
M.
STANTPROFESSORI
PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.
NMATHEMATI
,PGDCA.
CS,
l2 ANNAIVAI
NG
⇒ y= KANYAKUMARI-629401
5
30
7. Find the root mean square value of a function f(x) in (0, 2π)
Sol. The root mean square value of f(x) over the interval (0, 2π) is defined as
2π 2π
1 1
2
RM S = y = ∫ ⇒y = ∫
2
[ f ( x )] dx [ f ( x )] 2 dx
2π 0
2π 0
8. Find the root mean square value of f(x) = 1 – x in 0 < x < 1

1
1 2
Sol. R M S = y = ∫ [ f ( x)]2 dx
10
1
1
 (1 − x) 3    1  1
= ∫ (1 − x ) dx =  2
 = 0 −   =
0  − 3  0   − 3  3
1
⇒y=
3
9. Find the root mean square value of f(x) = π – x in 0 < x < 2π
2π
1 2
Sol. R M S = y = ∫ [ f ( x)] dx
2
2π 0
2π 2π
1 1  (π − x ) 3 
= ∫0 (π − x) dx = 2π  − 3 
2
2π 0
1  π 3   π 3 
=   −  
2π  3   − 3 
1  2π 3  π 2
= =
2π  3  3
π
⇒y=
3
10. Write the sufficient conditions for a function f(x) to satisfy for the existence of a
Fourier series.
Sol. i) f(x) is defined and single valued except possibly at a finite number of points in (–π, π)
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
ii) f(x) is periodic with period 2π
iii) f(x) and f ′(x) are piecewise continuous in (–π, π)
Then the Fourier series of f(x) converges to
a) f(x) if x is a point of continuity
f ( x − 0) + f ( x + 0)
b) if x is a point of discontinuity.
2
11. What do you mean by Harmonic Analysis.
Sol. The process of finding the Fourier series for a function given by numerical value is known
as harmonic analysis. In harmonic analysis the Fourier coefficients a0, an and bn of the
function y = f(x) in (0, 2π) are given by
a0 = 2 [mean value of y in (0, 2π)]
an = 2 [mean value of y cosnx in (0, 2π)]
bn = 2 [mean value of y sinnx in (0, 2π)]
x , 0 < x < 1
12. Find the sum of the Fourier series for f ( x) =  at x = 1
2 , 1 < x < 2
Sol. Here x = 1 is a point of discontinuity
f (1 − 0) + f (1 + 0) 1 + 2 3
f (1) = = =
2 2 2 J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
31
cos x , 0 < x < π

13. If f ( x) =  and f(x) = f(x + 2π) for all x, find the sum of the Fourier
50 , π < x < 2π
series of f(x) at x = π.
Sol. Here x = π is a point of discontinuity
f (π − 0) + f (π + 0) cos π + 50 − 1 + 50 49
f (π ) = = = =
2 2 2 2
14. Find the coefficient b5 of cos5x in the Fourier cosine series of the function f(x) = sin5x
in the interval (0, 2π).
Sol. Fourier cosine series is
b0 ∞
f ( x) = + ∑ bn cos nx
2 n =1
2π
1
bn =
0
2π 2π
1 1
∴ b5 =
π ∫ f ( x) sin 5 x dx = π ∫ sin 5 x sin 5 x dx
0 0
2π
1
= ∫ sin
2
5 x dx
π 0
2π
1 1 − cos 10 x
=
π 0 ∫2
dx
2π
1  sin 10 x 
=  x − 10 
2π 0
1
[(2π − 0) − (0 − 0)]
=
2π
b5 = 1
∞
sin nx
15. The Fourier series expansion of f(x) in (0, 2π) is f ( x) = ∑ . Find the RMS value
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
n =1 n
of f(x) in the interval (0, 2π).
Sol. RMS value of f(x) in (0, 2π) is
2 ∞
a0 1
∑ (a
2
y = + + bn )
2 2
n
4 2 n =1
But here we have a0 and an are zero and bn = 1/n

∞
1 1
∑n
2
∴ y = 2
2 n =1
16. If f(x) is discontinuous at x = a what value does its Fourier series represent at that point.
17. Find the root mean square value of the function f(x) = x in (o, l)
 x, 0 ≤ x < 1
18. Find the sum of the Fourier series for f(x) =  at x = 1.
2, 1 < x < 2
 0, 0 < x < π
19. If the Fourier series for the function f(x) =  is
sin x, π < x < 2π
2  cos 2 x cos 4 x cos 6 x
1  1
f ( x) = −  + + + + ......... + sin x
π π  1 .3 3.5 5.7  2
1 1 1 π −2
Deduce that − + − .........∞ =
1 . 3 3 . 5 5 .7 4 J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
20. Find a Fourier sine series for the function f(x) = 1; 0 < xAS
<SI
πSTANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
ANNAIVAI LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
21. Find the constant term in the Fourier series corresponding to f(x) =YA
KAN |K
cosx
UMAR|I
expressed
-629401 in
the interval (–π, π).
32
Part – B
 x, 0 < x < π
1. Obtain the Fourier expansion of the function f ( x) =  of period 2π.
2π − x, π < x < 2π
2. Find the half-range cosine series for the function f(x) = x; 0 < x < π and hence deduce the
∞
1
sum of the series ∑ (2n + 1)
n=0
4
3. Expand the function f(x) = sinx, 0 < x < π in Fourier cosine series.
4. Determine the first two harmonics of the Fourier series for the following values
x: 0 π /3 2π / 3 π 4π / 3 5π / 3
f(x) : 1.98 1.30 1.05 1.30 –0.88 –0.25
5. Find the Fourier series of f(x) = (π – x)2 in (0, 2π) of periodicity 2π.
6. Obtain the Fourier series to represent the function f(x) = |x|, – π < x < π and deduce
∞
1 π2
∑ (2n − 1)
n =1
2
=
8
7. Find the half-range Fourier cosine series of f(x) = (π – x)2 in the interval (0, π). Hence find
1 1 1
the sum of the series 4
+ 4 + 4 + ..........∞
1 2 3
8. Determine the Fourier expansion of f(x) = x in the interval – π < x < π
9. Find the half range cosine series for x sinx in (0, π) and hence find the value of
2 2 2 2
1+ − + − + .......... .∞
1 .3 3 .5 5 . 7 7 .9
10. Obtain the Fourier series for the function
 π x, 0 < x < 1
f ( x) = 
π (2 − x ), 1 < x < 2
11. Calculate the first 3 harmonics of the Fourier of f(x) from the following data:
xo : 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 320
f(x): 1.8 1.1 0.3 0.16 0.5 1.3 2.16 1.25 1.3 1.52 1.76 2.0
12. Find the Fourier series of the function
 0, − π ≤ x ≤ 0
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
1 1 1
f ( x) =  and hence evaluate + + + .........∞
 sin x, 0 ≤ x ≤ π 1 .3 3 . 5 5 . 7
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
1

UNIT III – APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
PART – A
1. What is the general form of second order partial differential equations? How will you
classify it?
Sol. The second order partial differential equation in the function u of the two independent
 2u  2u  2u  u u 
variables is A( x, y )  B ( x, y )  C ( x, y )  f 
 x, y , u , ,   0
x 2 xy y 2  x y 
It is classified as (i) Elliptic if B 2  4 AC  0
(ii) Parabolic if B 2  4 AC  0
(iii) Hyperbolic if B 2  4 AC  0
2. Classify the following partial differential equations

 2u  2u  2u  u   u 
(a)  (b )        xy
x 2 y 2 xy  x   y 
Sol. (a) A  1, B  0, C  1 (b) A  0, B  1, C  0
B 2  4 AC  0  4  4  0 B 2  4 AC  1  0  0
 Equation is hyperbolic  Equation is hyperbolic
3. Classify the following second order partial differential equations

2
 2 u  2 u  u   u 
2
 2u  2u  2u u u
(a) 4 2  4  2  4  8  16u  0 (b)     
x xy y x y x 2 y 2  x   y 
Sol.
(a) A  4, B  4, C  1 (b) A  1, B  0, C  1
B 2  4 AC  16  16  0 B 2  4 AC  4  0
 Equation is Parabolic  Equation is Elliptic
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
4. Classify the following second order partial differential equations
x 2 f xx  (1  y 2 ) f yy  0 for 1  y  1,    x  
Sol. A  x 2 , B  0, C  1  y 2
B 2  4 AC  4 x 2 (1  y 2 )
 4 x 2 ( y 2  1)
x 2 is always +ve in   x  
In  1  y  1 , y  1 is –ve
2
B 2  4 AC = –ve ( x  0 )
 Equation is Elliptic
If x  0, B 2  4 AC  0, the equation is Parabolic
When y  1 (or ) y  1then B 2  4 AC  0, the equation is hyperbolic.
5. What are the assumptions to be made while deriving one dimensional wave equation
or equation of vibration of strings?
Sol. (i) The mass of the string per unit length is constant.
(ii) The string is perfectly elastic and does not offer any resistance to bending.
(iii) The tension caused by stretching the string before fixing it at end points is so large
J.
MU
that the action of the gravitational force on the string THU
can ERneglected.
be ULAPPAN,M. SC.,
M. PHIL.
,M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
(iv) The string performs a small transverse motion in a vertical plane that is every particle S,
AS SI
STAN TPROF ESSORIN MA T HEMATIC
ANNAIVAI LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERI
NG
of the string moves strictly vertically and so that the deflectionKand
ANYAthe slope
KUMA RI- at
629 every
401
point of the string remain small in absolute value.
2
6. What is the one dimensional wave equation or equation of vibration of string?

Sol. The one dimensional wave equation is
2 y 2  y
2
tension
 where a 
2
a
t 2
x 2
mass
7. What are the possible solutions of one dimensional wave equation?
Sol. The possible solutions of one dimensional wave equation is
(i ) y ( x, t )  (c1e p x  c2 e  p x ) (c3 e p a t  c4 e  p a t )
(ii) y ( x, t )  (c5 cos px  c6 sin px) (c7 cos pat  c8 sin pat )
(iii) y ( x, t )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11t  c12 )
8. What is the constant a2 in wave equation yt t  a yxx ?

2
Tension
Sol. a2 
Mass per unit length of the string
9. What is the correct solution of one dimensional wave equation?

Sol. y( x, t )  (c1 cos px  c 2 sin px) (c3 cos pat  c4 sin pat)
10. A tightly stretched string of length 2l is fastened at both ends. The midpoint of the
string is displaced to a distance ‘b’ and released from rest in this position. Write the
initial conditions.
2 y 2  y
2
Sol. The one dimensional wave equation is 2  a

t  x2
The equation of OA is
y0 x0

0b 0l A(l, b)
y x
 
b l
b
bx
 y , 0 xl
l
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
The equation of AB is O(0,0) B(2l, 0)
y b xl

b  0 l  2l
y b xl
 
b l
b( x  l )
 y b
l
bl  bx  bl b
y  (2l  x) , l  x  2l
l l
The initial boundary conditions are
(i ) y (0, t )  0
(ii) y (l , t )  0
 bx
 l , 0 xl
 y ( x, 0)
(iii) 0 (iv) y ( x, 0)  
t  b (2l  x), l  x  2l
 l
11. A string is stretched and fastened to two points x = 0 and x = l apart. Motion is
started by displacing the string into the form y = k(lx – x2) from which it is released at
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
time t = 0. Write the most general solution to this problem. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSISTANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
Sol. The most general solution is ANNAIVAI LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING

n x n a t KANYAKUMARI-629401
y( x, t )   cn sin cos
n 1 l l
3
12. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x = 0 and x = l is initially at rest in its
equilibrium position. If it is set vibrating by giving each point a velocity  x (l  x),
Write the most general solution to this problem.
Sol. The most general solution is

n x n a t
y ( x, t )   c n sin sin
n 1 l l
13. State any two laws which are assumed to derive one dimensional heat equation?
Sol. (i) Heat flows from higher to lower temperature
(ii) The amount of heat required to produce a given temperature change in a body is
proportionality is known as the specific heat (s) of the conducting material.
14. State the Fourier law of heat conduction.
Sol. The rate at which heat flows across any area is proportional to the area and to the
temperature gradient normal to the curve. This constant of proportionality is known as
thermal conductivity (k) of the material. It is known as Fourier law of heat conduction.
15. Define temperature gradient
Sol. The rate of change of temperature with respect to the distance is called as temperature
gradient.
16. What is one dimensional heat equation?
Sol. The one dimensional heat equation is
u  2u k
2 where  2
 is diffusivity of the material of the bar.
t  x2 c
u 2  u
2
17. In one dimensional heat equation   2 what does 
2
refer to?
t x
k
Sol. In one dimensional heat equation  2  is diffusivity of the material of the bar.
c
Here k is thermal conductivity, c is specific heat and  is the density.
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
18. What are possible solutions of one dimensional heat equation?
Sol. The possible solutions of one dimensional heat equation are
(i) u ( x, t )  (c1e p x  c2 e  p x ) c3 e p t
2 2
(ii) u ( x, t )  (c4 cos px  c5 sin px) c6 e  

2
p2 t
(iii) u ( x, t )  (c7 x  c8 ) c9
19. What is the correct solution of one dimensional heat equation?

Sol. The correct solution for one dimensional heat equation is
u( x, t )  ( A cos px  B sin px) e  p t
2 2
20. Define steady state and derive the steady state solution of one dimensional heat
equation.
Sol. Steady state is the state in which the temperature does not vary with respect to the time.
u 2  u
2
The one dimensional heat equation is  .

t  x2
u
In steady state, we have u(x, t) = u(x)  0
t
 2u  2u
 2
 0 (i.e.) 0
 x2  x2 J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.,
M. PHI
L.,
M. B.
A. ,
PGDCA.
ASSISTANTPROFESSOR I
N MA THE MAT I
C S,
d 2u ANNA IVAILANKANNICOL LEGE OF ENG I
N EERING
 2 0
dx KANYAKUMA R I
-6294
01
Solving we get u ( x)  ax  b
4
21. The bar of length 50cm has its ends kept at 20 C and 100 C until steady state
condition prevails. Find the steady state temperature of the rod.
Sol. The steady state equation of the one dimensional heat equation is
d2y
0
dx 2
 u ( x)  ax  b      (1)
The boundary conditions are (i) u(0)  20 (ii) u(50)  100
Applying condition (i) in equation (1), we get
20  a(0)  b  b  20
Substitute b = 20 in equation (1) we get
u( x)  ax  20        (2)
Applying condition (ii) in equation (2) we get
100  a (50)  20
8
a
5
Substitute this value in (2) we get
8x
u ( x)   20
5
22. What is two dimensional heat equation or Laplace equation?
u 2  u  2u 
2
   2  
 y 2 
Sol. The two dimensional heat equation is
t x
But in steady state, u(x,t) = u(x)
u
 0
t
  2u  2u 
  2  2  2   0
 x y 
 2u  2u
  2  0,  2  0
x 2
y
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
(i.e)  2 u  0
which is the Laplace equation in two dimensions.
23. What are the possible solutions of two dimensional heat equation or Laplace equation?
Sol. The possible solutions of two dimensional heat equation are
(i ) u ( x, y )  (c1e p x  c2 e  p x ) (c3 cos py  c4 sin py)
(ii) u ( x, y )  (c5 cos px  c6 sin px) (c7 e p y  c8 e  p y )
(iii) u ( x, y )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11 y  c12 )
24. Write any two solutions of the Laplace equation u xx  u yy  0 involving exponential
terms in x or y.
Sol. (i ) u ( x, y )  (c1e p x  c2 e  p x ) (c3 cos py  c4 sin py)
(ii) u ( x, y )  (c5 cos px  c6 sin px) (c7 e p y  c8 e  p y )
25. How will you choose the correct solution for one dimensional wave equation?
Sol. The possible solutions of one dimensional wave equation is
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
(iii) y ( x, t )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11t  c12 ) ASSISTANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANN AIVAILANKA NNICOLLEGE
Here y( x, t ) means, the displacement of the string at any point x at any time t. OFENGINEERING
KANYAKUMARI
-629401
Therefore the Solution (ii) which consists of periodic function in ‘t’ is correct solution.
5
26. Write down the appropriate solution of one dimensional heat flow equation. How is
it chosen?
Sol. The possible solutions of one dimensional heat equation are
2 2

2
p2 t
(iii) u ( x, t )  (c7 x  c8 ) c9
Here as we are dealing with the heat equation u(x,t) representing the temperature at time t,
u(x,t) must decreases as t increases. (i.e.) u(x,t) cannot be infinite as t  
 Solution (ii) is correct solution.
27. If the ends of a string of length ‘l’ are fixed and the midpoint of the string is drawn
aside through a height ‘h’ and the string is released from rest, state the initial and
boundary conditions.
Sol. The boundary conditions are
(i ) y (0, t )  0 for all t  0
(ii) y (l , t )  0 for all t  0
 y ( x , 0)
(iii)  0 for every x in (0, l )
t
2h x l
(iv) y ( x, 0)  , 0x
l 2
2h l
 (l  x) , xl
l 2
28. What are the laws assumed to derive the one dimensional heat equation.
Sol. (i) Heat flows from higher to lower temperature.
(ii) The amount of heat required to produce a given temperature change in a body is
proportional to the mass of the body and to the temperature change.
(iii) The rate at which heat flows across any area is proportional to the area and to the
gradient normal to the curve.
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
29. Write down the two-dimensional steady state heat conduction equation.
 2u  2u
Sol.  0
 x2  y2
30. The ends A and B of a rod l cm long have the temperature 40oC and 90oC until steady
state prevails. Find the temperature in the rod at that state.
d 2u
Sol. When steady state condition prevails, the heat flow equation is 0 .
d x2
Solving we get u(x) = ax + b --------- (1)
Given u(0) = 40 ; u(l) = 90
Applying condition (i) in equation (1), we get
40 = a(0) + b  b = 40
Substitute b = 40 in equation (1), we have
u(x) = ax + 40 ----------- (2)
Applying condition (ii) in equation (2), we get
90 = a(l) + 40
50
a
l
50
Substitute a  in equation (2), we have J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
l ASSI
50 x ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
u ( x)   40 KANYAKUMARI-629401
l
6
31. What does a2 represent in one dimensional heat flow equation ut  a u x x ?

2
Sol. a2 is known as diffusivity of the material of the bar.

32. In steady state conditions derive the solution of one dimensional heat flow equation.
Sol. When steady state conditions exist the heat flow equation is independent of time t.
u
 0
dt
Hence the heat flow equation becomes
 2u d 2u
 0   0  u ( x)  a x  b
 x2 d x2
which is the required solution.
33. State Fourier law of heat conduction.
Sol. The rate at which heat flows across an area A at a distance x from one end of a bar is
 u 
given by Q   K A  
  x x
 u 
K is thermal conductivity and   means the temperature gradient at x.
  x x
34. Write the initial conditions of the wave equation if the string has an initial
displacement but no initial velocity.
Sol. The boundary and initial conditions are
(i ) y (0, t )  0
(ii) y (l , t )  0
(iii) y ( x, 0)  f ( x)
 y ( x, 0)
(iv) 0
t
35. Write the one dimensional wave equation with initial and boundary conditions in
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
which the initial position of the string is f(x) and the initial velocity imparted at
each point is g(x).
Sol. The boundary and initial conditions are
(i ) y (0, t )  0
(ii) y (l , t )  0
(iii) y ( x, 0)  f ( x )
 y ( x , 0)
(iv)  g ( x)
t
36. What is the basic difference between the solutions of one dimensional wave
equation and one dimensional heat equation.
Sol. Solution of one dimensional wave equation is of periodic in nature.
But solution of one dimensional heat equation is not of periodic in nature.
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
7
PART -B
Problems on vibrating on strings with zero initial velocity
1. A string is stretched and fastened to two points x = 0 and x = l apart. Motion is started
by displacing the string into the form y = k(lx – x2) from which it is released at time
t = 0. Find the displacement of any point on the string at a distance of x from one end
at time t.
2 y 2  y
2
Sol. The one dimensional wave equation is 2  a ------------ (A)
t  x2
From the given problem, the following boundary conditions are
(i ) y (0, t )  0 for all t  0
(ii) y (l , t )  0 for all t  0
y ( x, 0)
(iii) 0 ( initial velocity is zero )
t
(iv) y ( x, 0)  k (lx  x 2 ) , 0  x  l
On solving equation (A) by the method of separation of variables we get the possible
solutions as
(iii) y ( x, t )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11t  c12 )
The correct solution which satisfies our boundary conditions is given by
y ( x, t )  (c1 cos px  c 2 sin px) (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat) ------------ (1)
Applying condition (i) in equation (1) we get
0  (c1 .1  0) (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat)
 c1  0 [ c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat  0]
Substituting c1  0 in equation (1) we get
y ( x, t )  c2 sin px (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat) ------------ (2)
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
0  c2 sin pl (c3 cos pat  c4 sin pat)
 sin pl  0
 pl  n
n
 p
l
n
Substituting p  in equation (2) we get
l
n x  n a t n a t 
y ( x, t )  c 2 sin  c3 cos  c 4 sin  ------------------ (3)
l  l l 
Differentiate equation (3) partially w.r.to ‘t’ we have
y ( x, t ) n x  n a t n a n a t n a 
 c 2 sin   c3 sin   c 4 cos   ------------- (4)
t l  l l l l 
Applying condition (iii) in equation (4) we get
n x  n a 
0  c2 sin  c4 
l  l 
 c4  0
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
8
Substitute c4  0 in equation (3) we have

n x  n a t 
y ( x, t )  c2 sin  c3 cos 
l  l 
n x n a t
 c2 c3 sin cos
l l
n x n a t
y ( x, t )  cn sin cos      (5) where cn  c2 c3
l l
Since the partial differential equation is linear, any linear combination of solutions of the
form (5) with n=1,2,3,… is also a solution of the equation. (by super position principle)
The most general solution of (5) can be written as


n x n a t
y( x, t )   cn sin cos ------------------ (6)
n 1 l l
Applying condition (iv) in equation (6) we get

n x
k (lx  x 2 )   cn sin ----------------- (7)
n 1 l
To find c n expand f(x) in a half range Fourier sine series in the interval (0, l)

n x
f ( x)   bn sin ----------------- (8)
n 1 l
From (7) & (8) we get
c n  bn
n x
l
2
  f ( x) sin dx
l 0 l
2
l
n x
l 0
 k (lx  x 2
) sin dx
l
l
  nx   nx   nx 
   cos    sin   cos 
2k  l   l   l 
 (lx  x )  (l  2 x)  (2)
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
2
l   n   n 2 2   n 3 3 
      
 l   l2   l 3  0
2k   (1) n l 3    l 3  
 0  0  (2) 3 3   0  0  (2) 3 3 
l   n     n  

 4k l 3
ln 3 3
(1) n  1  
4k l 2
c n  3 3 1  (1) n
n
 
Substitute c n in (5) we get
n x n a t
 

4kl 2
y ( x, t )   3 3 1  (1) n sin cos
n 1 n  l l

8kl 2 n x n a t
(i.e.) y ( x, t )  
n  1, 3, 5...... n 
3 3
sin
l
cos
l
2. A tightly stretched string of length 2L is fastened at both ends. The midpoint of the
string is displaced transversely through a small distance ‘b’ and string is released from
the rest in that position. Find an expression for the J .
MUTHUERUL
transverse APPAN,M.
SC.
,
M.
displacement PHIL.
of ,
M.B.
the A.
,PGDCA.
string at any time during the subsequent motion. ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
Sol. Let 2L = l (For convenience) KANYAKUMARI-629401
First we have to find the equation of the string in its initial position.
9
The equation of string OA is

y0 x0
 l 
0b 0l /2 A ,b
y 2x 2 
 
b l
b
2bx
y , 0 x l/2
l
O(0,0) B(l, 0)
The equation of string AB is
y b xl /2

b0 l /2l
y b xl /2
 
b l /2
y  b 2x  l
 
b l
b( 2 x  l )
 y b
l
bl  2bx  bl 2b
y  (l  x) , l / 2  x  l
l l
Hence initially the displacement of the string is in the form
 2bx l
 l , 0 x
2
y ( x , 0)  
 2b (l  x) , l  x  l
 l 2
2 y 2  y
2
The one dimensional wave equation is 2  a ------------ (A)
t  x2
(i) y (0, t )  0 for all t  0
(ii) y (l , t )  0 for all t  0
y ( x, 0)
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
(iii)  0 ( initial velocity is zero )
t
 2bx l
 l , 0 x
2
(iv) y ( x, 0)  
 2b (l  x) , l  x  l
 l 2
solutions as
(iii) y ( x, t )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11t  c12 )
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,PGDCA.
Applying condition (ii) in equation (2) we get ASSI
0  c2 sin pl (c3 cos pat  c4 sin pat) ANNAIVAI
NG
KANYAKUMARI-629401
 sin pl  0
10
 pl  n
n
 p
l
n
l
n x  n a t n a t 
l  l l 
 c 2 sin   c3 sin   c 4 cos   ------------- (4)
t l  l l l l 
n x  n a 
0  c2 sin  c4 
l  l 
 c4  0
n x  n a t 
y ( x, t )  c2 sin  c3 cos 
l  l 
n x n a t
 c2 c3 sin cos
l l
n x n a t
l l

n x n a t
y( x, t )   cn sin cos ------------------ (6)
n 1 l l

n x
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
f ( x)   cn sin       (7 )
n 1 l
 2bx l
 , 0 x
 l 2
where f ( x)  
 2b (l  x), l  x  l

l 2

n x
f ( x)   bn sin ----------------- (8)
n 1 l
c n  bn
n x
l
2
l 0
 f ( x ) sin dx
l
2  2bx n x 2b(l  x) n x 
l/2 l
  sin dx   sin dx
l 0 l l l/2
l l 
l/2 l
  nx   nx    nx   nx 
           
4b    4b 
cos sin cos sin
 2 ( x) l   (1)  l    2 (l  x)
J
.MU TH U ElRU 
L APPAN,
 (1) 
M.SC.,
M. P HlIL.
,B.
M. A. ,
PGDCA.
l   n   n2 2
  l   A S
n
S I
ST ANT PROFES
SO Rn
IN MA
2 2
TH 
E 
MA T ICS,
      AN NA IVA ILANK ANNICOLL EG E OF E
N G I
N EERING
l   l2  0   l KANYAKUMARI 2
l-6 
29401 l / 2
11
4b  l l n l2 n   4b   l l n l2 n 
 2 
 . cos  sin   {0  0}  2 
{0  0}    . cos  sin 
l  2 n 2 n2 2
2   l   2 n 2 n2 2
2 
4b   l 2 n l2 n l2 n l2 n 
 2  cos  2 2 sin  cos  2 2 sin 
l  2n 2 n 2 2n 2 n 2 
8b l 2 n 8b n
cn  2  2 2 sin  2 2 sin
l n 2 n 2
Substitute cn in equation (6) we get

8b n n x n a t
y( x, t )   2 2 sin sin cos
n 1 n  2 l l

8b n n x n a t
(i.e.) y( x, t )   sin sin cos
n 1 n 
2 2
2 2L 2L
3. A string is stretched with fixed end points x = 0 and x = l is initially in a position given
3  x
by y( x,0)  y0 sin . If it is released from rest from this position, find the displacement
l
y at any distance x from one end at anytime t.
2 y 2  y
2
t  x2
(i ) y (0, t )  0 for all t  0
(ii) y (l , t )  0 for all t  0
y ( x, 0)
t
x
(iv) y ( x, 0)  y 0 sin 3 , 0xl
l
solutions as
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
(iii) y ( x, t )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11t  c12 )
 sin pl  0
 pl  n
n
 p
l
n
Substituting p  in equation (2) we get J.
,M.PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
l ASSISTANTPROFESSORI NMATHEMATI CS,
n x n a t n a t  ANNAIVAI LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
y ( x, t )  c 2 sin  c3 cos  c 4 sin  ------------------
KAN(3)
YAKUMARI-
629401
l  l l 
12

 c 2 sin   c3 sin   c 4 cos   ------------- (4)
t l  l l l l 
n x  n a 
0  c2 sin  c4 
l  l 
 c4  0
n x  n a t  n x n a t
y ( x, t )  c 2 sin  c3 cos   c 2 c3 sin cos
l  l  l l
n x n a t
y ( x, t )  c n sin cos      (5) where c n  c 2 c3
l l

n x n a t
y( x, t )   cn sin cos ------------------ (6)
n 1 l l
3  x n x

y0 sin   cn sin
l n 1 l
y0  x 3 x  x 2 x 3 x
3 sin  sin  c1 sin  c 2 sin  c3 sin  .......... .......... .
4  l l  l l l
By Equating like coefficients we have
3 y0  y0
c1  , c2  0, c3  , c4  c5  ...........  0
4 4
Substitute these values in (6) we get
3 y0 x  a t y0 3 x 3 a t
y ( x, t )  sin cos  sin cos
4 l l 4 l l
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
4. A taut string of length l has its ends x = 0 and x = l fixed. The point where x =
drawn aside a small distance ‘h’, the displacement y(x, t) satisfies yt t  a y x x .

2
l
3
is
Determine y(x, t) at any time t.

Sol. First we have to find the equation of the string in its initial position.
y0 x0
 l 
0  h 0 l /3 A , h
y 3x 3 
 
h l
h
3h x
y , 0  x  l /3
l
O(0,0) B(l, 0)
y  h x l /3

h 0 l /3l
y  h x l /3
 
h  2l / 3
y  h 3x  l J.
,M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
  AS SISTAN TP ROFESSORIN MATHEMATICS,
h  2l
h(3 x  l ) 2hl  3hx  hl 3h KAN YAKUMA RI-
6294
01
 y h   (l  x) , l / 3  x  l
2l 2l 2l
13
Hence initially the displacement of the string is in the form

3 h x l
 , 0 x
 l 3
y ( x, 0)  
 3 h (l  x) , l  x  l

 2l 3
2 y 2  y
2
t  x2
(i) y (0, t )  0 for all t  0
(ii) y (l , t )  0 for all t  0
y ( x, 0)
t
3 h x l
 , 0 x
 l 3
(iv) y ( x, 0)  
 3 h (l  x) , l  x  l

 2l 3
solutions as
(iii) y ( x, t )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11t  c12 )
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
 sin pl  0
 pl  n
n
 p
l
n
l
n x  n a t n a t 
l  l l 
 c 2 sin   c3 sin   c 4 cos   ------------- (4)
t l  l l l l 
n x  n a 
0  c2 sin  c4 
l  l 
 c4  0 J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
14

n x  n a t 
y ( x, t )  c2 sin  c3 cos 
l  l 
n x n a t
 c2 c3 sin cos
l l
n x n a t
l l

n x n a t
y( x, t )   cn sin cos ------------------ (6)
n 1 l l

n x
f ( x)   c n sin       (7)
n 1 l
 3h x l
 , 0 x
 l 3
 3h (l  x), l  x  l

2l 3

n x
f ( x)   bn sin ----------------- (8)
n 1 l
c n  bn
n x
l
2
l 0 l
2  3hx n x 3h(l  x) n x 
l /3 l
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
  sin dx   sin dx
l 0 l l l /3
2l l 
l /3 l
  nx   nx    nx   nx 
   cos    sin     cos    sin 
6h  l   l  3h  l   l 

 2 ( x)  (1)  
 2 (l  x)  (1)
l   n   n 2 2   l   n   n 2 2  
  l



 l2

 0  
 l



 l2

 l / 3
6h   l l n l2 n   3h   2l l n l2 n 
 2  . cos  2 2 sin   {0  0}  2 {0  0}   . cos  2 2 sin 
l  3 n 3 n 3   l   3 n 3 n 3 
3h   2l 2 n 2l 2 n 2 l 2 n l2 n 
 2  cos  2 2 sin  cos  2 2 sin 
l  3n 3 n 3 3n 3 n 3 
3h 3 l 2 n
c n  2  2 2 sin
l n  3
9h n
(i.e.) c n  2 2 sin
n  3

9h n n x n a t
y( x, t )   2 2 sin sin cos
n 1 n  3 l l
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
15
5. The points of trisection of a tightly stretched string of length l with fixed ends are
parallel aside through a distance ‘d’ on opposite sides of the position of equilibrium,
and the string is released from rest. Obtain an expression for the displacement of the
string at any subsequent time and show that the midpoint of the string always remains
at rest.
Sol.
l 
A ,d 
3 
O(0,0) C (l, 0)
d
 2l 
B ,d 
 3 
First we have to find the equation of the string in its initial position.
y0 x0

0 d 0 l /3
y 3x
 
d l
3d x
y , 0  x  l /3
l
yd x l /3

d  d l / 3  2l / 3
y  d x l /3
 
2d l /3
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
y  d 3x  l
 
2d l
2d (3 x  l ) d l  6d x  2d l 3d
 yd   (l  2 x) , l / 3  x  2l / 3
l l l
The equation of string BC is
yd x  2l / 3

 d  0 2l / 3  l
y  d x  2l / 3
 
d l /3
y  d 3x  2l
 
d l
d (3 x  2l )  d l  3d x  2d l 3d
 y  d    (x  l) , 2l / 3  x  l
l l l
2 y 2  y
2

t  x2
(i) y (0, t )  0 for all t  0
(ii) y (l , t )  0 for all t  0 J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
y ( x, 0) ASSI
(iii) 0 ( initial velocity is zero ) ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
t KANYAKUMARI-629401
16
3 d x l
 l , 0 x
3

3 d l 2l
(iv) y ( x, 0)   (l  2 x) , x
 l 3 3
3 d 2l
 l ( x  l ) ,  xl
 3
solutions as
(iii) y ( x, t )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11t  c12 )
 sin pl  0
 pl  n
n
 p
l
n
l
n x  n a t n a t 
l  l 
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
l
 c 2 sin   c3 sin   c 4 cos   ------------- (4)
t l  l l l l 
n x  n a 
0  c2 sin  c4 
l  l 
 c4  0
n x  n a t 
y ( x, t )  c2 sin  c3 cos 
l  l 
n x n a t
 c2 c3 sin cos
l l
n x n a t
l l
The most general solution of (5) can be written as J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.SC.,M.PHIL.,M.B.A.,PGDCA.

n x n a t ASSISTANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
y( x, t )   cn sin cos ------------------
ANNA(6)
IVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
n 1 l l KANYAKUMARI
-629401
17


n x
f ( x)   cn sin       (7)
n 1 l
3 d x l
 l , 0  x 
3

3 d l 2l
where f ( x)   (l  2 x) , x
 l 3 3
3 d 2l
 l (x  l) , 3  x  l


n x
f ( x)   bn sin ----------------- (8)
n 1 l
c n  bn
n x
l
2
l 0 l
2  3dx n x 3d (l  2 x) n x 3d ( x  l ) n x 
l /3 2l / 3 l
  sin dx   sin dx   sin dx
l 0 l l l /3
l l 2l / 3
l l 
l /3 2l / 3
  nx   nx    nx   nx 
   cos    sin     cos    sin 
6d   (1)    6 d   (2)  
 2 ( x) l l (l  2 x) l l
l   n   n 2 2   l2   n   n 2 2  
  l

 
 l2

 0  
 l

 
 l2

 l / 3
l
  nx   nx 
   cos    sin 
6d  
 2 ( x  l ) l   (1) l
l   n   n2 2

    
 l   l2  2l / 3
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
6d   l l
 2   .
l  3 n
cos
6d   l l
n
3 n
2n
l2
 2 2 sin
2l 2
n 
3 

  {0  0}

2n   l l n 2l 2 n 
 2  . cos  2 2 sin 
   . cos  sin 
l  3 n 3 n 3   3 n 3 n2 2
3 
6d  l l 2n l2 2n 
 2 {0  0}   . cos  2 2 sin 
l   3 n 3 n 3 
6d  3 l 2 n 3l 2 2n 
 2  2 2 sin  2 2 sin 
l n  3 n 3 
18d  n 2n 
 2 2 
sin  sin 
n  3 3 
18d  n  n 
 2 2 sin  sin n  
n  3  3 
18d n  n n 
cn  sin   sin n cos  cosn sin 
n 2 2
 3  3 3 
n
18d
n

(i.e.) cn  2 2 1  (1) n sin
3
 J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
18


18d n n x n a t
y ( x, t )   [1  (1) n ] sin sin cos
n 1 n 
2 2
3 l l

36d n n x n a t
y ( x, t )  
n  2 , 4 , 6..... n 
2 2
sin
3
sin
l
cos
l

9d 2n 2n x 2n a t
y ( x, t )   sin sin cos
n 1 n 2 2 3 l l
l
By putting x  , we get the displacement of the midpoint.
2
l  2n x
 y , t   0 , sin ce  sin n  0
2  l
(i.e.) there is no displacement at x=l/2. Hence the midpoint of the string is at rest.
6. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x = 0 and x = l is initially in a position
3 x 2 x
given by y( x, 0)  k sin cos . If it is released from rest from this position,
l l
determine the displacement y(x, t).
2 y 2  y
2

t  x2
(i ) y (0, t )  0 for all t  0
(ii) y (l , t )  0 for all t  0
y ( x, 0)
t
3 x 2 x
(iv) y ( x, 0)  k sin cos , 0xl
l l
solutions as
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
(iii) y ( x, t )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11t  c12 )
 sin pl  0
 pl  n
n
 p
l
n
Substituting p  in equation (2) we get J.
,M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,PGDCA.
l ASSISTANTPROFESSORI NMATHEMATI CS,
n x n a t n a t  ANNAIVAI LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
y ( x, t )  c 2 sin  c3 cos  c 4 sin  KA NYA
------------------ (3) KUMA RI-
6294
01
l  l l 
19

 c 2 sin   c3 sin   c 4 cos   ------------- (4)
t l  l l l l 
n x  n a 
0  c2 sin  c4 
l  l 
 c4  0
n x  n a t  n x n a t
y ( x, t )  c 2 sin  c3 cos   c 2 c3 sin cos
l  l  l l
n x n a t
y ( x, t )  c n sin cos      (5) where c n  c 2 c3
l l

n x n a t
y( x, t )   cn sin cos ------------------ (6)
n 1 l l
3 x 2 x  n x
k sin cos   cn sin
l l n 1 l
k  5 x  x x 2 x 3 x
sin  sin  c1 sin  c2 sin  c3 sin  .......... .......... .
2  l l  l l l
k k
c1  , c5  , c2  c3  c4  c6  ...........  0
2 2
Substitute these values in (6) we get
k x  at 5 x 5 a t 
y ( x, t )   sin cos  sin cos 
2 l l l l 
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
Problems on vibrating on strings with non-zero initial velocity
7. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x = 0 and x = l is initially at rest in its
equilibrium position. If it is set vibrating by giving each point a velocity kx(l – x).
Find the displacement of the string at any time.
2 y 2  y
2

t  x2
(i ) y (0, t )  0 for all t  0
(ii) y (l , t )  0 for all t  0
(iii) y ( x, 0)  0
y ( x, 0)
(iv)  kx(l  x) , 0  x  l
t
solutions as
(ii) y ( x, t )  (c5 cos px  c6 sin px) (c7 cos pat  cJ
8.
MU
sinTHUE
pat )RULAPPAN,M.
SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORI NMATHEMATICS,
(iii) y ( x, t )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11t  c12 ) ANNAIVAI LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
The correct solution which satisfies our boundary KANYAK U
conditions is given byMARI
-62
940
1
20

 sin pl  0
 pl  n
n
 p
l
n
l
n x  n a t n a t 
l  l l 
n x
0  c 2 sin (c3  0)
l
 c3  0
Substitute c3  0 in equation (3) we get
n x n a t
y ( x, t )  c 2 c 4 sin sin
l l
n x n a t
y ( x, t )  c n sin sin         (4) where c n  c 2 c 4
l l
form (4) with n=1,2,3,… is also a solution of the equation.

n x n a t
y( x, t )   c n sin
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
sin ------------------- (5)
n 1 l l
Diff. (5) partially w.r.to ‘t’ we get
y( x, t )  n x n a t n a
 t

n 1
cn sin
l
cos
l

l
---------------- (6)


n x n a
k x(l  x)   cn sin  ------------ (7)
n 1 l l

n x
f ( x)   bn sin ----------------- (8)
n 1 l
n a
cn  bn
l
n x
l
2
l 0 l
n x
l
2
  k x(l  x) sin dx
l 0 l J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
21
l
  nx   nx   nx 
   cos    sin   cos 
2k  l   l   l 
  (lx  x )
2
 (l  2 x)  (2)
l   n   n 2 2   n 3 3 
      
 l   l2   l 3  0
2k    (1) n l 3    l 3  
 0  0  (2) 3 3   0  0  (2) 3 3 
 
l   n     n  
n a  4k l 3
cn
l

ln
3 3

(1) n  1 
(i.e.) c n 
4k l 3
n a
4 4

1  (1) n 
n x n a t
 

4kl3
y ( x, t )   4 4 1  (1) n sin sin
n 1 n  a l l

8kl3 n x n a t
(i.e.) y ( x, t )   sin sin
n 1, 3, 5...... n  a
4 4
l l
8. Find the displacement of a tightly stretched string of length 7cms vibrating between
 3 x   9 x 
fixed end points if initial displacement is 10sin   and initial velocity is 15sin  
 7   7 
2 y 2  y
2
t  x2
Let l = 7 cm
(i ) y (0, t )  0 for all t  0
(ii) y (l , t )  0 for all t  0
 3 x 
(iii) y ( x, 0)  10 sin  
 l 
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
(iv)
y ( x, 0)
t
 9 x 
15 sin 
 l 

solutions as
(iii) y ( x, t )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11t  c12 )
 sin pl  0 J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
 pl  n ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
n KANYAKUMARI-629401
 p
l
22
n
l
n x  n a t n a t 
y ( x, t )  c 2 sin  c3 cos  c 4 sin 
l  l l 
n x  n a t n a t 
y ( x, t )  sin  c2 c3 cos  c2 c4 sin 
l  l l 
n x n a t n a t 
 sin  cn cos  d n sin         (3)
l  l l 

n x  n a t n a t 
y( x, t )   sin  cn cos  d n sin  ------------------- (4)
n 1 l  l l 
3 x  n x
10 sin   cn sin
l n 1 l
3 x x 2 x 3 x
10 sin  c1 sin  c2 sin  c3 sin  .....................
l l l l
c3  10 , c1  c2  c4  c5  .......... .  0
y( x, t )  n x  n a t n a n a t n a 
  sin   cn sin .  d n cos   ---------------- (5)
t n 1 l  l l l l 
9 x  n x n a
15 sin   d n sin .
l n 1 l l
9 x x a 2 x 2 a 3 x 3 a
15 sin  d1 sin .  d 2 sin .  d 3 sin .  .....................
l l l l l l l
9 a 15 l
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
 d9  15 (i.e.) d 9  and the remaining d n ' s are zero.
l 9 a
Substitute the values of cn and dn in equation (4), we have
3 x 3 a t 15 l 9 x 9 a t
y ( x, t )  10 sin cos  sin sin
l l 9 a l l
3 x 3 a t 105 9 x 9 a t
(i.e.) y ( x, t )  10 sin cos  sin sin
7 7 9 a 7 7
9. If a string l is initially at rest in its equilibrium position and each of its points is given a
 l
 k x , 0  x 
2
velocity v such that v   Find the displacement function y(x, t).
k (l  x) , l  x  l
 2
2 y 2  y
2

t  x2
(i ) y (0, t )  0 for all t  0
(ii) y (l , t )  0 for all t  0
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
(iii) y ( x, 0)  0 ASSI
y ( x, 0)  k x , 0  x  l/2 ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
(iv)  KANYAKUMARI-629401
t k (l  x) , l / 2  x  l
23
solutions as
(iii) y ( x, t )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11t  c12 )
 sin pl  0
 pl  n
n
 p
l
n
l
n x  n a t n a t 
l  l l 
n x
0  c 2 sin (c3  0)
l
 c3  0
Substitute c3  0 in equation (3) we get
n x n a t
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
y ( x, t )  c 2 c 4 sin sin
l l
n x n a t
y ( x, t )  c n sin sin         (4) where c n  c 2 c 4
l l
form (4) with n=1,2,3,… is also a solution of the equation.

n x n a t
y( x, t )   c n sin sin ------------------- (5)
n 1 l l
y( x, t )  n x n a t n a
  cn sin cos  ---------------- (6)
t n 1 l l l

n x n a
f ( x)   cn sin  ------------ (7)
n 1 l l
 kx, 0  x  l/2
k (l  x) , l / 2  x  l
To find c n expand f(x) in a half range Fourier sine J.
MUseries
THUEin the
RULAPPinterval
AN,M. SC.
,(0,PHl)IL.,M.B.A.,PGDCA.
M.

n x ASSI
f ( x)   bn sin ----------------- (8) ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
n 1 l KANYAKUMARI
-629401
24

n a
cn  bn
l
n x
l
2
l 0 l
2 n x n x 
l/2 l
  k x sin dx   k (l  x) sin dx
l0 l l/2
l 
l/2 l
  nx   nx    nx   nx 
   cos    sin     cos    sin 
2k   2 k  
 ( x) l   (1) l   (l  x) l   (1) l
l   n    n 2 2
 l   n   n 2 2

  l



 l 2  
 0 


 l



 l 2 
 l / 2
2k   l l n l2 n   2k   l l n l2 n 
   . cos  sin   {0  0}  {0  0}   . cos  sin 
l  2 n 2 n2 2
2   l   2 n 2 n2 2
2 
2k   l 2 n l2 n l2 n l2 n 
  cos  2 2 sin  cos  2 2 sin 
l  2n 2 n 2 2n 2 n 2 
2k 2 l 2 n
  2 2 sin
l n 2
n a 4 k l n
cn  2 2 sin
l n 2
4k l 2
n
(i.e.) cn  3 3 sin
n a 2

4k l2 n n x n a t
y( x, t )   3 3 sin sin sin
n 1 n  a 2 l l
10. Solve the following boundary value problem of vibration of string:

(i ) y (0, t )  0 for all t  0
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
(ii) y (l , t )  0 for all t  0
(iii)
y ( x, 0)
t
 x (x  l) , 0  x  l
 x, 0  x  l/2
(iv) y ( x, 0)  
 lx, l/2  x  l
2 y 2  y
2
t  x2
solutions as
(iii) y ( x, t )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11t  c12 )
 c1  0 [ c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat  0] J.
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
Substituting c1  0 in equation (1) we get ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
y ( x, t )  c2 sin px (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat) ------------ (2) KANYAKU MARI-6
294
01
25

 sin pl  0
 pl  n
n
 p
l
n
l
n x  n a t n a t 
y ( x, t )  c 2 sin  c3 cos  c 4 sin 
l  l l 
n x  n a t n a t 
y ( x, t )  sin  c2 c3 cos  c2 c4 sin 
l  l l 
n x  n a t n a t 
 sin  cn cos  d n sin         (3)
l  l l 

n x  n a t n a t 
y( x, t )   sin  cn cos  d n sin  ------------------- (4)
n 1 l  l l 
y( x, t )  n x  n a t n a n a t n a 
  sin   cn sin .  d n cos   ---------------- (5)
t n 1 l  l l l l 

n x n a
x( x  l )   d n sin . ---------------- (6)
n 1 l l
To find d n expand x(x – l) in a half range Fourier sine series in the interval (0, l)

n x
f ( x)   bn sin ----------------- (7)
n 1 l
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
n a
dn  bn
l
n x
l
2
 
l 0
f ( x) sin
l
dx
n x
l
2
l 0
 x ( x  l ) sin dx
l
l
  nx   nx   nx 
   cos    sin   cos 
2  l   l   l 
 ( x  l x )
2
 (2 x  l )  (2)
l  n   n 2 2   n 3 3 
      
 l   l2   l 3  0
2   (1) n l 3    l 3  
 0  0  (2) 3 3   0  0  (2) 3 3 
l   n     n  
n a
dn
l

4l 3
ln
3 3

(1) n  1 
4l 3

(i.e.) d n  4 4 (1) n  1
n a

J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
26


n x
f ( x)   cn sin ------------ (8)
n 1 l
 x, 0  x  l/2
 lx, l/2  x  l

n x
f ( x)   bn sin ----------------- (9)
n 1 l
c n  bn
n x
l
2
l 0 l
2 n x n x 
l/2 l
   x sin dx   (l  x) sin dx
l0 l l/2
l 
l/2 l
  nx   nx    nx   nx 
   cos    sin     cos    sin 
2   2  
 ( x) l   (1) l   (l  x) l   (1) l
l  n   n 2 2
 l  n   n 2 2

  l

 
 l 2  
 0 


 l

 
 l 2 
 l / 2
2  l l n l2 n   2  l l n l2 n 
  . cos  sin   {0  0}  {0  0}   . cos  sin 
l  2 n 2 n 2 2 2   l  2 n 2 n 2 2 2 
2  l2 n l2 n l2 n l2 n 
  cos  2 2 sin  cos  2 2 sin 
l  2n 2 n 2 2n 2 n 2 
2 2l 2 n
  2 2 sin
l n 2
4l n
c n  2 2 sin
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
n 2
Substitute the values of cn and dn in equation (4) we get

n x  4l n n a t 4l 3 [(1) n  1] n a t 
 y ( x, t )  sin  2 2 sin cos  sin
l 

n  n a
4 4
n 1 l 2 l

n x  4l n n a t 8l 3 n a t 
(i.e.) y ( x, t )   sin  2 2 sin cos  4 4 sin 
n  1, 3, 5.... l n  2 l n a l 
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
27
Problems on heat and temperature with zero boundary values
11. A uniform bar of length l through which heat flows is insulated at its sides. The ends
are kept at zero temperature. If the initial temperature at the interior points of the bar
is given by k (lx  x ), 0  x  l . Find the temperature distribution in the bar after
2
time t.
u 2  u
2
Sol. The one dimensional heat equation is  ------------ (A)

t  x2
(i ) u (0, t )  0 for all t  0
(ii) u (l , t )  0 for all t  0
(iii) u ( x, 0)  k (lx  x 2 ), 0  x  l
solutions as
2 2

2
p2 t
(iii) u ( x, t )  (c7 x  c8 ) c9
u( x, t )  ( Acos px  B sin px) e p t ------------ (1)
2 2

0  ( A  0) e   p t
2 2
 A  0 [ e   p t  0]
2 2
Substituting A  0 in equation (1) we get

u( x, t )  B sin px. e p t ------------ (2)
2 2

0  B sin pl . e  p t
2 2
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
 sin pl  0
 pl  n
 p
n
l
n
l
n 2 2
n x  2 t
u( x, t )  B sin e l2
l
The most general solution is
n 2 2 2

n x 
u ( x, t )   Bn sin
t
l2
e ------------------ (3)
n 1 l

n x
k (lx  x )   Bn sin
2
----------------- (4)
n 1 l
To find Bn expand k(lx – x2) in a half range Fourier sine series in the interval (0, l)

n x
f ( x)   bn sin ----------------- (5) J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.SC.,M.PHIL.,M.B.A.,PGDCA.
n 1 l
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
28

Bn  bn
n x
l
2
l 0 l
n x
l
2
  k (lx  x 2 ) sin dx
l 0 l
l
  nx   nx   nx 
   cos    sin   cos 
2k    
 (lx  x )
2 l   (l  2 x) l  (2) l
l   n   n2 2
  n  
3 3
      
 l   l2   l 3  0
2k   (1) n l 3    l 3  
  0  0  ( 2)
 n 3 3    0  0  ( 2) 3 3 
l      n  

 4k l 3
ln3 3

(1) n  1 
(i.e.) Bn 
4k l 2
n 3 3

1  (1) n 
Substitute Bn in equation (3) we get
n 2 2 2

4k l2 n x 
u ( x, t )   3 3 [1  (1) n ] sin
t
l2
e
n 1 n  l
n 2 2 2

8k l 2 n x 
(i.e.) u ( x, t )  
t
l2
sin e
n 1, 3, 5..... n 
3 3
l
12. Find the temperature distribution in a homogeneous bar of length π which is insulated
laterally, if the ends are kept at zero temperature and if initially the temperature is k at
the centre of the bar and falls uniformly to zero at its ends.
Sol. The equation of line OA is
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
u0 x0
  
0  k 0  / 2 A ,k 
u 2x 2 
 
 k 
k
2k x
u , 0  x  /2

O(0,0) B(π, 0)
The equation of line AB is
u  k x  / 2

k  0  / 2 
u  k x  / 2
 
k  / 2
u  k 2x  
 
k 
k (2 x   )
u k

k  2kx  k 2k
u  (  x) ,  / 2  x  
 
Hence initially the temperature function is in the form
2k x  J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.,
M. PHIL.,M. B.
A. ,
PGDCA.
  , 0  x  AS SISTANTPROFESSOR I
N MA TH EMA T I
C S,
2 ANNA IVAILANKANNICOL LEGE OFE N G I
N EERING
u ( x , 0)  
 2k (  x) ,   x   KANYAKUMA R I
-629401
  2
29
u 2  u
2
The one dimensional heat equation is   ------------ (A)

t  x2
(i ) u (0, t )  0 for all t  0
(ii) u ( , t )  0 for all t  0
2 k x 
  , 0 x
2
(iii) u ( x, 0)  
 2k (  x) ,   x  
  2
solutions as
2 2

2
p2 t
(iii) u ( x, t )  (c7 x  c8 ) c9
2 2

0  ( A  0) e   p t
2 2
 A  0 [ e   p t  0]
2 2

u( x, t )  B sin px. e p t ------------ (2)
2 2

0  B sin p . e  p t
2 2
 sin p  0
 p  n
 pn
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
Substituting p  n in equation (2) we get
u( x, t )  B sin nx e 
2 2
n t

u( x, t )   Bn sin nx e  n  t ------------------ (3)
2 2
n 1


f ( x)   Bn sin nx ----------------- (4)
n 1
2k x 
  , 0 x
2
 2k (  x) ,   x  
  2
To find Bn expand f(x) in a half range Fourier sine series in the interval (0, π)

f ( x)   bn sin nx ----------------- (5)
n 1

Bn  bn J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI

2 ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING

  f ( x) sin nx dx
0
KANYAKUMARI-629401
30
 /2 
4k  
 2   x sin nx dx   (  x) sin nx dx
 0  /2 
 /2 
4k    cos nx    sin nx  4k    cos nx    sin nx 
 2 ( x)   (1)    2 (  x)   (1)  
   n   n
2
 0    n   n
2
  / 2
4k   1 n 1 n   4k    1 n 1 n 
 2 
 . cos  2 sin   {0  0}  2 {0  0}   . cos  2 sin 
  2 n 2 n 2      2 n 2 n 2 
4k    n 1 n  n 1 n 
 2 cos  2 sin  cos  2 sin 
  2n 2 n 2 2n 2 n 2 
4k 2 n
 2  2 sin
 n 2
8k n
Bn  2 2 sin
n 2
Substitute the values of Bn in equation (3) we get

8k n
u( x, t )   sin nx e  n  t
2 2
sin
n 1 n 
2 2
2
Problems on steady state with zero boundary conditions

13. A rod of 30cm long has its ends A and B kept at 20 C and 80 C respectively until
steady state condition prevails. The temperature at each end is then suddenly reduced
to 0  and kept so. Find the resulting temperature function u(x, t) taking x = 0 at A.
u 2  u
2
Sol. The one dimensional heat equation is   ------------ (A)

t  x2
In steady state, this equation reduces to
d 2u
0
dx 2
Solving we get u( x)  a x  b ---------- (1)
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
In steady state, the initial conditions are
(i ) u (0)  20
(ii) u (30 )  80
20  a(0)  b
 b  20
u( x)  a x  20 -------------- (2)
80  a(30)  20
 30 a  60
a2
Substitute a = 2 in equation (2) we get
u( x)  2 x  20

Now both the ends A and B are reduced to 0 . At this stage, the steady state is changed
into unsteady state (transient state). For this transient state, the boundary conditions are
(i) u (0, t )  0 for all t  0
(ii) u (30, t )  0 for all t  0
J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.,
M.PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
(iii) u ( x, 0)  2 x  20 , 0  x  30 ASSISTANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
[since the initial temperature of this transient state isAthe
NNAIVAI LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI
temperature in the-6
KANYAKUMARI
previous
29401
NEERING
steady state].
31
solutions as
2 2

2
p2 t
(iii) u ( x, t )  (c7 x  c8 ) c9
2 2

0  ( A  0) e   p t
2 2
 A  0 [ e   p t  0]
2 2

u( x, t )  B sin px. e p t ------------ (2)
2 2

0  B sin 30 p . e  p t
2 2
 sin 30 p  0
 30 p  n
n
 p
30
n
30
n 2 2
n x   2 t
u ( x, t )  B sin e 900
30
n 2 2 2

n x  900 t
u ( x, t )   Bn sin e ------------------ (3)
n 1 30
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN

n x
2 x  20   Bn sin ----------------- (4)
n 1 30
To find Bn expand 2x + 20 in a half range Fourier sine series in the interval (0, 30)

n x
f ( x)   bn sin ----------------- (5)
n 1 30
Bn  bn
n x
30
2
 
30 0
f ( x) sin
30
dx
n x
30
1
  (2 x  20) sin dx
15 0 30
30
  nx   nx 
   cos    sin 
1  30   30 
 (2 x  20)  (2)
15   n   n 2 2 
    
 30   900  0
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
1   (1) n 30     30  ASSISTANTPROFESSO SC.
,M.PHI
L.,
M. B.
A. ,
PGDCA.
 ( 80)
 n      0  ( 20) 
 0 RINMA THE MAT I
C S,
15       n ANN AI
V AILANKANNICOLLEG EOF ENG I
N EERING
KANYAKUMARI
-629401
32

30(20)
15(n )

4(1) n  1 
(i.e.) Bn 
40
n

1  4(1) n 
n 2 2 2

40 n x 
u ( x, t )  
t
[1  4(1) n ] sin e 900
n 1 n 30
Problems on steady state with non-zero boundary conditions

14. A bar 10cm long with insulated sides has its ends A and B kept at 20  C and 40 C
respectively, until steady state conditions prevail. The temperature at A is then
suddenly raised to 50 C and at the same instant that B is lowered to 10 C . Find the
temperature distribution in the rod at time t. Also show that the temperature at the
midpoint of the rod remains unaltered for all time, regardless of the material of the
rod.
u 2  u
2
Sol. The one dimensional heat equation is  ------------ (A)

t  x2
In steady state, this equation reduces to
d 2u
0
dx 2
Solving we get u( x)  a x  b ---------- (1)
In steady state, the initial conditions are
(i ) u (0)  20
(ii) u (10 )  40
20  a(0)  b
 b  20
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
u( x)  a x  20 -------------- (2)
40  a(10)  20
 10 a  20
a2
Substitute a = 2 in equation (2) we get
u( x)  2 x  20
Now the temperatures at A and B are changed, the state is no longer steady. For this
transient state the boundary conditions are
(i) u (0, t )  50 for all t  0
(ii) u (10, t )  10 for all t  0
(iii) u ( x, 0)  2 x  20 , 0  x  10
Since we have non-zero boundary values, we break up the required function u(x, t) into
two parts. (i.e.) u ( x, t )  u s ( x)  u t ( x, t ) ------------ (3)
where u s (x ) is a steady state solution of equation (A) and u t ( x, t ) is a transient solution.
To find us(x):
u s (x ) satisfies equation (A)
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
d 2u s ASSI STANTPROFESSORI NMATHEMATICS,
 2  0 where (i ) u s (0)  50 (ii)AN uN
s(
A10 LA
IV)AI 10
NKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
dx KANYAKUMARI-629401
Solving, we get u s ( x)  a x  b ------------- (4)
33

50  a(0)  b
 b  50
u s ( x)  a x  50 -------------- (5)
10  a(10)  50
 10 a   40
 a  4
Substitute a = – 4 in equation (5) we get
u s ( x)   4 x  50
To find ut (x, t):
(3)  ut ( x, t )  u ( x, t )  u s ( x)
Consequently,
(i ) ut (0, t )  u (0, t )  u s (0)  50  50  0 for all t  0
(ii) ut (10, t )  u (10, t )  u s (10)  10  10  0 for all t  0
(iii) ut ( x, 0)  u ( x, 0)  u s ( x)  (2 x  20)  ( 4 x  50)  6 x  30 , 0  x  10
solutions as
(i) ut ( x, t )  (c1e p x  c2 e  p x ) c3e p t
2 2
(ii) ut ( x, t )  (c4 cos px  c5 sin px) c6 e 

2 2
p t
(iii) ut ( x, t )  (c7 x  c8 ) c9
ut ( x, t )  ( A cos px  B sin px) e  p t ------------ (6)
2 2

0  ( A  0) e   p t
2 2
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
 A  0 [ e   p t  0]
2 2

ut ( x, t )  B sin px. e  p t ------------ (7)
2 2

0  B sin 10 p . e  p t
2 2
 sin 10 p  0
10 p  n
n
 p
10
n
10
n 2 2
n x   2 100 t
u t ( x, t )  B sin e
10
n 2 2 2

n x  100 t
ut ( x, t )   Bn sin e ------------------ (8)
n 1 10
Applying condition (iii) in equation (8) we get J.
M. PHI
L.,
M. B.
A. ,
PGDCA.
ASSISTANTPROFESSOR I
N MA THE MAT I
C S,

n x
6 x  30   Bn sin ----------------- (9) AN NA IVAILANKANNICOL LEGE OF ENG I
N EERING
n 1 10 KANYAKUMA R I
-6294
01
34
To find Bn, expand 6x – 30 in a half range Fourier sine series in the interval (0, 10)

n x
f ( x)   bn sin ----------------- (10)
n 1 10
Bn  bn
n x
10
2
10 0
 f ( x ) sin dx
10
n x
10
1
  (6 x  30) sin dx
50 10
10
  n x   n x 
     
1
cos sin
 (6 x  30) 10   (6)  10 
5  n   n 2 2  
    
 10   100  0
1   (1) n 10     10  
 ( 30 )
 n      0  (30)   0 
5       n  

30 (10)
5 (n )
 (1) n  1 
(i.e.) Bn 
 60
n

1  (1) n 
n 2 2 2

 60 n x 
u t ( x, t )  
t
[1  (1) n ] sin e 100
n 1 n 10
n 2 2 2

 120 n x 

t
(i.e.) ut ( x, t )  sin e 100
n  2 , 4 , 6.... n 10
Hence equation (3) 
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
u ( x, t )  u s ( x )  u t ( x, t )
n 2 2 2

120 n x 

t
(i.e.) u ( x , t )  ( 4 x  50)  sin e 100
n  2 , 4, 6.... n 10
By putting x = 5, we get the temperature at the midpoint of the rod.
 n x n 
u( x, t )  30  sin  sin  0 for n  2,4,6....... 
 10 2 
(i.e.) The temperature at the midpoint of the rod remains unaltered for all time.
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
35
Two dimensional heat flow equation
15. A square plate is bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0, x = 20 and y = 20. Its faces are
insulated. The temperature along the upper horizontal edge is given by
u(x, 20) = x(20 – x) when 0 < x < 20 while the other three edges are kept at 0  C .
Find the steady state temperature in the plate.
 2u  2u
Sol. The two dimensional heat equation in steady state is 2  2  0 ------------ (A)
x y
Let us take the sides of the plate be l = 20. u(x, 20) = x(20 – x)
y = 20
The boundary conditions are
(i) u (0, y )  0, 0  y  l
(ii) u (l , y )  0, 0  y  l
(iii) u ( x, 0)  0 , 0  x  l y=0
(iv) u ( x, l )  x (l  x), 0  x  l
u(x, 0) = 0
solutions as
(a ) u ( x, y )  (c1e p x  c2 e  p x ) (c3 cos py  c4 sin py)
(b) u ( x, y )  (c5 cos px  c6 sin px) (c7 e p y  c8 e  p y )
(c) u ( x, y )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11 y  c12 )
u ( x, y )  (c1 cos px  c2 sin px) (c3 e p y  c4 e  p y ) --------------- (1)
0  (c1 .1  0) (c3 e p y  c4 e  p y )
 c1  0 [ c3 e p y  c4 e  p y  0]
Substituting c1  0 in equation (1) we have
u ( x, y )  c2 sin px (c3 e p y  c4 e  p y ) ------------ (2)
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
0  c2 sin pl (c3 e p y  c4 e  p y )
 sin pl  0
 pl  n
n
 p
l
n
Substituting p  in equation (2) we have
l
n y n y
n x  
l 

u ( x, y )  c2 sin c e l
 c e
l   --------------- (3)
3 4

nx
0  c2 sin (c 3  c 4 )
l
 c3  c 4  0
 c 4   c3
Substitute c4   c3 in equation (3) we have
n y n y
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
n x    ASSI
u ( x, y )  c 2 sin c 3 e
l
 c3 e l  ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
l   KANYAKUMARI-629401
36
n y n y
n x  l  
u ( x, y )  c 2 c3 sin e e l 
l  
n x n y
 cn sin . 2 sinh
l l
n x n y
(i.e.) u ( x, y)  cn sin sinh ---------------- (4)
l l
The most general solution of equation (4) is

n x n y
u ( x, y)   cn sin sinh ------------- (5)
n 1 l l

n x
x (l  x)   cn sin sinh n -------------- (6)
n 1 l
To find cn expand x(l – x) in a half range Fourier sine series in the interval (0, l)

n x
f ( x)   bn sin ----------------- (7)
n 1 l
cn sinh n  bn
n x
l
2
l 0 l
n x
l
2
l 0
 x (l  x ) sin dx
l
l
  nx   nx   nx 
   cos    sin   cos 
2  l   l   l 
 (l x  x )
2
 (l  2 x)  (2)
l  n   n 2 2   n 3 3 
      
 l   l2   l 3  0
2   (1) n l 3    l 3  
 0  0  (2) 3 3   0  0  (2) 3 3 
 n     n  
ENGI
NEERI NG I
S FUN
l 
  c n sinh n 
 4l 3
ln
3 3
(1) n  1
(i.e.) c n 
4l 2
n  sinh n
3 3
1  (1) n  
n x n y
 

4l 2
u ( x, y )   1  (1) n sin sinh
n 1 n  sinh n
3 3
l l

3200 n x n y
(i.e.) u ( x, y )  
n 1, 3, 5...... n  sinh n
3 3
sin
20
sinh
20
16. The boundary value problem governing the steady state temperature distribution in a
 2u  2u
flat, thin square plate is given by   0, 0  x  a, 0  y  a
 x2  y2
3  x 
u ( x, 0)  0, u ( x, a)  4 sin  , 0  x  a ; u (0, y )  0, u (a, y )  0 , 0  y  a
 a 
Find the steady state temperature distribution in the plate.
J.
MU
2 THUE
u  2 uRULAPPAN,M. SC.
,M.PHIL.
,M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
Sol. The two dimensional heat equation in steady state is  2  0 ------------ (A)
ASSIS TANTPROFESSORIN MAT HEMATICS,
A
xN2NAIVyAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI -
629401
37
u(x, a) = f(x)
The boundary conditions are y=a
(i ) u (0, y )  0, 0  y  a
(ii) u (a, y )  0, 0  y  a
(iii) u ( x, 0)  0 , 0  x  a
x y=0
(iv) u ( x, a)  4 sin 3 , 0xa u(x, 0) = 0
a
solutions as
(c) u ( x, y )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11 y  c12 )
0  (c1 .1  0) (c3 e p y  c4 e  p y )
 c1  0 [ c3 e p y  c4 e  p y  0]
0  c2 sin pa (c3 e p y  c4 e  p y )
 sin pa  0
 pa  n
n
 p
a
n
a
n y n y
n x  
a 

ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
u ( x, y )  c2 sin c e a
 c e
a   --------------- (3)
3 4

nx
0  c2 sin ( c3  c 4 )
a
 c3  c 4  0
 c 4   c3
Substitute c4   c3 in equation (3) we have
n y n y
n x   
u ( x, y )  c2 sin c 3 e
a
 c3 e a 
a  
n y n y
n x   
u ( x, y )  c 2 c3 sin e
a
e a

a  
n x n y
 c n sin . 2 sinh
a a
n x n y
(i.e.) u ( x, y)  cn sin sinh ---------------- (4)
a a

n x n y J.
,M.
PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,PGDCA.
u ( x, y)   cn sin sinh ------------- (5) ASSISTANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
n 1 a a ANNAIVAI
NG
KANYAKUMARI-629401
38

3  x n x

4 sin   cn sin sinh n
a n 1 a
x 3 x x 2 x 3 x
3 sin  sin  c1 sinh  sin  c1 sinh 2 sin  c1 sinh 3 sin  ..........
a a a a a
By equating the like coefficients, we have
c1 sinh   3, c2  0, c3 sinh 3  1, c4  c5  ............  0
c1  3 cosech , c2  0, c3   cosech3
Substitute these values of cn’s in equation (5) we get
x y 3 x 3 y
u ( x, y)  3 cosech sin sinh  cosech3 sin sinh
a a a a
17. Find the steady state temperature distribution in a rectangular plate of sides ‘a’and
‘b’ insulated at the lateral surface and satisfying the boundary conditions
u (0, y)  0  u (a, y) for 0  y  b, u( x, b)  0 and u( x, 0)  x(a  x), 0  x  a
 2u  2u
x y
(i) u (0, y )  0, 0  y  b
(ii) u (a, y )  0, 0  y  b
(iii) u ( x, b)  0 , 0  x  a
(iv) u ( x, 0)  x (a  x), 0  x  a
solutions as
(c) u ( x, y )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11 y  c12 )
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
0  (c1 .1  0) (c3 e p y  c4 e  p y )
 c1  0 [ c3 e p y  c4 e  p y  0]
0  c2 sin pa (c3 e p y  c4 e  p y )
 sin pa  0
 pa  n
n
 p
a
n
a
n y n y
n x  
a 

 c e
a   --------------- (3)
3 4

Applying condition (iii) in equation (3) we get J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.,
M. PHI
L.,
M. B.
A. ,
PGDCA.
n b n b A SSISTANTPROFESSOR I
N MA THE MAT I
C S,
n x  
a 

0  c2 sin  c3 e a
 c4 e 
ANN AI VAILANKANNICOL LEGE OF ENG I
N EERING
a  KANYAKUMA R I
-6294
01

39
n b n b

 c3 e a
 c4 e a
0
2 n b
 c 4   c3 e a
        (4)
n y 2 n b n y
n x  
a 

 c e a
e
a  
3 3

2 n y 2 n b
n x  a a 
  n a y
u ( x, y )  cn sin e e e       (5)
a  
2 n y 2 n b

n x  a   n a y
u ( x, y )   cn sin  e e a 
 e ------------- (6)
n 1 a  
2 n b

n x  
x (a  x)   cn sin  1  e a  -------------- (7)

n 1 a  
To find cn expand x(a – x) in a half range Fourier sine series in the interval (0, a)

n x
f ( x)   bn sin ----------------- (8)
n 1 a
2 n b
 
cn 1  e a   bn
 
n x
a
2
a0 a
n x
a
2
  x(a  x) sin dx
a0 a
a
 nx 
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
 nx   nx  
   cos    sin   cos 
2    
 (a x  x )
2 a   (a  2 x) a  (2) a
a  n   n2 2
  n  
3 3
      
 a   a2   a 3  0
2   (1) n a 3    a 3  
 0  0  (2) 3 3   0  0  (2) 3 3 
a   n     n  
2 n b
 

c n 1  e a 
 4 a3
  a n 3 3 (1)  1
n
 
 
(i.e.) c n 

4 a 2 1  (1) n 
2 n b
 
n  1  e a 
3 3
 
2 n y 2 n b

4 a 2 [1  (1) n ] n x  a   n a y
u ( x, y)   2 n b
sin e e a 
e
n 1 3 3   a  
n  1  e a 
 
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
40
18. A rectangular plate is bounded by the lines x = 0, x = a, y = 0 and y = b and the edge
4 x 3 x
temperatures are u (0, y)  u (a, y)  u ( x, b)  0 and u ( x, 0)  5 sin  3 sin
a a
Find the temperature distribution.
 2u  2u
x y
(i ) u (0, y )  0, 0  y  b
(ii) u (a, y )  0, 0  y  b
(iii) u ( x, b)  0 , 0  x  a
4 x 3 x
(iv) u ( x, 0)  5 sin  3 sin , 0xa
a a
solutions as
(c) u ( x, y )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11 y  c12 )
0  (c1 .1  0) (c3 e p y  c4 e  p y )
 c1  0 [ c3 e p y  c4 e  p y  0]
0  c2 sin pa (c3 e p y  c4 e  p y )
 sin pa  0
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
 pa  n
n
 p
a
n
a
n y n y
n x  
a 

 c e
a   --------------- (3)
3 4

n b n b
n x  
a 

0  c2 sin c e a
 c e
a  
3 4

n b n b

 c3 e a
 c4 e a
0
2 n b
 c 4   c3 e a
        (4)
n y 2 n b n y
n x  
a 

 c e a
e
a  
3 3
 J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.
,PGDCA.
2 n y 2 n b n y
n x    ASSI STANTPROFESSORI NMATHEMATI CS,
u ( x, y )  cn sin e a
e a e a
  A
NNAIV(A
5I)LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
a   KANYAKUMARI-629401
 
41

2 n y 2 n b

n x  a   n a y
u ( x, y )   cn sin e e a 
e
a 
------------- (6)
n 1 
2 n b
4 x 3 x  n x  
5 sin  3 sin   cn sin  1 e
a 
a a n 1 a  

2 b 4 b
3 x 4 x  x  
  c2 sin 2 x 
1  e a 

3 sin  5 sin  c1 sin 1 e a
a a a  
 a  

6 b
3 x  
 c3 sin 1  e a   ..................
a  

By equating the like coefficients, we have
6 b 8 b
   
c3 1  e a   3 , c 4 1  e a
 
  5 , c1  c2  c5  c6  ............  0

   
Substitute these values of cn’s in equation (6) we get
6 y 6 b
3 3 x  a a 
  3a y 5 4 x  8a y 8 b
  4a y
u ( x, y)  sin e  e e  sin e  e  e
a
 6 b
 a  
  8 b
 a 
 
1  e 
a 1  e a 
   
   
Temperature distribution in infinite plates
19. A rectangular plate with insulated surface is 10cm width and so long compared to its
width that it may be considered infinite in length without introducing an appreciable
error . If the temperature along are short edge y = 0 is u(x, y) = 4(10x – x2)
for 0 < x < 10 while the two long edges as well as the short edge are kept at 0  C , find
the steady state temperature function u(x, y).
 2u  2u
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
x y
(i ) u (0, y )  0, for all y
(ii) u (10, y )  0, for all y
(iii) u ( x, )  0
(iv) u ( x, 0)  4(10 x  x 2 ), 0  x  10
solutions as
(c) u ( x, y )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11 y  c12 )
0  (c1 .1  0) (c3 e p y  c4 e  p y )
 c1  0 [ c3 e p y  c4 e  p y  0]
Substituting c1  0 in equation (1) we have J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI
-629401
42

0  c2 sin 10 p (c3 e p y  c4 e  p y )
 sin 10 p  0
 10 p  n
n
 p
10
n
10
n y n y
n x  
10 

u ( x, y )  c2 sin c e 10
 c e
10   --------------- (3)
3 4

n x
0  c2 sin (c3e   c4 e   )
10
This is possible only when c3 = 0 [ since if c4 = 0, u   ]
n y
n x   
u ( x, y )  c2 sin  0  c4 e 10 
10  
 
n y
n x  10
u ( x, y )  cn sin e        (4)
10
n y

n x  10
u ( x, y)   cn sin e -------------------- (5)
n 1 10
Applying condition (iv) in equation(5) we get

n x
4 (10 x  x 2 )   cn sin ----------------- (6)
n 1 10
To find cn expand 4(10x – x2) in a half range Fourier sine series in the interval (0, 10)

n x
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
f ( x)   bn sin ----------------- (7)
n 1 10
c n  bn
n x
10
2
10 0 10
n x
10
1
  4 (10 x  x 2 ) sin dx
50 10
10
  nx   nx   nx 
   cos    sin   cos 
4  10   10   10 

 (10 x  x )
2
 (10  2 x)  (2)
5  n   n 2 2   n 3 3 
      
 10   100   1000  0
4   (1) n (1000)    1000 
 0  0  (2) 
   0  0  ( 2) 3 3  
5   n 3 3    n  

 8000
5n 
3 3

(1) n  1 
(i.e.) c n 
1600
n3 3

1  (1) n  J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
ASSI
SC.
,
M.
STANTPROFESSORI
PHIL.
,M.
B.
NMATHEMATI
A.,PGDCA.
CS,
KANYAKUMARI-629401
43

n y

1600 n x  10
u ( x, y )   3 3 [1  (1) ]sin
n
e
n 1 n  10
n y

3200 n x 
(i.e.) u ( x, y )   sin e 10
n 1, 3, 5..... n 
3 3
10
20. An infinitely long rectangular plate with insulated surface is 10cm wide. The two
long edges and one short edge are kept at zero temperature, while the other short edge
x = 0 is kept at temperature given by
 20 y for 0  y  5
u
20 (10  y) for 5  y  10
Find the steady state temperature distribution in the plate.
 2u  2u
x y
(i ) u ( x, 0)  0, for all x
(ii) u ( x,10)  0, for all x
(iii) u (, y )  0
 20 y, 0 y5
(iv) u (0, y )  
20(10  y ), 0  y  10
solutions as
(c) u ( x, y )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11 y  c12 )
u ( x, y )  (c1e p x  c2 e  p x ) (c3 cos py  c4 sin py) --------------- (1)
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
0  (c1 e p x  c2 e  p x )(c3 .1  0)
 c3  0 [c1 e p x  c2 e  p x  0]
u ( x, y )  (c1e p x  c 2 e  p x ) c4 sin py ------------ (2)
0  c4 sin 10 p (c3 e p x  c4 e  p x )
 sin 10 p  0
 10 p  n
n
 p
10
n
10
n x n x
n y  
10 

u ( x, y )  c4 sin c e 10
 c e
10   --------------- (3)
1 2

J.
,M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
n y  
0  c4 sin (c1e  c2 e ) ASSI
STANTPROFESSORIN MATHEMATICS,
This is possible only when c1 = 0 [ since if c2 = 0, u   ] KANYAKUMA RI-
6294
01
44

n x
n y  
10 

u ( x, y )  c4 sin 0  c e
10  
2

n x
n y  10
u ( x, y )  cn sin e        (4)
10
n x

n y  10
u ( x, y)   cn sin e -------------------- (5)
n 1 10
Applying condition (iv) in equation(5) we get

n y
f ( y)   cn sin ----------------- (6)
n 1 10
 20 y for 0  y  5
where f ( y)  
20 (10  y) for 5  y  10
To find cn expand f (y) in a half range Fourier sine series in the interval (0, 10)

n y
f ( y)   bn sin ----------------- (7)
n 1 10
c n  bn
n y
10
2
  f ( y ) sin dy
10 0 10
n y n y
5 10
1 1
  20 y sin dy   20 (10  y) sin dy
50 10 55 10
5 10
  n y   n y    n y   n y 
   cos    sin     cos    sin 
 4 ( y ) 10   (1)  10   4 (10  y ) 10   (1)  10 
  n    n
2 2
   n    n
2 2

          
10   100  0  10   100  5
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
 50
 4 
 n
800
cos
n
n
2
100
 2 2 sin
n 
n     50
  {0  0}  4 {0  0}  
2     n
cos
n 100
 2 2 sin
2 n 
n 

2 
c n  2 2 sin
n  2
n x

800 n n y  10
u ( x, y)   2 2 sin sin e
n 1 n  2 10
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
45
1. Solve the governing equation for one dimensional heat equation and necessary to solve
the problem.
2. Write the boundary conditions for the following problem. A rectangular plate is
bounded by the line x = 0, y = 0, x = a and y = b. Its surfaces are insulated. The
temperature along x = 0 and y = 0 are kept at 0o C and the others at 100o C.
3. Write down all possible solutions of the one dimensional wave equation
 2u 1 u
 2 .
x 2
c t
4. The ends A and B of a rod of length 10 cm have their temperature kept at 20o C and
80o C respectively. Find the steady state temperature distribution on the rod.
2 y 2  y
2
c ,
5. In the wave equation  t  x 2 what does c2 stand for ?
2
6. A plate is bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0, x = l and y = l. Its faces are insulated. The
edge coinciding with x-axis is kept at 100o C. The edge coinciding with y-axis is kept at
50o C. The other two edges are kept at 0o C. Write the boundary conditions that are needed
for solving two dimensional heat flow equation.
Sol. (i) u(0, y) = 50
(ii) u(l, 0) = 100
(iii) u(l, y) = 0
(iv) u(x, l) = 0
7. Classify the partial differential equation

( x  1) z x x  2 ( x  y  1) z x y  ( y  1) z y y  y z y  x z y  2 sin x  0
8. A taut string of length L cm fastened at both ends, is disturbed from its position of
equilibrium by imparting to each of its points an initial velocity of magnitude k x(L – x) for
0 < x < L. Formulate the problem mathematically.
9. State any two laws which are assumed to derive one dimensional heat equation.
10. State any two solutions of the Laplace equation by the variables separable method.
11. A rod of length 20 cm whose one end is kept at 30o C and the other end is kept at 70o C
is maintained so until steady state prevails. Find the steady state temperature.
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
12. What is the basic difference between the solutions of one dimensional wave
equation and one dimensional heat equation with respect to the time?
Sol. Solution of the one dimensional wave equation is of periodic in nature. But solution
of the one dimensional heat equation is not of periodic in nature.
13. Write down the partial differential equation that represents steady state heat flow
in two dimensions and name the variables involved.
 2u  2u
Sol.  0
 x2  y2
where u is dependent variable and x, y are independent variables.
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
1

UNIT II – FOURIER TRANSFORM
PART – A
1. State Fourier integral theorem.
Sol. If f(x) is piecewise continuous derivative and absolutely integrable in (– ∞, ∞) then
   
1 1
   
i s ( x t )
f ( x)  f (t ) e dt ds (or ) f ( x)  f (t ) cos[s ( x  t )] dt ds
2  
 0 
2. Define Fourier transform pair.

Sol. Fourier transform of f(x) is

1
F ( s)  F [ f ( x)] 
2


f ( x) e i s x dx
Its Inverse Fourier transform is


1
 F[ f ( x)] e
 isx
f ( x)  ds  F 1[ F ( s)]
2 
3. Define Fourier cosine transform pair.

Sol. Fourier cosine transform of f(x) is

2
 0
Fc ( s)  Fc [ f ( x)]  f ( x) cos sx dx
Its Inverse Fourier cosine transform is


2
 0 c
f ( x)  F [ f ( x)] cos sx ds
4. Define Fourier sine transform pair.

Sol. Fourier sine transform of f(x) is

2
 0
Fs ( s)  Fs [ f ( x)]  f ( x) sin sx dx
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
Its Inverse Fourier sine transform is

2
 0 s
f ( x)  F [ f ( x)] sin sx ds
5. State Parseval’s identity for Fourier transform.

Sol. If F(s) is the Fourier transform of f(x) then
 
 | F (s) | ds   | f ( x) |
2 2
dx
 
6. State Parseval’s identity for Fourier sine and cosine transform.

Sol. If Fs(s) and Fc(s) are the Fourier sine and Fourier cosine transform of f(x) respectively then
   
 [ F (s)] ds   [ f ( x)] dx  [ F (s)] ds   [ f ( x)] 2 dx

2 2 2
s and c
0 0 0 0
7. Define the convolution of two functions for Fourier transform.

Sol. The convolution of two functions f(x) and g(x) is defined by

1
( f  g )(x)  f ( x)  g ( x) 
2


f (t ) g ( x  t ) dt
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
8. State convolution theorem ASSISTANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
A NNA IVA I
LANK
Sol. If F[f(x)] = F(s) and F[g(x)] = G(s) then F[ f ( x)  g ( x)]  F (s).G(s) ANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
KANYAKUMARI
-629401
2
9. Solve the integral equation 

0
f ( x) cos x dx  e  
Sol. Given 
0
f ( x) cos x dx  e  

2 2
 
f ( x) cos x dx  e
0

2
Fc [ f ( x)]  e

1  2 
f ( x)  Fc  e 
  

2 2 
  e cos x d
 0


2


 e cos x d
0

2  e  
  (  cos  x   sin  x ) 
 1  x 2 0
2  1 
 
{0}   (1  0)
 1  x
2

2 1
(i.e.) f ( x) 
 1 x2
as
10. Find f(x) if its sine transform is e
Sol. The inverse Fourier sine transform is given by

2
 0
f ( x)  Fs [ f ( x)] sin sx ds
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN

2

a s
 e sin sx ds
0

2  e a s 
  
  a 2  x 2 
( a sin sx x cos sx )
0
2   1 
 {0}   ( 0  x ) 
  a  x
2 2

2 x

 x2  a2
11. State the Fourier transform of the derivatives of a function.
Sol. F[ f ( x)]  (is) F (s)
F [ f ( x)]  (is) 2 F ( s)
F [ f ( x)]  (is) 3 F ( s)

Ingeneral, F [ f ( n ) ( x)]  (is) n F ( s)
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
3
 1  s
  a  , s  2a
12. Find f(x) if its cosine transform is f c ( p)   2  2
 s  2a
 0,
Sol. The inverse Fourier cosine transform is given by

2
 0
f ( x)  Fc [ f ( x)] cos sx ds
2 1  

s
2a
  0 2   
   a   cos sxds  0 ds
2 2a
2a
1  s  sin sx   1   cos sx 
  a        
  2  x   2  x 2  0
1  cos2ax   1 
  0    0  2 
  2 x   2 x 
2
1 1  cos2ax

 x2 2
sin 2 ax

 x2
1
13. Find the sine transform of
x

2
Sol. Fs [ f ( x)] 
 
0
f ( x) sin sx dx

1 2 1
Fs   
x   x sin sx dx
0
 Put sx = t
2 s dt

 
0
t
sin t
s
s dx = dt

2 sin t
 
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
 dt 
sin t 
0
t 
0
t
dt 
2
2

 2


2
14. Prove that F[af(x) + bg(x)] = aF(s) + bG(s) [ Linearity property on Fourier transform]

1
Sol. We have F [ f ( x)] 
2 
 f ( x) e i s x dx  F ( s)

1
F [a f ( x)  b g ( x)]   [a f ( x)  b g ( x)] e
isx
dx
2 
 
1 1
a  dx  b  g ( x) e
isx isx
f ( x) e dx
2  2 
 a F ( s)  b G ( s)
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
4
15.Prove (i)Fc[af(x) + bg(x)] = aFc(s) + bGc(s)[Linear property on Fourier cosine transform]

(ii)Fs[af(x) + bg(x)] = aFs(s) + bGs(s)[Linear property on Fourier sine transform]

2
 0
Sol. (i) Fc [ f ( x)]  f ( x) cos sx dx  Fc ( s)

2
Fc [a f ( x)  b g ( x)] 
  [a f ( x)  b g ( x)] cos sx dx
0
 
2 2
a
 0
f ( x) cos sx dx  b
  g ( x) cos sx dx
0
 a Fc ( s )  b Gc ( s )

2
(ii) Fs [ f ( x)] 
  0
f ( x) sin sx dx  Fs ( s)

2
Fs [a f ( x)  b g ( x)] 
  [a f ( x)  b g ( x)] sin sx dx
0
 
2 2
a
 0
f ( x) sin sx dx  b
  g ( x) sin sx dx
0
 a Fs ( s )  b Gs ( s )
16. Prove that F [ f ( x  a)]  e i a s F ( s) [ Time shifting property]


1
2


f ( x) e i s x dx  F ( s)

1
F [ f ( x  a)] 
2 
 f ( x  a) e i s x dx
 Put x – a = t
1

2


f (t ) e i s (t  a ) dt dx = dt
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN

1
e 
ias
f (t ) e i s t dt
2 

1
e 
ias
f ( x) e i s x dx
2 
e ias
F (s)
17. Prove that F [ e i a x f ( x)]  F ( s  a) [ Frequency shifting property]


1
2 
 f ( x) e i s x dx  F ( s)

1
f ( x)]  e
iax iax
F[ e f ( x) e i s x dx
2 

1

2


f ( x) e i ( s  a ) x dx
 F ( s  a)
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
5
1 s
18. Prove that (i ) F [ f (a x)]  F   , a  0 [ Change of scale property]
a a
1 s
(ii) Fs [ f (a x)]  Fs  
a a
1 s
(iii) Fc [ f (a x)]  Fc  
a a

1
Sol. (i) We have F [ f ( x)] 
2 
 f ( x) e i s x dx  F ( s)

1
F [ f (a x)] 
2 
 f (a x) e i s x dx
 t Put a x = t
1 is dt

2


f (t ) e a
a
a dx = dt
 s
1 1 i t

a 2 
 f (t ) e a
dt
1 s
 F 
a a

2
F
(ii) We have s [ f ( x )]   f ( x) sin sx dx  Fs (s)
 0

2
Fs [ f (a x)] 
 
0
f (a x) sin sx dx

2  s t  dt Put a x = t
 
 f (t ) sin   a dx = dt
0 a a

1 2 s

a  
0
f (t ) sin   t dt
a
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
1 s
 Fs  
a a

2
(iii) We have Fc [ f ( x)] 
 
0
f ( x) cos sx dx  Fc ( s)

2
Fc [ f (a x)] 
  0
f (a x) cos sx dx

2  s t  dt Put a x = t
 
 f (t ) cos  a dx = dt
0 a a

1 2 s

a  
0
f (t ) cos  t dt
a
1 s
 Fc  
a a
19. If f ( ) is the Fourier transform of f (x), find the Fourier transform of f (x – a) and
f (ax).
Sol. F [ f ( x  a )]  e i a  f ( ) [ see the solution in problem 16 & 18(i) ]
J.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,PGDCA.
1  ASSI
and F [ f (a x)]  f   ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
a a KANYAKUMARI
-629401
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20. Prove that [ Modulation property]

1 1
(i) F[ f ( x) cosa x]  [ F ( s  a)  F ( s  a)] (ii) Fs [ f ( x) cosa x]  [ Fs ( s  a)  Fs ( s  a)]
2 2
1 1
(iii) Fs [ f ( x) sin a x]  [ Fc ( s  a)  Fc ( s  a)] (iv) Fc [ f ( x) cosa x]  [ Fc ( s  a)  Fc ( s  a)]
2 2
1
(v) Fc [ f ( x) sin a x]  [ Fs (a  s)  Fs (a  s)]
2

1
2  
 f ( x) e i s x dx  F ( s)

1
F [ f ( x) cos a x] 
2


f ( x) cos a x e i s x dx

1  ei a x  e  i a x  isx

2


f ( x) 
 2
 e dx

1  1 
1
 
  
i (s  a) x i (s  a) x
  f ( x) e dx  f ( x ) e dx 
2  2  2 
1
 [ F ( s  a)  F ( s  a)]
2

2
(ii) We have Fs [ f ( x)] 
 
0

2 2sinAcosB = sin(A + B) + sin(A – B)
Fs [ f ( x) cos a x] 
 
0
f ( x) cos a x sin sx dx

2 1

 
0
f ( x) [ sin( s  a) x  sin( s  a) x] dx
2
1 2 
 
2
2   0  
  f ( x) sin( s  a) x dx  f ( x) sin( s  a) x dx
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
0 
1
 [ Fs ( s  a )  Fs ( s  a)]
2

2
(iii) We have Fs [ f ( x)] 
 
0

2 2sinAsinB = cos(A – B) – cos(A + B)
Fs [ f ( x) sin a x] 
 
0
f ( x) sin a x sin sx dx

2 1

  0
f ( x)
2
[ cos(s  a ) x  cos(s  a ) x] dx
1  2 
 
2
2   0 
  f ( x) cos(s  a ) x dx  f ( x) cos(s  a ) x dx
 0 
1
 [ Fc ( s  a )  Fc ( s  a )]
2

2
(iv) We have Fc [ f ( x)] 
  f ( x) cos sx dx  Fc ( s)
0 J.
M. PHIL.
,M.B.
A. ,PGDCA.
 ASSISTANTPROFESSORI NMATHEMATI CS,
2
Fc [ f ( x) cosa x] 
 
0
f ( x) cosa x cossx dx ANNAI VAILANKAN
2cosAcosB =Ncos(A
ICOLL
KANYAKUMARI
+EG
-
EO
B) +FENGI
cos(A
629401
N–EB)
ERING
7

2 1

 
0
f ( x)
2
[ cos(s  a ) x  cos(s  a ) x] dx
1  2 
 
2
2   0 
  f ( x) cos(s  a ) x dx  f ( x) cos(s  a ) x dx
 0 
1
 [ Fc ( s  a )  Fc ( s  a )]
2

2
(v) We have Fc [ f ( x)] 
 
0
f ( x) cos sx dx  Fc ( s)

2
Fc [ f ( x) sin a x] 
 
0
f ( x) sin a x cos sx dx 2sinAcosB = sin(A + B) + sin(A – B)

2 1

 
0
f ( x) [ sin(a  s) x  sin(a  s ) x] dx
2
1 2 
 
2
2   0  
  f ( x) sin(a  s ) x dx  f ( x) sin(a  s ) x dx
0 
1
 [ Fs (a  s )  Fs (a  s )]
2
21. Prove that (i) F[ f ( x)]  F (s) (ii) F [ f ( x)]  F ( s ) (iii) F [ f ( x)]  F (  s )

1
2 
 f ( x) e i s x dx  F ( s)

1
F [ f ( x)] 
2 
 f ( x) e i s x dx

1 Put – x = t

2


f (t ) e  i s t (dt ) – dx = dt
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN

1

2 
 f (t ) e  i s t dt

1

2 
 f (t ) e i (  s ) t dt
 F ( s )

1
(ii) We have F ( s) 
2 
 f ( x) e i s x dx

1
F (s) 
2 
 f ( x) e  i s x dx

1 Put – x = t

2


f (t ) e i s t (dt ) – dx = dt

1

2 
 f (t ) e i s t dt

1

2 
 f ( x) e i s x dx J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
ASSI
SC.
,
M.
STANTPROFESSORI
PHIL.
,M.
B.
NMATHEMATI
A.,PGDCA.
CS,
 F [ f (  x )] KANYAKUMARI-629401
8

1
(iii) We have F ( s) 
2


f ( x) e i s x dx

1
F ( s) 
2


f ( x) e  i s x dx

1
F ( s) 
2


f ( x) e i s x dx
 F [ f ( x )]
 
22. Prove that (i)  F (s) G (s) ds   f ( x) g ( x) dx

0
c c
0
 
(ii)  Fs (s) Gs (s) ds   f ( x) g ( x) dx
0 0
 
 2


Sol. (i )  Fc ( s) Gc ( s) ds   Fc ( s)   g ( x) cossx dx ds
0 0   0

 2


  g ( x)   F (s) cos sx ds dx

c
0  0

  g ( x) f ( x) dx
0

  f ( x) g ( x) dx
0
 
 2


(ii)  Fs ( s) Gs ( s) ds   Fs ( s) 
 0
g ( x ) sin sx dx  ds
0 0  

 2


  g ( x) 
 0
Fs ( s ) sin sx ds  dx
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
0  

  g ( x) f ( x) dx
0

  f ( x) g ( x) dx
0
23. Give an example for self-reciprocal under Fourier transform.

x2

2
Sol. e is self-reciprocal under Fourier transform.
24. Give an example for self-reciprocal under Fourier cosine transform.

x2

2
Sol. e is self-reciprocal under Fourier cosine transform.
25. Give an example for self-reciprocal under both Fourier sine and cosine transform.
1
Sol. is self-reciprocal under both Fourier sine and cosine transform.
x
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
9
PART – B
a 2  x 2 , | x |  a
1. Find the Fourier transform of f ( x)  
 0 , | x|  a
 
sin s  s cos s  sin s  s cos s s 3
Hence deduce that (i)  3
ds  (ii)  3
cos ds 
0
s 4 0
s 2 16

 sin s  s cos s  
2
(iii)    ds 
0 
3
s 15

1
Sol. F [ f ( x)] 
2


f ( x) e i s x dx
1  a a  
   0. e dx   (a  x ) e dx   0. e i s x dx
isx 2 2 isx
2   a a 
a
1
  (a  x 2 ) (cos sx  i sin sx ) dx
2
2 a
a a
1 1
  (a  x ) cos sx dx  i  (a  x 2 ) sin sx dx
2 2 2
2 a 2 a
a
2
  (a  x 2 ) cos sx dx  0
2
2 0
a
2  2  sin sx    cos sx    sin sx 
  (a  x 2 )    (2 x)    (2)  
   s   s
2
  s
3
 0
2  2a cos as 2 sin as  
  0     {0  0  0}
  s 2
s 3
 
2  sin as  as cosas 
(i.e.) F[ f ( x)]  2
  s3 
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
2  sin s  s cos s 
When a = 1, we have F[ f ( x)]  2
  s3 
Using inverse Fourier transform, we have

1
 F[ f ( x)] e
i s x
f ( x)  ds
2 

1 2  sin s  s cos s 

2 2


  s3
 (cossx  i sin sx ) ds

 
2  sin s  s cos s  2  sin s  s cos s 

 


 s 3  cos sx ds  i  
    s3
 sin sx ds


4  sin s  s cos s 

   cos sx ds  0
0
s3 

0 

s3


cos sx ds 
4
f ( x)        (1)
Put x  0 in equation (1) we get


  s 3  ds  f (0)
 4 J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. S
f (x) = a2 – x2
0 fC(x)
.
,M.=PH
1IL
–.
,xM.
2 B.
A.,
PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSOfR(0)
INMA
= 1 – 0 = 1 S,
T H EMATIC
  ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERI
NG
 (1)  This proves (i )
4 4 KANYAKUMARI -629401
10
1
Put x  in equation (1) we get
2

 sin s  s cos s  s  1
0  s 3  cos ds 
 2 4
f 
2
 1    3  3
 1       This proves (ii)
4  4  4  4  16
Using Parseval’s identity, we have
 
 | F (s) | ds   | f ( x) | 2 dx
2
 
1 2

 2  sin s  s cos s   1 
   2   s 3   ds   0. dx   (1  x ) dx   0. dx
 2 2
  1 1

 sin s  s cos s 
2 1
8
   ds   (1  x ) dx
2 2
   s 3
 1

2 1
   ds  2 (1  x ) dx
2 2
 0 s 3
 0
1
 2 (1  x 4  2 x 2 ) dx
0
1
 x5 2x3 
 2 x   
 5 3 0
 1 2  
 2 1     {0  0  0}
 5 3  
8
 2 
15 

2
16
 0 
  ds 
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
s3  15

2
0 

s3


ds 
15
This proves (iii)
 ax
2. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of e

2
 0
Sol. Fs [ f ( x)]  f ( x) sin sx dx

2
e
 ax  ax
Fs [e ] sin sx dx
 0

2  e a x 
  
  a 2  s 2 
( a sin sx s cos sx )
0
2   1 
 {0}   ( 0  s ) 
  a  s
2 2

2 s

 s2  a2 J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
11

2
Fc [ f ( x)] 
  f ( x) cossx dx
0

2
e
 ax  ax
Fc [e ] cos sx dx
 0

2  e a x 
  
  a 2  s 2 
( a cos sx s sin sx )
0
2   1 
 {0}   (  a  0) 
  a  s
2 2

2 a

 s  a2 2
 1 | x | , | x|  1
 0 , | x | 1


4
 sin t 
Hence deduce that    dt 
0  t  3

1
Sol. F [ f ( x)] 
2


f ( x) e i s x dx
1  1 1  
   0. e dx   (1 | x | ) e dx   0. e i s x dx
isx isx
2    1 1 
1
1

2  (1 | x | ) (cossx  i sin sx ) dx
1
1 1
1 1

2  (1 | x | ) cos sx dx  i
1 2  (1 | x | ) sin sx dx
1
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
1
2

2  (1 | x | ) cos sx dx  0
0
1
2
 
 0
(1  x ) cos sx dx
1
2   sin sx    cos sx 
  (1  x)    (1)  
   s   s
2
 0
2  cos s   1 
  0  2   0  2 
  s   s 
2 1  cos s 
(i.e.) F[ f ( x)] 
  s 2 
 
 | F (s) | ds   | f ( x) | 2 dx
2
 
1 2

 2 1  cos s   1 
     s 2   ds  0. dx  1(1 | x | ) dx  1 0. dx

2
 J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
 1  cos s 
2 1
2 ASSI
   ds   (1 | x | ) dx
2
   s ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING

2
1 KANYAKUMARI-629401
12

4  1  cos s 
2 1
   ds  2  (1  x) dx
2
 0 s 2
 0
 1
4  1  cos 2t   (1  x) 3 
2
 0  4t 2 
  2dt  2   Put s = 2t
 3  0 ds = 2dt

8  1  cos 2t    1 
2
 
16 0  t 2  dt  2 {0}   
   3 
 2
1  2 sin 2 t  2
2 0  t 2  dt  3
 2
4  sin 2 t  2
2 0  t 2 
  dt 
3


4
 sin t 
(i.e.)    dt 
0
t  3
 1, | x |  1
 0 , | x | 1
 
 
2
sin t  sin t 
Hence deduce that (i )  dt  (ii)    dt 
0
0
t 2 t  2

1
Sol. F [ f ( x)] 
2 
1  
1 1 
   0. e dx   (1) e i s x dx   0. e i s x dx
isx
2    1 1 
1
1

2  (cossx  i sin sx) dx
1
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
1 1
1 1

2  cos sx dx  i
1 2  sin sx dx
1
1
2

2  cos sx dx  0
0
1
2  sin sx 

  s  0
2  sin s 
   0
  s 
2 sin s
(i.e.) F [ f ( x)] 
 s

1
f ( x)  
2  
F [ f ( x)] e  i s x ds

1 2  sin s 

2 


  s 
 (cos sx  i sin sx ) ds
  J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
1  sin s  1  sin s  ASSISTANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,

 


 s 
 cos sx ds  i 
 
  sin sx ds NKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
 s ANNAIVAILAK ANYAKUMARI-629401
13

2  sin s 
f (x)     cos sx ds  0
0 s 

 sin s  
 
0
s 
 cos sx ds  f ( x)
2
Put x  0 we get

sin s 

0
s
ds  f (0)
2
f (x) = 1

 (1) f (0) = 1
2

sin t 
(i.e.)  0
t
dt 
2
 
 | F (s) | ds   | f ( x) | 2 dx
2
 
1 2

 2 sin s  1 
    s  ds  0. dx  1(1) dx  1 0. dx

2
 2 1
2  sin s 
 
  s 
 ds   dx
1
 2
4  sin s 
  ds  x  1
1

 0 s 
 1  (1)
 2
4  sin s 
 0  s 
  ds  2


2
 sin t 
(i.e.)    dt 
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN 0
t  2

4x cos 2 x 
5. Find the Fourier cosine transform of e . Hence deduce that 
0
x  16
2
dx  e  8 and
8

x sin 2 x 

0
x  16
2
dx  e  8
2

2
Sol. Fc [ f ( x)] 
0

2
e
 4x  4x
 0

2  e 4 x 
  
 16  s 2 
( 4 cos sx s sin sx )
0
2   1 
 {0}   ( 4  0)
  16  s
2

2 4
 J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
 s  16 2
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
14
Using inverse Fourier cosine transform, we have


2
 0 c

2 2  4 

 
0
  cos sx ds
  s 2  16 

8 cos sx
f ( x) 
 
0
s 2  16
ds

cos sx 

0
s  16
2
ds  f ( x)
8

cos sx 

0
s  16
2
ds  e  4 x         (1)
8
Put x  2, we get

cos 2s 

0
s  16
2
ds  e  8
8

cos 2 x 
0
x  16
2
dx  e  8
8
Differentiate (1) w.r.t. x, we get

d cos sx  d  4x
dx 0 s 2  16
ds  (e )
8 dx

  cos sx   d  4x
0  x  s 2  16 
  ds 
8 dx
(e )

  sin sx . s    4x
0  s 2  16 
  ds 
8
(e )(4)
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
s sin sx   4x
0 s 2  16 ds 
2
e
Put x  2, we get

s sin 2s  8

0
s 2  16
ds 
2
e

x sin 2 x 

0
x  16
2
dx  e  8
2
 x
6. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of e and hence find the Fourier sine
x 1
transform of 2 and Fourier cosine transform of
1 x 1  x2

2
Sol. Fc [ f ( x)] 
0

2
Fc [e  x ]  e
 x
cos sx dx
 0

2  e x 
  (  cos sx  s sin sx )  J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
 1  s 2 0 ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
15
2   1 
     
 
{0} ( 1 0 )
1  s 
2
2 1

 s 1 2

2
e
 x  x
 0

2  e x 
  
 1  s 2 
( sin sx s cos sx )
0
2   1 
 {0}   ( 0  s ) 
  1  s
2

2
s

 s 1 2

 1  2 1
Now, Fc  2
1  x 
 
 0 1  x2
cos sx dx      (1)
Using inverse Fourier cosine transform, we have


2
 0 c

2 2  1 

x
e    cos sx ds
 0
  s2  1

2 cos sx
e x 
 
0
s2  1
ds

cos sx 

0
s 1
2
ds  e  x
2

cos sx  Put x = s
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN

0
x 1
2
dx  e  s
2
and s = x

 1  2  s
Fc  2
 e
1  x   2

 e s
2
 x  d  1 
Fs  2
  Fc 
1  x  ds 1  x 2 
d   s
  e 
ds  2 

 e  s (1)
2

 e s
2
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
16
a  | x | , | x |  a
7. Find the Fourier transform of f ( x )  
 0 , | x|  a

sin t  
 sin t 
4

Hence deduce that (i ) 
0
t
dt 
2
(ii)  
0
 dt 
t  3

1
Sol. F [ f ( x)] 
2


f ( x) e i s x dx
1  a is x a  
   0. e dx   (a  | x | ) e dx  a 
isx isx
0. e dx
2   a 
a
1

2 a
 (a  | x | ) (cossx  i sin sx ) dx
a a
1 1

2 a
 (a  | x | ) cossx dx  i 2
 (a  | x | ) sin sx dx
a
a
2

2
 (a  | x | ) cos sx dx  0
0
a
2

  (a  x ) cossx dx
0
a
2   sin sx    cos sx 
  (a  x)    (1)  
   s   s
2
 0
2  cos sa   1 
  0    0  2 
  s 2
  s 
2 1  cos as
(i.e.) F [ f ( x)] 
 s2
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN

1
f ( x)  
2  
F [ f ( x)] e  i s x ds

1 2  1  cos as 

2 
 
  s2
 (cossx  i sin sx ) ds

 
 1  cos as 
1 1  1  cos as 
    cos sx ds  i    sin sx ds
   s 2
     s2 

2  1  cos as 
   cos sx ds  0
 0  s2 

 1  cos as  
 
0
s 2  cos sx ds  f ( x)
 2
Put x  0 we get

 1  cos a s  

0

 s2


ds 
2
f (0)
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
17
 
  
 1  cos 2t  2 dt   (a)
0  4t 2  a 2 Put as = 2t
ads = 2dt
 
 a2  f (x) = a – | x |

 2 sin 2
t a f (0) = a – 0 = a
2a    dt 
0 
4t 2  2


2
 sin t 
0  t 
  dt 
2
This proves (i)
 
 | F ( s) | ds   | f ( x) | 2 dx
2
 
a 2

 2 1  cosas   a 
     s 2   ds  0. dx  a(a  | x | ) dx  a 0. dx

2

 1  cosas 
2 a
2
   ds   (a  | x | )
2
dx
   s2  a

4  1  cosas 
2 a
   ds  2  (a  x) dx
2
 0 s 2
 0
 a
4  1  cos2t  2dt  (a  x) 3 
2
 0  4t 2 / a 2  a
   2   Put as = 2t
 3  0 ads = 2dt

8 a 3  1  cos2t    a 3 
2
16 0  t 2
  dt  2 {0}   
   3 
 2
a3  2 sin 2 t  2 a3
0  t 2  dt  3
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
2
 2
4  sin 2 t  2
 2
 2  dt 
0
t  3


4
 sin t 
(i.e.)    dt 
0
t  3
x2

2
8. Find the Fourier transform of e

1
Sol. F [ f ( x)]  
2  
f ( x) e i s x dx
 x  
2
x2
1 
F e 2


 2 
e 2
e i s x dx
1


1 2

x 2 i s x 

2 
 e 2
dx
1


1

( x  i s )2  i 2s 2  J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
e
ASSI
 2
dx ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
2  KANYAKUMARI-629401
18
1


1

( x  i s )2  
s2

2 e

2
e 2
dx
s2
  1
e 2  ( x  i s )2

2 e

2
dx
s2
   x i s 2
e 2  

2 e  2 
dx
 xis
Put t
s2 2
 
2
e dx

2
 e t 2 dt  dt
2 
2
2
s
 
2
e 

2
 e  t dt
 e dt  
t 2
  
2
s

2
e
 

x2 s2
 
(i.e.) F [e 2
]e 2
 a2 x2 a 2
x2
9. Find the Fourier cosine transform of e and hence find Fs [ x e ]

2
Sol. Fc [ f ( x)] 
 
0
f ( x) cos sx dx
 

ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
2

 a2 x2
e a
2
x2
Fc e cos sx dx
 0

2 1
  e  a x cos sx dx
2 2
 2 

1
 R.P.  e  a x e i s x dx
2 2
2 

R.P.  e  a x  i s x  dx
1

2 2
2 
 is 
2
i2s2 
    ax    
1  4 a2 
R.P.  e
2a 
  
dx
2 
2
  is  s2
  ax   
1 2 a 
 R.P.  e 
e 4 a2
dx
2 
s2
  is 
2
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
4a2    ax  
e a  ASSI
 R.P.  e  2
dx ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
2  KANYAKUMARI-629401
19
s2

4 a2 
e dt
R.P.  e  t
2
 Put ax 
is
t
2 
a 2a
a dx  dt
s2
 2
e 4a
 R.P. 
a 2
s2

1
(i.e.) Fc [e  a ]
2
x2 4 a2
e
a 2
d
Fs [ x e  a ] Fc [e  a x ]
2
x2 2 2
ds
d  1  4 a2 
s2
  e 
ds  a 2 
 
s2
1    2s 
 e 4 a2
 2 
a 2  4a 
s2

s
 e 4 a2
2 2 a3
 a| x |
10. Find the Fourier transform of f ( x)  e , a  0 . Hence deduce that
  
cos x t   a |x | dx  dx 
(i)  2 2 dt  e (ii)   (iii) 0 ( x  1) 4 and also prove

0
a  t 2 a 0
x 1 2
2 2 2
that (iv) F x e 
 a| x |
i  2 2as
 (s 2  a 2 ) 2
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN

1
Sol. F [ f ( x)] 
2 

1
e
 a| x |
 (cossx  i sin sx ) dx
2 
 
1 1
 
 a| x |
 e cos sx dx  i e  a | x | sin sx dx
2  2 

2

2

0
e  a x cos sx dx  0

2  e a x 
  2 ( a cos sx  s sin sx )
 a  s 2
0
2   1 
 {0}   2 ( a  0)
  a  s
2

2 a
(i.e.) F [ f ( x)] 
 s  a2 2
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
20


1
f ( x)  
2  
F [ f ( x)] e  i s x ds

1 2  a 
e a| x | 
2


  (cossx  i sin sx ) ds
  s2  a2 
 
a 1  a  1 
   2 2 
cos sx ds  i   2  sin sx ds
  s a      s  a2 

2a cos sx

 
0
s2  a2
ds  0

cos sx   a| x |
s
0
2
a 2
ds 
2a
e

cos xt   a| x |
(i.e.) t
0
2
a 2
dt 
2a
e This proves (i )
Put x  0 and a  1, we get


1 
t 0
2
a 2
dt 
2

dx 
(i.e.)
0
 x
1

2 2
This proves (ii)

 
 | F (s) | ds   | f ( x) | dx
2 2
 
 2

 2 a 
    s 2  a 2  ds   e
 a| x |
  2
dx
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
 
 e 
2a 2 1

 a| x | 2
ds  dx
   (s  a 2 ) 2
2

 
4a 2 ds

 0 (s  a )
2 2 2
 2  e  2 a x dx
0
 
2a 2 ds  e2a x 
 0 ( s 2  a 2 ) 2   2a  0

1
 [0  1]
 2a

2a 2 ds 1
 0 ( s 2  a 2 ) 2

2a

ds 
 (s
0
2
a )
2 2
 3
4a
put a  1, we get

ds 
 (s
0
2
 1) 2

4
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.
,PGDCA.

dx  ASSI
(i.e.)  2  This proves (iii) ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
0
( x  1) 2
4 KANYAKUMARI-629401
21
d
By the property, F [ x f ( x)]  (i) F [ f ( x)]
ds
d
F [ x e  a | x | ]  (i ) F [e  a | x | ]
ds
d  2 a 
 (i )  
ds   s 2  a 2 
2  a 
 (i )  (2 s )
  (s  a )
2 2 2

2 2a s
i This proves (iv)
 (s  a 2 ) 2 2
11. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of x n1 , 0  n  1, x  0 and hence prove
1
that is self reciprocal under both Fourier sine and cosine transforms.
x
 
2 2
Sol. Consider Fc [ f ( x)]  i Fs [ f ( x)] 
  f ( x) cos sx dx  i
0
  f ( x) sin sx dx
0

2
Fc [ f ( x)]  i Fs [ f ( x)] 
  f ( x) (cossx  i sin sx) dx
0

2
 f ( x) e
 isx
 dx
 0

2
x
n 1 n 1 n 1
Fc [ x ]  i Fs [ x ] e  i s x dx
 
0
 ( n)
 x e dx 
n 1  a x
2  ( n) an
 0
 (is) n
2  ( n)  
 i  cos  i sin
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
 (i ) n
2 2
 sn
 
n

 n n  2  ( n ) (i )   cos  i sin 
n
  cos  i sin   2 2
 2 2   sn
n n
Equating R.P and I.P, we get  cos  i sin
2 2
2 ( n) n
Fc [ x n1 ]  cos        (1)
 s n
2
2  ( n) n
Fs [ x n1 ]  sin        (2)
 s n
2
1
Put n 
in equation (1), we have
2
1
1 2 (1 / 2) 
Fc [ x 2 ]  cos
 s 1/ 2
4
 1  2  1
Fc   
 x  s 2
1 J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.

s ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
22
1
Put n  in equation (1), we have
2
1
1 2 (1 / 2) 
Fs [ x 2 ]  sin
 s 1/ 2
4
 1  2  1
Fs   
 x  s 2
1

s
1
Hence is self reciprocal under Fourier sine and cosine transforms.
x

1
Now, F [ f ( x)] 
2 
 1  1

1
F 
 | x |  2 
 | x|
(cossx  i sin sx ) dx
 
1 1 1 1

2 
 | x|
cos sx dx  i
2 
 | x|
sin sx dx

2 1

2  0 x
cos sx dx  0

2 1

 
0 x
cos sx dx
 1 
 Fc  
 x
1

s
e a x
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
12. Find the Fourier sine transform of
x

2
 0

 e a x  2 e a x
Fs 
 x

  
0
x
sin sx dx
Diff . w.r.t. ' s ' on both sides we get


d  e a x  d 2 e a x
Fs 
ds  x  ds 
 
0
x
sin sx dx

2   e a x 

 
0

s x
sin sx  dx


e a x
2
 0 x
 cos sx . x dx

2
e
 ax
 cos sx dx
 0 J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.
,PGDCA.
 ASSI
2  e a x ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
 (a cos sx  s sin
  a 2  s 2
sx ) KANYAKUMARI-629401
0
23
2   1 
 {0}   2 ( a  0)
  a  s
2

d  e a x  2 a
Fs  
ds  x   s  a2
2
Integrating w. r.t. ' s ' we get

 e a x  2 a
Fs 
 x 

 s 2
 a2
ds
2 1  s  dx 1  x
a 
 a
tan 1   x 2
a 2
 tan 1  
a
 a  a
2 s
 tan 1  
 a
e a x
13. Find the Fourier cosine transform of
x

2
Sol. Fc [ f ( x)]   f ( x) cos sx dx
 0

e 
 ax
2 e a x
Fc      x cos sx dx
 x  0
Diff . w.r.t. ' s ' on both sides we get


d  e a x  d 2 e a x
ds  x  ds 
Fc  
0
x
cos sx dx

2   e a x 

 
0

s x
cos sx  dx


e a x
2
 0 x
 ( sin sx . x) dx
ENGI
NEERI
 NG I
S FUN 
2


0
e  a x sin sx dx

2  e a x 
  (  a sin sx  s cos sx ) 
  a2  s2 0
2   1 
    
 
{0} ( 0 s )
a  s 
2 2
d  e a x  2 s
Fc   
ds  x   s  a2
2
Integrating w. r. t. ' s ' we get

 e a x  2 s
Fc 
 x 
 
  s 2  a 2 ds x dx 1
x 2
a 2
 log ( x 2  a 2 )
2
2 1
 log ( s 2  a 2 )
 2
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
1 ASSI
 log ( s 2  a 2 ) ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
2 KANYAKUMARI-629401
24
 ax
14. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of x e
d
Sol. Fs [ x e  a x ]   Fc [e  a x ]
ds

2
e
 ax  ax
 0

2  e a x 
  2 (  a cos sx  s sin sx ) 
 a  s2 0
2   1 
 {0}   2 (  a  0) 
  a  s
2

2 a

 s2  a2
d  2 a 
Fs [ x e  a x ]    
ds   s 2  a 2 
2  a 

  ( s 2  a 2 ) 2 
( 2 s )

2 2as

 (s  a 2 )22
d
Fc [ x e  a x ]  Fs [e  a x ]
ds

2
e
 ax  ax
 0

2  e a x 
 ( a sin sx  s cos sx )
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
 2
 a  s 2
0
2   1 
 {0}   2 ( 0  s ) 
  a  s
2

2 s

 s  a22
d  2 s 
Fc [ x e  a x ]   
ds   s 2  a 2 
2 ( s 2  a 2 )(1)  s (2s )

 (s 2  a 2 ) 2
a2  s2
2

 (s 2  a 2 )2
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
25
0 , x0
15. Verify Parseval’s theorem of Fourier transform for the function f ( x )   x
e , x  0

1
Sol. F ( s)  F [ f ( x)] 
2 
1  
0 
  0. e dx  0
x
 isx
e . e isx
dx 
2   

1
e
 (1i s ) x
 dx
2 0

1  e  (1i s ) x 
  
2   (1  is)  0
1  1 
 0   (1  is) 
2  
1 1
(i.e.) F ( s ) 
2 1  is
 
 | F ( s) | ds   F ( s ) F ( s ) ds
2
 

1 1 1 1
 
 2 1  is 2 1  is
ds

1 1

2 
 1 s 2
ds

2 ds
 
2 0 1  s 2

1 1  s 
  tan 1  
 1  1  0
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN 
1 

 2 
1

 0

2
 0 
 | f ( x) |  0. dx   (e
x 2
2
dx  ) dx
  0

  e  2 x dx
0

 e2x 
 
  2 0
 1 
 0 
  2 
1

2
 
  | F ( s) | ds  2
 | f ( x) |
2
dx J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
  ASSI
Hence Parseval’s theorem is verified. ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
26
 
dx x 2 dx
16. Use transform methods to evaluate i) 0 ( x 2  1)(x 2  4) ii) 0 ( x 2  9)(x 2  25)
Sol. (i) Let f ( x)  e  x and g ( x)  e  2 x
2 1 2 2
Then Fc ( s )  and Gc ( s ) 
 s 1 2
 s 4
2
 
We have  F (s) G (s) ds   f ( x) g ( x) dx

0
c c
0
 
2 1 2 2

0
 s 1
2
 s 4
2
ds   e  x e  2 x dx
0
 
4 ds
   e  3 x dx
 0 ( s  1)(s  4) 0
2 2

 e3x 
 
 3  0
 1 
 0 
  3 

4 ds 1
  (s

0
2
 1)(s  4) 3
2

dx 
(i.e.) 0 ( x 2  1)(x 2  4) 12

(ii) Let f ( x)  e  3 x and g ( x)  e  5 x

2 s 2 s
Then Fs ( s )  and Gs ( s ) 
 s 9 2
 s  25
2
 
We have  F (s) G (s) ds   f ( x) g ( x) dx

0
s s
0
ENGI
NEERING I
S FUN
 
2 s 2 s

0
 s 9
2
 s  25
2
ds   e  3 x e  5 x dx
0
 
2 s 2 ds
   e  8 x dx
 0 ( s  9)(s  25) 0
2 2

 e8 x 
 
 8  0
 1 
 0 
  8 

2 s 2 ds 1
 
 0 ( s  9)(s  25) 8
2 2

x 2 dx 
(i.e.) 0 ( x 2  9)(x 2  25)  16

dx
17. Evaluate 0 ( x 2  a 2 )(x 2  b 2 ) using transforms.
Sol. Let f ( x)  e  a x and g ( x)  e  b x
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
a 2 2 b ASSI
Then Fc ( s )  and G ( s ) 
 s a  s b 2 ANNAIVAILANKANNICO LLEGEOFENGINEERING
2 2 c 2
KANYAKUMARI
-629401
27
 
We have  Fc ( s) Gc ( s) ds   f ( x) g ( x) dx
0 0
 
2 a 2 b

0
 s  a2
2
 s b
2 2
ds   e  a x e  b x dx
0
 
2ab ds
 2 2 2 2
  e  ( a b ) x dx
 0 ( s  a )(s  b ) 0

 e  ( a b ) x 
 
  ( a  b)  0
 1 
 0  
  ( a  b) 

2ab ds 1
 0 ( s 2  a 2 )(s 2  b 2 ) a  b


dx 
(i.e.)  (x
0
2 22 2

 a )(x  b ) 2ab(a  b)
 
dx x 2 dx
18. Using Parseval’s identity, calculate i)  2 ii)  2
0
(x  a2 )2 0
( x  4) 2
a 2
Sol. (i) Let f ( x)  e  a x then Fc ( s ) 
 s  a2 2
Using Parseval’s identity for Fourier cosine transform, we have

 
 [ F (s)] ds   [ f ( x)] 2 dx
2
c
0 0
2

 2 a 

0   s 2  a 2 
  0 (e ) dx
a x 2
ds 
 
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
2a 2 ds

 0 (s  a ) 0
2 2 2
  e  2 a x dx

e2a x 
 
  2a  0
 1 
 0 
  2a 

2a 2 ds 1
  (s
0
2
a )
2 2

2a

dx 
(i.e.) 0 ( x 2  a 2 ) 2 4a 3

s 2
(ii) Let f ( x)  e  2 x then Fs ( s ) 
 s  a2 2
Using Parseval’s identity for Fourier sine transform, we have

 
 [ F (s)] ds   [ f ( x)] 2 dx
2
s
0 0
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
28
2

 2 s 

0   s 2  4  ds  0 (e ) dx
2x 2
 
2 s 2 ds

 0 ( s  4) 0
2 2
  e  4 x dx

e4 x 
 
 4 0
 1 
 0 
  4 

2 s 2 ds 1
 0 ( s 2  4) 2 4


x 2 dx 
(i.e.) 0 ( x 2  4) 2  8
19. State and prove convolution theorem for Fourier transform.
Statement: If F[f(x)] = F(s) and F[g(x)] = G(s) then F[ f ( x)  g ( x)]  F (s).G(s)

1
F [ f ( x)  g ( x)]   [ f ( x)  g ( x)] e
isx
Proof. dx
2 
1
  1   isx

2
   2   f (t ) g ( x  t ) dt  e dx


1
  1  
  f (t )      dt
isx
g ( x t ) e dx
2   2 
1
  1  
  
i s x i st  i st
 f (t )  g ( x  t ) e e e dx  dt
2   2 
1
  1   i st
  
i s ( x t )
 f (t )  g ( x  t ) e d ( x  t )  e dt
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
2   2 

1
 
2 
f (t ) G ( s ) e i s t dt

1
 G (s)  f (t ) e
i st
dt
2 
 G (s) F (s)
(i.e.) F[ f ( x)  g ( x)]  F (s).G(s)
20. State and prove Parseval’s identity for Fourier transform.
Statement: If F(s) is the Fourier transform of f(x) then
 
 | F (s) | ds   | f ( x) |
2 2
dx
 
Proof. By convolution theorem for Fourier transform, we have

F[ f ( x)  g ( x)]  F ( s).G( s)
 F 1[ F ( s) G(s)]  f ( x)  g ( x)
 
1 1
 F ( s) G( s) e 
 isx
 ds  f (t ) g ( x  t ) dt
2  2 
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
 
 F ( s) G( s) e 
 isx
 ds  f (t ) g ( x  t ) dt KANYAKUMARI-629401
 
29
Putting x = 0, we get
 
 F (s) G(s) ds  
 
f (t ) g (t ) dt        (1)
Let g (t )  f (t )        (2)

(i.e.) g (t )  f (t )
G ( s )  F [ g ( x)]  F [ g (t )]
 F [ f (t ) ]
 F [ f ( x) ]
 F (s) (by property)
(i.e.) G ( s )  F ( s )          (3)
Substituting (2) and (3) in equation (1) we have
 

 F (s) F (s) ds   
f (t ) f (t ) dt
 
 | F (s) | ds   | f ( x) |
2 2
(i.e.) dx
 
x , 0  x 1

21. Find the Fourier sine transform of f ( x)  2  x , 1  x  2
0 , x2


2
Sol. Fs [ f ( x)] 
 
0
f ( x) sin sx dx
2  
1 2 
  0  (2  x) sin sx dx  2
  x sin sx dx  0. sin sx dx 
1 
1 2
2    cos sx    sin sx  2    cos sx    sin sx 
             
   s   
x (1) ( 2 x ) ( 1)
 s  0    s  1
2 2
s
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN 
2   cos s sin s 

  s

s2 

2  2 sin s sin 2s 
 {0  0}



2  sin 2s    cos s sin s 
0  2   
  s   s
 2 
s 
  2 
  s 2 s 
2  2 sin s  2 sin s cos s 

  s2 
2  sin s (1  cos s ) 
2
  s2 
sin x , 0xa
22. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of f ( x)  
 0, xa

2
 0
2  
a 
  0 a
  sin x sin sx dx  0. sin sx dx 

1 2
a 2sinAsinB = cos(A – B) – cos(A + B)
 
 02
[cos(s  1) x  cos(s  1) x] dx J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
ASSI
SC.
,
M.
STANTPROFESSORI
PHIL.
,M.
B.
NMATHEMATI
A.,PGDCA.
CS,
KANYAKUMARI-629401
30
1  sin( s  1) x sin( s  1) x 
a
 
2  s  1 s  1  0
1  sin( s  1)a sin( s  1)a  
      {0  0}
2  s  1 s 1  
1  sin( s  1)a sin( s  1)a 
 
2  s  1 s  1 

2
Fc [ f ( x)] 
 
0
f ( x) cos sx dx
2  
a 
  0  0. cos sx dx
  sin x cos sx dx 
a 2cosAsinB = sin(A + B) – sin(A – B)
a
2 1
 0 2
 [sin(s  1) x  sin( s  1) x] dx
  cos(s  1) x cos(s  1) x 
a
1
 
2  s 1 s  1  0
1   cos(s  1)a cos(s  1)a    1 1 
     
2  s 1 s  1   s  1 s  1
1  ( s  1)[ cos sa cos a  sin sa sin a ]  ( s  1)[cossa cos a  sin sa sin a ] 
  
2  ( s  1)(s  1) 
  ( s  1)  ( s  1) 
 
 ( s  1)(s  1) 
1  2 s sin sa sin a  2 cos sa cos a 2 
 
2  s2 1 s 2  1
2  s sin sa sin a  cos sa cos a  1
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN

  s2 1 

J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
1

UNIT V – Z - TRANSFORM
PART – A
1. Define Z – transform of the sequence {f(n)}.

Sol. If f(n) is a causal sequence (i.e.) f(n) = 0 for n < 0, then the Z – transform is called
one sided (or) unilateral Z – transform of {f(n)} and is defined as

Z{ f (n)}  f ( z )   f (n) z  n
n0
2. Find the Z – transform of an.


Sol. Z{a }   a n z  n
n
n0
 n  n
z a
     
n0 a n0  z 
2 3
a a a
 1           .............
z z z
1 1
 a za (1  x) 1  1  x  x 2  x 3  .......... ..
 1     
 z  z 
z

za
3. Find the value of Z{f(n)} where f(n) = nan.
Sol. Z{n a n }   z
d
dz

Z (a n ) 
d  z 
 z 
dz  z  a 
 ( z  a)(1)  z (1) 
 z 
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
 ( z  a) 2 
 a 
 z 2
 ( z  a) 
az

( z  a) 2
4. Find Z{f(n)} where f(n) = n for n = 0, 1, 2, ………

Sol. Z{n}   n z  n
n0
 n
1
n 
n0 z
2 3
a a a
 0     2    3    .............
z z z
a 
2
a a
 1  2    3    .............
z  z z  (1  x) 2  1  2 x  3x 2  4 x 3  .......... ..
2 2
a a a za
 1     
z z z z  J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
a z2 az ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
 
z ( z  a) 2
( z  a) 2 KANYAKUMARI-629401
2
5. Find the Z – transform of (n + 2)

Sol. Z{n + 2} = Z(n) + Z(2)
z 2z z  2 z ( z  1) 2 z 2  z
=   
( z  1) 2 z  1 ( z  1) 2 ( z  1) 2
6. Find Z(1/n)
 1   1 n
Sol. Z n   n z
  n 1
1 1 1
  2  3  .............. x2 x3
z 2z 3z  log(1  x)  x    ..........
2 3
 1 
  log 1  
 z
 z 1
  log  
 z 
 z 
 log  
 z 1
7. Find the Z – transform of 3n.

Sol. Z{3n }   3n z  n
n0
 n  n
z 3
     
n0 3 n0  z 
2 3
3 3 3
 1           .............
z z z
1 1
 3  z 3
 1     
 z  z 
z

z 3
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
8. Find the Z – transform of (n + 1)(n + 2)
Sol. Z{(n + 1)(n + 2)} = Z{n2 + 3n + 2}
= Z(n2) + 3Z(n) + Z(2)
z ( z  1) 3z 2z
  
( z  1) 3 ( z  1) 2 z  1
z 2  z  3z ( z  1)  2 z ( z  1) 2

( z  1) 3
z 2  z  3z 2  3z  2 z 3  4 z 2  2 z

( z  1) 3
2z 3

( z  1) 3
n
9. Find the Z – transform of sin
2
z r sin 
Sol. We have Z{r sin n }  2
n
z  2 zr cos  r 2
 n  z
 Z sin   2
 2  z 1 J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
3
at
10. If Z { f (t )}  f ( z ), then Z {e f (t )}  f ( z e )
aT
Sol. Z{e at

f (t )}   e  a nT f (n T ) z  n
n0

  f (n T ) ( ze a T )  n
n0
 f ( ze a T )
11. Find Z[e –iat] using Z – transform.
z
Sol. We have Z {1} 
z 1
Z e 
i at
 i at
 Z e (1)  i a T
z e 1

z ei a T
z
12. If Z { f (n)}  f ( z ), then Z {a f (n)}  f  
n
a

Sol. Z{a f (n)}   a n f (n) z  n

n
n 0
 n
z
  f ( n)  
n0 a
z
 f 
a
an
 for n  0
13. Find the Z – transform of f (n)   n!
0 otherwise

 
an n
Sol. Z{ f (n)}   f (n) z  n   z
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
n0 n 0 n!
 n
1 z
 
n0
 
n!  a 
x x 2 x3

1 a
n
ex  1    ..........
   1! 2! 3!
n0 n!  z 
2 3
1a 1 a 1 a
 1           ...............
1!  z  2 !  z  3!  z 
e a/ z
14. Define the unit step sequence. Write its Z – transform.

Sol. U(n) is the unit step sequence defined by
1 for n  0
U ( n)  
0 for n  0
z
Z {U (n)}  Z (1) 
z 1
15. State convolution theorem of Z – transform.
Sol. If Z { f (n)}  f ( z ) and Z {g (n)}  g ( z ) then J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
Z { f (n)  g (n)}  f ( z ). g ( z ) ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
4
16. State and prove initial value theorem in Z – transform.

lim f (z )
Statement: If Z { f (n)}  f ( z ), then f (0) 
z 

Proof. f ( z )   f (n) z  n
n0
f (1) f (2) f (3)

 f (0)   2  3  ..............
z z z
lim f (z )
 f (0)
z 
17. State final value theorem in Z – transform.
lim lim
Sol. If Z{ f (n)}  f ( z ) then [ f (n)] = {( z  1) f ( z )}
n  z 1
z2
18. If F ( z )  , find f (0)
 1  1  3
 z   z   z  
 2  4  4
Sol. f (0)  lim f (z ) [ f (z ) = F(z)]
z 
lim z2
=
z    z  1  z  1  z  3 
   
 2  4  4
lim z2
=
z   z 3 1  1 1  1 1  3 
   
 2 z  4 z  4 z 
lim 1
=
z   z 1  1 1  1 1  3 
   
 2 z  4 z  4 z 
1
= 0
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN

19. Express Z{f(n + 1)} in terms of f (z )

We have Z{ f (n)}   f (n) z  f ( z )

n
Sol.
n 0

 Z { f (n  1)}   f (n  1) z  n
n0

  f ( m) z
m 1 0
 ( m 1) Put n + 1 = m
n=m–1

 z  f ( m) z  m
m 1
  
 z   f ( m ) z  m  f ( 0) 
m  0 
(i.e.) Z { f (n  1)}  z [ f ( z )  f (0)]
20. Form a difference equation by eliminating the arbitrary constant A from yn = A.3n
Sol. y n  A.3n
yn1  A.3n1 J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
 3 A.3n  3 yn ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
(i.e.) yn1  3 yn  0 KANYAKUMARI-629401
5
21. Form a difference equation by eliminating arbitrary constant from U n  a.2 n1
Sol. U n  a.2 n1
U n1  a.2 n2
 2a.2 n1  2U n
(i.e.) U n1  2U n  0
22. Form the difference equation from y n  a  b.3

n
Sol. Given y n  a  b.3 ------------- (1)

n
yn1  a  b.3n1
 a  3b.3n       (2)
yn2  a  b.3n2
 a  9b.3n       (3)
Eliminating a and b from equations (1), (2) and (3), we have
yn 1 1
yn1 1 3  0
yn 2 1 9
yn (6)  yn1 (8)  yn2 (2)  0
(i.e.) yn2  4 yn1  3 yn  0
23. Form the difference equation by eliminating the constants A and B from
y n  A(2) n  B.3n
Sol. Given y n  A(2) n  B.3n ------------- (1)
yn1  A(2) n1  B.3n1
 2 A(2) n  3B.3n       (2)
yn2  A(2) n2  B.3n2
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
 4 A(2) n  9B.3n       (3)
Eliminating A and B from equations (1), (2) and (3), we have
yn 1 1
y n1  2 3  0
y n2 4 9
yn (30)  yn1 (5)  yn2 (5)  0
(i.e.) yn2  yn1  6 yn  0
24. Find the difference equation generated by y n  a n  b.2

n
Sol. Given y n  a n  b.2 ------------- (1)

n
yn1  a(n  1)  b.2 n1

 a(n  1)  2b.2 n       (2)
yn2  a(n  2)  b.2 n2
 a(n  2)  4b.2 n       (3)
Eliminating a and b from equations (1), (2) and (3), we have
yn n 1 J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
ASSI
y n1 n 1 2 0 ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
y n 2 n2 4
6
yn [4(n  1)  2(n  2)]  yn1[4n  (n  2)]  yn2 [2n  (n  1)]  0

yn (2n)  yn1 (3n  2)  yn2 (n  1)  0
(i.e.) (n  1) yn2  (3n  2) yn1  2nyn  0
1  z 
25. Evaluate Z  2
 z  7 z  10 
z
Let f ( z ) 
Sol. ( z  2)( z  5)
f ( z) 1 A B
  
z ( z  2)( z  5) z  2 z  5
1  A( z  5)  B( z  2)
Put z  2, we get 1  A(3)  0
1
 A
3
Put z  5, we get 1  0  B(3)
1
 B
3
f ( z) 1/ 3  1/ 3
 
z z 2 z 5
1 z 1 z
f ( z)  
3 z 2 3 z 5
  1
 Z 1 f ( z )  Z 1 
 z  1 1  z 
 Z 
3  z  2  3  z  5 
1 1
 (2) n  (5) n
3 3
26. Does the Z – transform of n! exist? Justify your answer.

Z{n!}   n! z  n
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
Sol.
n0
1! 2! 3!
 1   2  3  ..............
z z z
Thus the Z – transform of n! does not exist.
27. What advantage is gained when Z – transform is used to solve difference equation?
Sol. The role played by the Z – transform in the solution of difference equations corresponds to
that played by the Laplace transform in the solution of differential equations.
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
7
PART – B
1. Find the Z – transform of the sequences fn = (n + 1)(n + 2) and gn = n(n – 1)
Sol. Z{f(n)} = Z{(n + 1)(n + 2)}
= Z{n2 + 3n + 2}
= Z{n2} + 3Z{n} + Z(2)
z ( z  1) 3z 2z
  
( z  1) 3 ( z  1) 2 z  1
z 2  z  3 z ( z  1)  2 z ( z  1) 2

( z  1) 3
z 2  z  3z 2  3z  2 z 3  4 z 2  2 z

( z  1) 3
2z 3

( z  1) 3
Z{g(n)} = Z{n(n – 1)}
= Z{n2 – n}
= Z{n2} – Z{n}
z ( z  1) z
 
( z  1) 3 ( z  1) 2
z 2  z  z ( z  1)

( z  1) 3
2z

( z  1) 3
n n
2. Find the Z – transform (i ) {a } (ii) {n a }

Sol. (i) Z{a }   a z

n n n
n0
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
 n  n
z a
     
n0 a n0  z 
2 3
a a a
 1           .............
z z z
1 1
 a za
 1     
 z  z 
z

za
(ii) Z{n a }   z
n d
dz

Z (a n ) 
d  z 
 z 
dz  z  a 
 ( z  a)(1)  z (1) 
 z 
 ( z  a) 2 
 a 
 z 2
 ( z  a) 
az
 J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
( z  a) 2 ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
8
1   n   n   n n 
3. Find the Z – transform   , cos  , sin  , {a cos n } and
n
a cos 
n  2   2   2 

1 1 n
Sol. (i) Z     z
 n  n 1 n
1 1 1
  2  3  ..............
z 2z 3z
 1 
  log 1  
 z
 z 1
  log  
 z 
 z 
 log  
 z 1
(ii) We know that
z
Z {a n } 
za
put a  r e i  , we get
z
Z {(r e i  ) n } 
z  r ei
z
Z {r n e i n  } 
z  r ei
z
Z {r n (cosn  i sin n )} 
z  r (cos  i sin  )
z
Z {r n cos n  i r n sin n } 
( z  r cos )  i r sin 
z[( z  r cos )  i r sin  ]

[(z  r cos )  i r sin  ][(z  r cos )  i r sin  ]
z ( z  r cos )  i z r sin 

ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
( z  r cos ) 2  r 2 sin 2 
z ( z  r cos )  i z r sin 

z 2  2 zr cos  r 2
Equating R.P and I .P, we get
z ( z  r cos ) z r sin 
Z {r n cos n }  2 and Z {r n sin n }  2
z  2 zr cos  r 2
z  2 zr cos  r 2
 n n  z2
 Z a cos   2
 2  z  a2
 n  z2  n  z
Z cos   2 and Z sin  2
 2  z 1  2  z 1
z
Now, Z{a cos n }  Z{a (1) }  Z{(a) } 
n n n n
za
4. Find the Z – transform (i ) n cos n (ii) n a sin n

n
Sol. Z{n cos n }   z Z (cosn )

d
dz
d  z 2  z cos 
 z  2 
dz  z  2 z cos  1 J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
9
 ( z 2  2 z cos  1)(2 z  cos )  ( z 2  z cos )(2 z  2 cos ) 

 z 
 ( z 2  2 z cos  1) 2 
 (2 z  5 z cos  2 z cos   2 z  cos )  (2 z  4 z cos  2 z cos2  ) 
3 2 2 3 2
 z 
 ( z 2  2 z cos  1) 2 
  z cos  2 z  cos 
2
 z 2 
 ( z  2 z cos  1) 
2
 z 2 cos  2 z  cos 
 z 2 2 
 ( z  2 z cos  1) 
Z{n a n sin n }   z
d
dz
Z (a n sin n ) 
d  z a sin  
 z  2 2
dz  z  2 z a cos  a 
 ( z 2  2 z a cos  a 2 )( a sin  )  z a sin  (2 z  2 a cos ) 
 z 
 ( z 2  2 z a cos  a 2 ) 2 
 z 2 a sin   2 z a 2 sin  cos  a 3 sin   2 z 2 a sin   2 z a 2 sin  cos 
 z 
 ( z 2  2 z a cos  a 2 ) 2 
  z a sin   a sin  
2 3
 z 2 2 2
 ( z  2 z a cos  a ) 
( z 2  a 2 ) z a sin 
 2
( z  2 z a cos  a 2 ) 2
2  n   n  
5. Find the Z – transform (i ) sin   (ii) cos   
 4   2 4
 2  n  1  2n 
Sol. (i) Z sin    Z  1  cos 
  4  2  4 
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN 1

2 
1 z
 n  
Z (1)  Z  cos

z2 

2 
   2 
2  z  1 z  1
  n    n  n 
(ii) Z cos    Z cos cos  sin sin 
  2 4   2 4 2 4
 n 1 n 1 
 Z cos .  sin . 
 2 2 2 2
1   n   n 
  Z  cos 2   Z  sin 2 
2    
1  z 2
z 
  2  2 
2  z  1 z  1
1 z ( z  1)

2 z 1
2
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
10
1  5  1   1  5  
n n

6. Find Z{f(n)} if f (n)    
5  2   2  
 
   5 1 1 5  
n n

1  
Z { f (n)}  Z      
 5  2   2  
Sol.
  
  1  5  n 
1   5  1  
n
 Z     Z   
5   2    2  
     
1  z z 
   
5  z  {( 5  1) / 2} z  {(1  5 ) / 2} 
1  2z 2z 
   
5  2 z  ( 5  1) 2 z  (1  5 ) 
2  z[2 z  (1  5 )]  z[2 z  ( 5  1)]
  
5  [2 z  ( 5  1)][2 z  (1  5 )] 
2  2z 2  z  z 5  2z 2  z 5  z 
  2 
5  4 z  2 z (1  5 )  2 z ( 5  1)  (1  5 )(1  5 ) 
2  2z 5 
  
5  4 z 2  2 z  2 z 5  2 z 5  2 z  (1  5) 
2  2z 5 
  2 
5  4z  4z  4 
z
 2
z  z 1
2n  3 1
7. Find the Z – transform of (i) (ii)
(n  1)( n  2) n (n  1)
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
2n  3 A B
Sol. (i)  
(n  1)( n  2) n  1 n  2
2n  3  A(n  2)  B(n  1)
Put n  1, we get 1  A(1)  0
 A 1
Put n  2, we get  1  0  B(1)
 B 1
2n  3 1 1
 
(n  1)(n  2) n  1 n  2
 2n  3   1   1 
Z   Z   Z  n  2        (1)
 ( n  1)(n  2)   n  1
 1   1 n
Z   z
 n  1  n0 n  1
1 1 1
 1  2  3  ..............
2 z 3z 4z
1 1 1 1 
 z   2  3  4  ..............J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.SC., 2
xM. PHIL
3
x.
,M.B.A. ,PGDCA.
 z 2z 3z 4z  ASSI ST
log(1  x ) 
ANTPROFESSORIx  
NMATHEMA  ..........
TI CS,
2 3
ANNAIVAI
NG
  1 
 z  log1   KANYAKUMARI-629401
  z 
11
 z 1
  z log  
 z 
 z 
 z log  
 z 1
 1   1
Z   z n
 n  2  n0 n  2
1 1 1
   2  ..............
2 3z 4 z
 1 1 1 
 z 2  2  3  4  ..............
 2z 3z 4z 
  1  1
 z 2  log 1    
  z  z
 z 1
  z 2 log   z
 z 
 z 
 z 2 log  z
 z 1
 2n  3   z  2  z 
Z   z log    z log   z
 ( n  1)(n  2)   z  1   z  1 
 z 
 z (1  z ) log   z
 z 1 
1 A B
(ii)  
n(n  1) n n  1
1  A(n  1)  B(n)
Put n  0, we get 1  A(1)  0
 A  1
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
Put n  1, we get
1 1
 B 1
1
1  0  B(1)
 
n(n  1) n n  1
 1  1  1 
Z   Z    Z         (1)
 n ( n  1)   n   n  1
1  1
Z     z n
 n  n 1 n
1 1 1
  2  3  ..............
z 2z 3z
 1
  log 1  
 z
 z 1
  log  
 z 
 z 
 log  
 z 1
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
12
 1   1 n
Z  z
 n  1 n  2 n  1
1 1 1
 2  3  4  ..............
z 2z 3z
1 1 1 1 
   2  3  ..............
z  z 2z 3z 
1  1 
  log 1  
z  z 
1  z 1
  log  
z  z 
1  z 
 log  
z  z 1
 1   z  1  z 
Z    log    log  
 n(n  1)   z 1  z  z 1 
 1  z 
   1   log  
 z   z 1 
1 z   z   z 1   z 1 
  log   (or )   log  
 z   z 1   z   z 
8. State and prove the second shifting theorem in Z – transform.

Statement: If Z{ f (n)}  f ( z ) then Z{ f (n  1)}  z [ f ( z )  f (0)]
Proof. We have

Z { f (n)}   f (n) z  n  f ( z )
n0

 Z { f (n  1)}   f (n  1) z  n
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
n0

 f ( m) z  ( m 1) Put n + 1 = m
 n=m–1
m 1 0

 z  f ( m) z  m
m 1
  
 z   f ( m ) z  m  f ( 0) 
m  0 
(i.e.) Z { f (n  1)}  z [ f ( z )  f (0)]
Note:
 
Similarly, Z { f (n  2)}   f ( m ) z  ( m  2 )  z 2  f ( m) z  m
m  2 0 m2
 
 z   f (m) z  m  f (0)  f (1) z 1 
2
m  0 
1
 z [ f ( z )  f (0)  f (1) z ]
2
 z 2 f ( z )  z 2 f (0)  zf (1)
Z { f (n  3)}  z 3 f ( z )  z 3 f (0)  z 2 f (1)  zf (2) and so on.
In general, J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC. ,M. PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
ASSIST A NT PR OFES S O R IN MA THEMATICS,
Z { f (n  k )}  z k [ f ( z )  f (0)  f (1) z 1  f (2) z 2 AN..........
NAIVAI NfKA
..LA I1C)OzLL(E
(kNN k 1)
GE]OFENGINEERING
KANYAKUMARI
-629401
13
9. State and prove final value theorem in Z – transform.

lim lim
Statement: If Z{ f (n)}  f ( z ) then [ f (n)] = {( z  1) f ( z )}
n  z 1
Proof. By definition,

Z { f (n  1)  f (n)}   [ f (n  1)  f (n)] z  n
n0

[ z f ( z )  z f (0)]  f ( z )   [ f (n  1)  f (n)] z  n
n0

(i.e.) ( z  1) f ( z )  z f (0)   [ f (n  1)  f (n)] z  n
n0
Taking limit as z  1 on both sides, we get


[( z  1) f ( z )]  f (0) [ f (n  1)  f (n)]
lim 
z 1 n0
lim lim
[( z  1) f ( z )]  f (0) = [ f (1)  f (0)
z 1 n 
 f (2)  f (1)
 f (3)  f (2)
 .................
 f (n  1)  f (n)]
lim
= [ f (n  1)  f (0)]
n 
lim
= [ f (n)]  f (0)
n 
lim lim
(i.e.) [( z  1) f ( z )] = [ f (n)]
z 1 n 
10. State and prove convolution theorem in Z – transform.

Statement: If Z { f (n)}  f ( z ) and Z {g (n)}  g ( z ) then Z { f (n)  g (n)}  f ( z ). g ( z )
ENGI
NEERI
 NG I
S FUN
Proof. We have
 
f ( z)  f (n) z  n , g ( z )  g (n) z  n
n0 n 0
f ( z ). g ( z )  [ f (0)  f (1) z  f (2) z 2  f (3) z 3  .......... .... ] ×

1
[ g (0)  g (1) z 1  g (2) z 2  g (3) z 3  .......... .... ]


  [ f (0) g (n)  f (1) g (n  1)  f (2) g (n  2)  ..........  f (n) g (0)] z  n
n0
 Z [ f (0) g (n)  f (1) g (n  1)  f (2) g (n  2)  ..........  f (n) g (0)]
 Z { f (n)  g (n)}
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
14
10 z
11. Find the inverse Z – transform of
z  3z  2
2
10 z
Sol. Let f ( z ) 
( z  1)( z  2)
f ( z) 10 A B
  
z ( z  1)( z  2) z  1 z  2
10  A( z  2)  B( z  1)
Put z  1, we get 10  A(1)  0
 A  10
Put z  2, we get 10  0  B(1)
 B  10
f ( z )  10 10
 
z z 1 z  2
 10 z 10 z
f ( z)  
z 1 z  2
 Z 1  
f ( z )  10Z 1 
 z 

 z 
 10Z 1 
 z  1  z  2 
 10 (1) n  10 (2) n
 10  10.2 n
1  z 
12. Find Z  
 ( z  1)(z  2) 
z A B
Sol.  
( z  1)( z  2) z  1 z  2
z  A( z  2)  B( z  1)
Put z  1, we get 1  A(1)  0
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
 A  1
Put z  2, we get 2  0  B(1)
 B2
z 1 2
 
( z  1)( z  2) z  1 z  2
 z   1   1 
 Z 1     Z 1    2 Z 1 
 ( z  1)( z  2)   z  1  z  2 
 (1) n 1  2(2) n 1
2n
 1  2
2
 1  2 n
1  z3 
13. Find Z   using partial fraction method.
 ( z  1) ( z  2) 
2
z3
( z  1) 2 ( z  2)
f ( z) z2 A B C J.
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,PGDCA.
    ASSI
z ( z  1) 2 ( z  2) z  1 ( z  1) 2 z  2 ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKU MARI-6
294
01
z 2  A( z  1)( z  2)  B( z  2)  C ( z  1)2
15
Put z  1, we get 1  0  B(1)  0

 B  1
Put z  2, we get 4  0  0  C (1)
 C4
Coeff . of z 2 , 1 AC
1 A 4
 A  3
f ( z)  3 1 4
  
z z  1 ( z  1) 2 z  2
3z z 4z
f ( z)    
z  1 ( z  1) 2
z2
 z  1  z  1  z 
 Z 1{ f ( z )}  3Z 1   Z    4 Z
 z  1  ( z  1) 
 z  2 
2
 3  n  4.2 n
1  z2 
14. Find Z   by the method of partial fractions.
 ( z  2)(z  4) 
2
z2
( z  2)( z 2  4)
f ( z) z A Bz C
   2
z ( z  2)( z  4) z  2 z  4
2
z  A( z 2  4)  ( B z  C )( z  2)
Put z  2, we get  2  A(4  4)  0
 2  8A
1
 A
4
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
Coeff . of z , 2
0  A B
1
0 B
4
1 (Bz + C)(z + 2)
B  Bz2 + 2Bz +Cz + 2C
4
Coeff . of z, 1  2 B  C
2
1 C
4
1 1
C  1 
2 2
f ( z)  1/ 4 1/ 4 z  1/ 2
 
z z2 z2  4
1 z 1 z2 1 z
f ( z)    
4 z  2 4 z  4 2 z2  4
2
1 1 1  z  1 1  z 2  1 1  2 z 
 Z { f ( z )}   Z   Z  2  Z  2
4  z  2  4  z  4 4  z  4 
1 1 n 1 n n
  (2) n  2 n cos  2 sinJ.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.SC.,M.PHIL.,M.B.A.,PGDCA.
4 4 2 4 2 ASSISTANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
ANNAIVAI
NG
KANYAKUMARI-629401
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z 3  3z
( z  1) 2 ( z 2  1)
z 3  3z
( z  1) 2 ( z 2  1)
f ( z) z2  3 A B CzD
    2
z ( z  1) ( z  1) z  1 ( z  1)
2 2 2
z 1
z 2  3  A( z  1)( z 2  1)  B( z 2  1)  (C z  D)( z  1) 2
Put z  1, we get 4  0  B(2)  0
 B2
A(z – 1)(z2 + 1)
Coeff . of z , 3
0  A  C      (1) A(z3 – z2 + z – 1)
Coeff . of z 2 ,1   A  B  2C  D
1   A  2  2C  D (Cz + D)(z – 1)2
(Cz + D)(z2 – 2z + 1)
A  2C  D  1      (2) Cz3 – 2Cz2 + Dz2 + Cz – 2Dz + D
Coeff . of z, 0  A  C  2D
0  0  2 D [ using (1)]
D0
(2)  A + 2C = 1 ---------- (3)
(3) – (1)  C = 1
(1)  A = –1
f ( z) 1 2 z0
   2
z z  1 ( z  1) 2
z 1
z 2z z2
f ( z)   
z  1 ( z  1) 2 z 2  1
1  z  1  z  1  z 
2
1
 Z { f ( z )}   Z   2 Z  ( z  1) 2   Z  2 
 z  1    z  1
n
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
 1  2n  cos
2
z 3  20 z
( z  2) 3 ( z  4)
1
 z 3  20 z n 1 
Sol. Let Z { f ( z )}  f (n) = sum of the residues of  . z  at its poles.
 ( z  2) ( z  4)
3

 z n  2  20 z n 
(i.e.) f (n) = sum of the residues of   at its poles.
 ( z  2) ( z  4) 
3
Poles of f ( z ). z n 1 are
( z  2) 3 ( z  4)  0
 z  2, 4
z = 2 is the pole of order 3
and z = 4 is the simple pole.
1 lim  d 2  3 z
n2
 20 z n 
Re s ( z  2)   ( z  2) 
2! z  2  d z 2  ( z  2) 3 ( z  4) 
1 lim  d 2  z n  2  20 z n  J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
    ASSI
2 z  2 d z2  z4  ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
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1 lim  d  ( z  4)[(n  2) z n 1  20 n z n 1 ]  ( z n  2  20 z n )(1) 

   
2 z 2 d z  ( z  4) 2 
1 lim  d  z n  2 (n  1)  z n (20n  20)  4(n  2) z n 1  80 n z n 1 
   
2 z  2 d z  ( z  4) 2 
 ( z  4) 2 {(n  1)(n  2) z n 1  (20n  20) n z n 1  4(n  2)(n  1) z n  80 n (n  1) z n  2 } 
  {z n  2 (n  1)  z n (20n  20)  4(n  2) z n 1  80 n z n 1}.2( z  4) 
1 lim 

2 z 2  ( z  4) 4 
 
 
 (2) {(n  1)(n  2)2 .2  (10n  10) n 2  4(n  2)(n  1)2  20 n (n  1) 2 } 
2 n n n n
  {2 n.4(n  1)  2 n (20n  20)  4(n  2) 2 n.2  40 n 2 n }.2(2) 

1 

2 (2) 4 
 
 
4.2 n   2(n 2  3n  2)  10n 2  10n  4n  4  20n  20  8n  16  40n 
  
2  16 
4.2 n  8n 2  4 
  
2  16 
2n
 (2n 2  1)
2
lim z n  2  20 z n
Re s( z  4)  ( z  4)
z 4 ( z  2) 3 ( z  4)
n2
lim z  20 z
n

z  4 ( z  2) 3
4 n  2  20 4 n

(2) 3
4n
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
 (16  20)
8
4n

2
 f (n)  Re s( z  2)  Re s( z  4)
2n 4n
 (2n  1) 
2
2 2
ALITER
z 3  20 z
( z  2) 3 ( z  4)
z 3  20 z
( z  2) 3 ( z  4)
f ( z) z 2  20 A B C D
    
z ( z  2) 3 ( z  4) z  2 ( z  2) 2 ( z  2) 3 z  4
z 2  20  A( z  2) 2 ( z  4)  B( z  2)( z  4)  C ( z  4)  D( z  2) 3
Put z  2, we get  16  0  0  C (2)  0
 C 8
Put z  4, we get  4  0  0  0  D(J ) 3 THUERULAPPAN,M.SC.,M.PHIL.,M.B.A.,PGDCA.
2.MU
4 1 ASSI
 D  ANNAIVAI LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
8 2 KANYAKUMARI -
629401
18
Coeff . of z 3 ,0  A D
1 A(z – 2)2(z – 4)
0  A A(z2 – 4z + 4)(z – 4)
2
1 A(z3 – 8z2 + 20z – 16)
 A
2 D(z – 2)3
Coeff . of z , 1  8 A  B  6 D
2
D(z3 – 6z2 + 12z – 8)
8 6
1   B 
2 2
1  1  B  B  2
f ( z ) 1/ 2 2 8  1/ 2
   
z z  2 ( z  2) 2
( z  2) 3
z4
1 z 2z 8z 1 z
f ( z)    
2 z  2 ( z  2) 2
( z  2) 2 z  4
3
1 z 2 z ( z  2)  8 z 1 z
  
2 z2 ( z  2) 3 2 z4
1 z 2z 2  4z 1 z
  
2 z  2 ( z  2) 3 2 z  4
1 1  z  1  2 z  4 z  1 1  z 
2
1
Z { f ( z )}  Z   Z  3 
 Z 
2  z  2   ( z  2)  2  z  4  a z2  a2 z 
Z 1  3 
 ann2
2n 4n  ( z  a ) 
 2 n 
n 2
2 2
 z ( z 2  z  2) 
1
17. Find Z  2  using residue method.
 ( z  1)(z  1) 
1
 z ( z 2  z  2) n 1 
Sol. Let Z { f ( z )}  f (n) = sum of the residues of  .z  at its poles.
 ( z  1 )( z  1) 2

ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
 z n ( z 2  z  2) 
(i.e.) f (n) = sum of the residues of  2  at its poles.
 ( z  1)(z  1) 
( z  1)( z  1) 2  0
 z  1, 1
z = –1 is the simple pole
and z = 1 is the pole of order 2.
lim z n ( z 2  z  2)
Re s( z  1)  ( z  1)
z  1 ( z  1)(z  1) 2
lim z n ( z 2  z  2)

z  1 ( z  1) 2
(1) n (1  1  2)

4
 (1) n
1 lim  d  2 z ( z  z  2) 
n 2

Re s ( z  1)   ( z  1) 
1! z  1  d z  ( z  1)(z  1) 2 
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
lim  d  z n ( z 2  z  2) 
 ASSI
  
z 1  d z  ( z  1)  ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
19
lim  ( z  1){z (2 z  1)  ( z  z  2).n z }  z ( z  z  2)(1) 

n 2 n 1 n 2

z  1  ( z  1) 2


 (2){1  (2).n}  (2)(1) 
 
 (2) 2 
2  4n  2

4
n
 f (n)  Re s( z  1)  Re s( z  1)
 (1) n  n
z ( z  1)
18. Find the inverse Z – transform of by residue method.
( z  1) 3
 z ( z  1) n 1 
Sol. Let Z 1{ f ( z )}  f (n) = sum of the residues of  .z  at its poles.
 ( z  1) 3

 z ( z  1) 
n
(i.e.) f (n) = sum of the residues of  3  at its poles.

 ( z  1) 
( z  1) 3  0
 z 1
z = 1 is the pole of order 3.
1 lim  d 2  3 z ( z  1) 
n

Re s ( z  1)   2( z  1) 
2! z  1  d z  ( z  1) 3 
1 lim  d2 
  2 {z ( z  1)}
n
2 z 1d z 
1 lim  d n 
  {z (1)  ( z  1) n z n 1}
2 z 1 d z 
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN 
1 lim
2 z 1
1
[n z n 1  n( z  1).( n  1) z n  2  n z n 1 (1)]
 [n  2n (n  1)  n ]
2
1
 [ n  2n 2  2n  n]
2
 n2
 f (n)  Re s( z  1)
 n2
19. Solve y(n  2)  4 y(n  1)  4 y(n)  n given that y(0) = 0, y(1) = 1 by using Z - transform.
Sol. Given y(n  2)  4 y(n  1)  4 y(n)  n
Taking Z – transform on both sides, we get
Z [ y (n  2)]  4 Z [ y (n  1)]  4 Z [ y (n)]  Z (n)
z
{z 2 y ( z )  z 2 y (0)  z y (1)}  4 {z y ( z )  z y (0)}  4 y ( z ) 
( z  1) 2
z
{z 2 y ( z )  0  z (1)}  4{z y ( z )  0}  4 y ( z ) 
( z  1) 2
zJ.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.SC.,M.PHIL.,M.B.A.,PGDCA.
( z  4 z  4) y ( z ) 
2

ASzSISTANTPROFESSORI NMATHEMATICS,
( z  1A)N2
NAIVAI LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
KANYAKUMARI
-629401
20
z  z ( z  1) 2
( z  2) y ( z ) 
2
( z  1) 2
z  z ( z  1) 2
y( z) 
( z  1) 2 ( z  2) 2
y( z) 1  ( z  1) 2 z 2  2z  2
 
z ( z  1) 2 ( z  2) 2 ( z  1) 2 ( z  2) 2
z2  2z  2 A B C D
   
( z  1) 2 ( z  2) 2 z  1 ( z  1) 2 z  2 ( z  2) 2
z 2  2 z  2  A( z  1)(z  2) 2  B ( z  2) 2  C ( z  2)(z  1) 2  D ( z  1) 2
Put z  1, we get 1  2  2  0  B(9)  0  0
1
 B
9
Put z  2, we get 4  4  2  0  0  0  D(9)
10
 D
9
Coeff . of z 3 , 0  A  C      (1) A(z – 1)(z+2)2
A(z – 1)(z2 + 4z + 4)
Coeff . of z 2 , 1  3A  B  0  D A(z3 + 4z2 – z2 + 4z – 4z – 4)
1 10 A(z3 + 3z2 – 4)
1  3A  
9 9
11 2 C(z + 2)(z – 1)2
1   3A  A   C(z + 2)(z2 – 2z + 1)
9 27
C(z3 – 2z2 + 2z2 + z – 4z + 2)
2
(1)  0   C C(z3 – 3z + 2)
27
2
 C
27
y ( z )  2 / 27 1/ 9 2 / 27 10 / 9
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
   
z z 1 ( z  1) 2
z  2 ( z  2) 2
2 z 1 z 2 z 10 z
y( z)     
27 z  1 9 ( z  1) 2 27 z  2 9 ( z  2) 2
2  z  1 1  z  2 1  z  5 1   2 z 
 Z 1{ y ( z )}   Z 1   Z  2
 Z   Z  2
27  z  1 9  ( z  1)  27  z  2  9  ( z  2) 
2 1 2 5
y(n)   (1)  (n)  (2) n  n.(2) n
27 9 27 9
2 n 2 5
(i.e.) y(n)     (2) n  n.(2) n
27 9 27 9
20. Solve un  2  6 un 1  9un  2 with u0  u1  0 using Z - transform.

n
Given un  2  6 un 1  9un  2
n
Sol.
Z [un  2 ]  6 Z [un 1 ]  9 Z [un ]  Z (2 n )
z
{z 2u ( z )  z 2u (0)  z u (1)}  6 {z u ( z )  z u (0)}  9 u ( z ) 
z2
J.MUz THUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.
,PGDCA.
{z 2u ( z )  0  0}  6 {z u ( z )  0}  9 u ( z )  ASSISTANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
zANN2AIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
21
z
( z 2  6 z  9)u ( z ) 
z2
z
( z  3) 2 u ( z ) 
z2
z
u ( z) 
( z  2)(z  3) 2
u ( z) 1

z ( z  2)(z  3) 2
1 A B C
  
( z  2)( z  3) 2
z  2 z  3 ( z  3) 2
1  A ( z  3) 2  B ( z  2)( z  3)  C ( z  2)
Put z  2, we get 1  A(5) 2  0  0
1
 A
25
Put z  3, we get 1  0  0  C (5)
1
 C
5
Coeff . of z 2 , 0  A B
1
0 B
25
1
 B
25
u ( z ) 1 / 25 1 / 25 1/ 5
  
z z  2 z  3 ( z  3) 2
1 z 1 z 1 z
u ( z)   
25 z  2 25 z  3 5 ( z  3) 2
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
1  z  1 1  z  1 1   3z 
 u n  Z 1{u ( z )}  Z 1   Z   Z  2
25  z  2  25  z  3  15  ( z  3) 
1 1 1
(i.e.) u n  .2 n  (3) n  .n (3) n
25 25 15
21. Solve un  2  2 un 1  un  2 with u0  2, u1  1 using Z - transform.
n
Given un  2  2 un 1  un  2
n
Sol.
Z [un  2 ]  2 Z [un 1 ]  Z [u n ]  Z (2 n )
z
{z 2u ( z )  z 2u (0)  z u (1)}  2 {z u ( z )  z u (0)}  u ( z ) 
z2
z
{z 2u ( z )  2 z 2  z}  2{z u ( z )  2 z}  u ( z ) 
z2
z
( z 2  2 z  1)u ( z )   2 z 2  3z
z2
z  z (2 z  3)(z  2)
( z  1) 2 u ( z ) 
z2
z [1  2 z 2 J.MU
7zTH6U]ERULAPPAN,M.SC.,M.PHIL.,M.B.A.,PGDCA.
u ( z)  A2SSISTANTPROFESSORI NMATHEMATI CS,
( z  2)(z A N1N
)A IVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI
-629401
22
u ( z) 2z 2  7z  7

z ( z  2)( z  1) 2
2z 2  7z  7 A B C
2   
( z  2)( z  1) z  2 z  1 ( z  1) 2
2 z 2  7 z  7  A ( z  1) 2  B ( z  2)( z  1)  C ( z  2)
Put z  2, we get 8  14  7  A(1) 2  0  0
 A 1
Put z  1, we get 2  7  7  0  0  C (1)
 C  2
2 1 B
 B 1
u ( z) 1 1 2
  
z z  2 z  1 ( z  1) 2
z z 2z
u ( z)   
z  2 z  1 ( z  1) 2
 z  1  z  1  z 
 u n  Z 1{u ( z )}  Z 1   Z  2 Z  ( z  1) 2 
 z  2   z  1
 
(i.e.) u n  2  1  2n
n
22. Solve yn  2  4 yn 1  3 yn  3 with y0  0, y1  1 using Z - transform.

n
Given yn  2  4 yn 1  3 yn  3
n
Sol.
Z [ y n  2 ]  4 Z [ y n 1 ]  3 Z [ y n ]  Z (3n )
z
{z 2 y ( z )  z 2 y (0)  z y (1)}  4{z y ( z )  z y (0)}  3 y ( z ) 
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN {z 2 y ( z )  0  z}  4{z y ( z )  0}  3 y ( z ) 
z
z 3
z 3
z
( z 2  4 z  3) y ( z )  z
z 3
z  z ( z  3)
( z  1)( z  3) y ( z ) 
z 3
z [1  z  3]
y( z) 
( z  1)( z  3)( z  3)
z 2  2z
y( z) 
( z  1)( z  3)( z  3)
z 2  2z A B C
  
( z  1)( z  3)( z  3) z  1 z  3 z  3
z 2  2 z  A ( z  3)( z  3)  B ( z  1)( z  3)  C ( z  1)( z  3)
Put z  3, we get 9  6  0  0  C (4)(6)
3 1
 C 
24 8 J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
Put z  1, we get 1  2  A(2)(4)  0  0 ASSISTANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
ANNAIVAI LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERI
NG
3
 A KA N YAK UMA RI-
6294
01
8
23
Coeff . of z 2 , 1 A B C
3 1
1   B 
8 8
3 1
 B  1 
8 8
8  3  1 10 5
 B  
8 8 4
 3 / 8 5 / 4 1/ 8
y( z)   
z 1 z  3 z  3
3  1  5 1  1  1 1  1 
 y n  Z 1{ y ( z )}   Z 1    Z    Z 
8  z  1  4  z  3  8  z  3 
3 5 1
y n   (1) n 1  (3) n 1  (3) n 1
8 4 8
3 (1) n
5 (3) n
1 (3) n
yn    
8 (1) 4 (3) 8 3
3 5 3n
(i.e.) y n  (1)  (3) 
n n
8 12 24
23.Using Z-transform solve y(n)  3 y(n  1)  4 y(n  2)  0 , n  2 given that y(0)  3, y(1)  2
Sol. Changing n into n + 2 in the given equation, it becomes
y(n  2)  3 y(n  1)  4 y(n)  0 , n  0
Z [ y (n  2)]  3 Z [ y (n  1)]  4 Z [ y (n)]  Z (0)
{z 2 y ( z )  z 2 y (0)  z y (1)}  3{z y ( z )  z y (0)}  4 y ( z )  0
{z 2 y ( z )  3 z 2  2 z}  3{z y ( z )  3 z}  4 y ( z )  0
( z 2  3 z  4) y ( z )  3 z 2  7 z
( z  4)( z  1) y ( z )  z (3 z  7)
3z  7
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
y( z)

z ( z  1)( z  4)
3z  7 A B
 
( z  1)( z  4) z  1 z  4
3z  7  A( z  4)  B( z  1)
Put z  1, we get 3  7  A(5)  0
10
 A 2
5
Put z  4, we get  12  7  0  B(5)
 5  5B
 B 1
y( z) 2 1
 
z z 1 z  4
2z z
y( z)  
z 1 z  4
 z   z 
 y n  Z 1{ y ( z )}  2 Z 1    Z 1 
 z  1  z  4 
(i.e.) y n  2  (4) n J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
24
24. Using Z-transform method solve y n  2  y n  2 given that y0  y1  0

Sol. Given y n  2  y n  2
Z [ y n  2 ]  Z [ y n ]  Z (2)
2z
{z 2 y ( z )  z 2 y (0)  z y (1)}  y ( z ) 
z 1
2z
{z 2 y ( z )  0  0}  y ( z ) 
z 1
2z
( z 2  1) y ( z ) 
z 1
2z
y( z) 
( z  1)(z 2  1)
y( z) 2

z ( z  1)(z 2  1)
2 A Bz  C
  2
( z  1)( z  1) z  1 z  1
2
2  A( z 2  1)  ( Bz  C )( z  1)
Put z  1, we get 2  A(2)  0
 A 1
0  1 B
B  1
Coeff . of z, 0  B  C
0  1 C (Bz + C)(z – 1)
Bz2 – Bz +Cz – C
 C  1
y ( z) 1  z 1
  2
z 1 z 1
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
z
z z2 z
y ( z)   2  2
z 1 z 1 z 1
1  z  1  z  1  z 
2
1
 yn  Z { y ( z )}  Z   Z    Z
 z  1  z  1
 z  1
2 2
 n   n 
(i.e.) y n  1  cos    sin  
 2   2 
Problems for practice
1. Solve y(n  2)  5 y(n  1)  6 y(n)  36 given that y(0) = y(1) = 0 by using Z - transform.
2. Using Z-transform method solve y k  2  2 y k 1  y k  k given that y0  y1  0
3. Solve y(k  2)  4 y(k  1)  4 y(k )  0 given that y(0) = 1, y(1) = 0 by using Z - transform.
4. Solve y(n  3)  3 y(n  1)  2 y(n)  0 given that y(0) = 4, y(1) = 0, y(2) = 8.
Answer
1. y (n)  18  36 (2)  18 (3)
n n
1 k 1 1
2. yk     (1)  k (1)
k k
4 4 4 4
J.
,M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,PGDCA.
3. y (k )  2  k .2
k k
ASSI
8 4 ANNAIVAI LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
4. y ( n )   (  2) n
K ANYAKUMA RI-
6294
01
3 3
25
1
25. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse Z – transform of
( z  1)( z  2)
 1   1  1  1 
Z 1    Z 1   Z
Sol.  ( z  1)(z  2)   z  1  z  2 
 1  2 n 1
2n 1 n
1  (2  1)
2 2
1 n r nr
  2 .(1)
2 r 0
1
 [1  2  2 2  2 3  .......... 2 n ]
2
1 2 n 1  1

2 2 1
2 n 1  1

2
z2
( z  a) 2
 z2 
1  z z 
Z  2
 Z 1  .
Sol.  ( z  a)   z  a z  a 
 z  1  z 
 Z 1   Z
 z  a   z  a 
 (a) n  (a) n
n
  (a) r (a) n  r
r 0
n
  (a) n
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
r 0
 (n  1)(a ) n
z2
( z  a )( z  b)
 z2   z z 
Sol. Z 
1
  Z 1  .
 ( z  a)(z  b)   z  a z  b 
 z  1  z 
 Z 1   Z
 z  a   z  b 
 (a) n  (b) n
n
  (a) r (b) n  r
r 0
n
 (b) n
 (a) (b)
r 0
r r
a
n r
 (b)  
n

r 0   b  J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
26
r
n
a
 ( b )   
n
r 0  b 
  a   a 2 a 
n
 (b) 1        .........   
n
  b   b   b  
  a  n 1 
1    
 ( b ) n b 
 a 
 1   
 b 
n n  (b  a n 1 ) / b n 1 
n 1
 (1) b  
 (b  a ) / b 
b  a 
n 1 n 1
 (1) n  
 ba 
12 z 2
(3 z  1)( 4 z  1)
   
 2   2 
1 12 z 2  Z 
1 12 z
Z  1 z

Sol. Z  
 (3z  1)(4 z  1)   3 z  1 4 z  1    z  1   z  1  
   
3 

4     
3

4  
 z  1  z 
 Z 1   Z
 z  1 / 3   z  1 / 4 
 (1 / 3) n  (1 / 4) n
 (1 / 4) n  (1 / 3) n
n
  (1 / 4) r (1 / 3) n  r
r 0
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN  1  n  1
n r
      (3) r
 3  r 0  4 
1 n   3
n r
    
 3  r 0  4 
1    3    3 2
n
  3 
n
  1      .........   
3   4   4   4  
   3  n 1 
n 1    
1   4  
 
 3  1   3 
   
  4  
 1  4    3    3 
n n
   1     
 3  7   4   4 
 1  4 3   3 
n n
      
 3   7 7  4  
J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
27
z2
( z  4)( z  3)
 z2  1  z z 
Sol. Z 1
 ( z  4)(z  3)   Z .
 z  4 z  3 
 
 z  1  z 
 Z 1   Z
 z  4   z  3 
 (4) n  (3) n
n
  (4) r (3) n  r
r 0
n
3 n
 (4) (3)
r 0
r r
r
4n
 3  n
r 0  3 
  4   4 2 4 
n
 3 1        .........   
n
  3   3   3  
n 4 / 3
 n 1
 1
3  
 4 / 3  1 
 (4 n 1  3n 1 ) / 3n 1 
3  n

 1/ 3 
n 1 n 1
 4 3
3
 z 
30. Using convonlution theorem, find the inverse Z – transform of  
 z 4
 z 3 
1 
 z 2 
1  1  z 
Sol. Z     Z     Z        (1)
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
 z  4    z  4    z  4 
 z 2 
1  1  z  1  z 
Z     Z    Z  
 z  4    z  4   z  4 
 4n  4n
n n
  (4) (4) r nr
  (4) n
r 0 r 0
 (n  1)(4) n
 z 3 
1 
Z     (n  1) 4  4
n n
 z  4  
n
  (r  1)(4) r (4) n  r
r 0
n
  (r  1)( 4) n
r 0
 4 [1  2  3  .........  (n  1)]
n
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
(n  1)( n  2)
 4n ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
28
31. Form the difference equation whose solution is y n  ( A  Bn )2

n
Sol. Given y n  ( A  Bn )2  A2  Bn 2 ------------- (1)

n n n
yn1  [ A  B(n  1)]2 n1  2[ A  B(n  1)]2 n

 2 A2 n  2B(n  1)2 n       (2)
yn2  [ A  B(n  2)]2 n2  4[ A  B(n  2)]2n
 4 A2 n  4B(n  2)2 n       (3)
yn 1 n
y n1 2 2(n  1)  0
y n 2 4 4( n  2)
y n [8(n  2)  8(n  1)]  y n1[4(n  2)  4n]  y n 2 [2(n  1)  2n]  0
y n (16  8)  y n1 (8)  y n 2 (2)  0
8 y n  8 y n1  2 y n 2  0
(i.e.) y n 2  4 y n1  4 y n  0
32. Derive the difference equation from y n  ( A  Bn )( 3)

n
Sol. Given y n  ( A  Bn )( 3)  A(3)  Bn (3) ------------- (1)

n n n
yn1  [ A  B(n  1)](3) n1  3[ A  B(n  1)](3) n

 3 A(3) n  3B(n  1)(3) n       (2)
yn2  [ A  B(n  2)](3) n2  9[ A  B(n  2)](3) n
 9 A(3) n  9B(n  2)(3) n       (3)
yn 1 n
y n1  3  3(n  1)  0
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
yn2 9 9(n  2)
yn [27(n  2)  27(n  1)]  yn1[9(n  2)  9n]  yn2 [3(n  1)  3n]  0
yn (54  27)  yn1 (18)  yn2 (3)  0
 27 yn  18 yn1  3 yn 2  0
(i.e.) yn2  6 yn1  9 yn  0
1  z 2  3z 
33. Find Z  3  using partial fraction method.
 z  3z  4 
2
z 2  3z z 2  3z
Sol. Let f ( z )  3 
z  3 z 2  4 ( z  1)( z  2) 2 –1 1 –3 0 4
0 –1 4 –4
f ( z) z 3 A B C –4
    1 4 0
z ( z  1)( z  2) 2
z  1 z  2 ( z  2) 2
(z + 1) is a factor.
z  3  A( z  2)  B( z  2)( z  1)  C ( z  1)
2
The other factors are
z2 – 4z + 4
Put z  1, we get  4  A(3) 2  0  0 (z – 2)2
4
 A
9 J.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
Put z  2, we get  1  0  0  C (3) ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
1 KANYAKUMARI
-629401
 C
3
29
4 4
0    B B 
9 9
f ( z)  4 / 9 4 / 9  1/ 3
  
z z  1 z  2 ( z  2) 2
4 z 4 z 1 z
f ( z)    
9 z  1 9 z  2 3 ( z  2) 2
4  z  4 1  z  1 1  2 z 
 Z 1{ f ( z )}   Z 1   Z   Z  2
9  z  1 9  z  2  6  ( z  2) 
4 4 1
  (1) n  (2) n  (n.2 n )
9 9 6
z3
( z  2) 2 ( z  3)
 z3  1  z2 z 
Sol. Z 
1
  Z  . 
 ( z  2) ( z  3)   ( z  2) z  3 
2 2
1  z2   z 
Z  2
 Z 1  
 ( z  2)   z  3
 (n  1)(2) n  (3) n Let S  1  2 x  3 x 2  4 x 3  ...........  (n  1) x n
n xS  x  2 x 2  3 x 3  ...........  n x n  (n  1) x n 1
  (r  1)(2) (3)r nr
r 0
S  xS  1  x  x 2  x 3  ...........  x n  (n  1) x n 1
n 1  x n 1
3 n
 (r  1)(2) (3)
r 0
r r (1  x) S 
1 x
 (n  1) x n 1
1  x n 1 (n  1) x n 1
S 
r
n
2
 3  (r  1) 
n
(1  x) 2 1 x
r 0 3
 2 2
2
2
3
2 
n
 3 1  2    3    4    ......... (n  1)   
n
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
 3 3 3  3  
  2  n 1 2 
n 1
1    (n  1)  
3 n   3
 3 
  2 2
2 
 1   1 
  3 3 
 2 2 n
 2   2 
n
1      (n  1)    
 3n        3   3 
3 3
 1 1 
 9 3 
 
   2  n  2    2   2 
n
 3 91       3(n  1)   

n
   3   3    3   3 
 2
n
2 
n
 3 9  6    2 (n  1)  
n
 3  3  
  2 n 
 3 9    (6  2n  2)
n
  3  
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
 2 n
 ASSI
 3n 9    (2n  8) ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
  3   KANYAKUMARI-629401
 9.3  2 (2n  8)
n n
30
z2
( z  1) 2 ( z  2)
 z2  1  z z 
Sol. Z 
1
  Z  ( z  1) 2 z  2 
.
 ( z  1) ( z  2) 
2
 
 z   z 
 Z 1  2
 Z 1 
 ( z  1)   z  2 
 n (1) n  (2) n  n  2 n
n
  r (2) n  r
r 0
n
2 n

r 0
r (2)  r
r
n
1
2 n

r 0
r 
2
 1 1
2
1
3
1 
n
 2 0  1   2    3    ......... n   
n
 2 2 2  2  
n 1 
 1 1
2
1 
n 1
 2   1  2    3    ......... n   
 2   2 2  2  
  1 n 1 
n
1    n   Let S  1  2 x  3 x 2  4 x 3  ...........  n x n 1
2n   2 
   
2
 xS  x  2 x 2  3 x 3  ...........  (n  1) x n 1  n x n
2  1  2
1 
 1   1  S  xS  1  x  x 2  x 3  ...........  x n 1  n x n
 2  2  1 xn
(1  x) S   n xn
 1 n
1 
n
1 x
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
 1    n    1 xn n xn
2n   2   2  S 
  (1  x) 2 1  x
2  1 1 
 4 2 

2n    1  n    1  n 
 41      2n   
2    2     2  
2n  1
n
1 
n
 4  4    2 n   
2  2  2  
 2.2 n  2  n
J.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
KANYAKUMARI-629401

Partial Differential Equations Solved Examples

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Partial Differential Equations Solved Examples

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1

TRANSFORMS AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

1. Find the solution of px  qy  z

Sol. A.E. is m3 – 2m2 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

3. Find the particular integral of ( D  2 DD   D  ) z  e

Sol. A.E. is (m – 1)3 = 0 [Put D = m and J.

5. Find the particular integral of ( D  3 DD   2 D  ) z  x  y

Sol. A.E. is m2 – 2m + 1 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

Sol. A.E. is m3 + m2 – m – 1 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

A.E. is m3 – 2m2 – 4m + 8 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

Sol. Given ( x  a )  ( y  b )  z cot  ------------ (1)

Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. x, we get

Given z  a x  ay  b ----------- (1)

Sol. Given z  ( x  a)  ( y  b) ---------- (1)

Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. x, we get

Sol. Given z  ax  by ------------ (1)

Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. x, we get

Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. x, we get

Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. y, we get

Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. x, we get

Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. x, we get

Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. x, we get

Hence the complete integral is

28. Find the complete integral of p – q = 0 J.

29. Find the complete solution of the partial differential equation p  q  4 pq  0

The solution of equation (1) is

30. Solve the partial differential equation pq  x

33. Find the singular solution of z  px  qy  p  pq  q

Sol. Given z  px  qy  p  pq  q ------------- (1)

The complete integral of equation (1) is

34. Find the singular integral of the partial differential equation z  px  qy  p  q

Sol. Given z  px  qy  p  q ------------- (1)

The complete integral of equation (1) is

4. Solve: (mz  ny) p  (nx  lz)q  ly  mx

log( x  y )  log( y  z )  log c1

12. Solve: ( D  2 DD  D ) z  x y  e

Sol. A.E. is m2 + 2m + 1 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

13. Solve: ( D  D D  DD  D ) z  e

14. Solve: ( D  2 DD  D  3D  3D  2) z  (e  2 e )

Sol. The given equation is non-homogeneous and it can be written as

15. Solve: ( D  7 DD  6 D ) z  e

A.E. is m2 + m – 2 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

A.E. is m2 – 5m + 6 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

  [ (c  2 x)(sin x)  (2)( cos x)]  3( cos x)

18. Solve: ( D  D  3D  3D) z  xy  7

Sol. The given equation is non-homogeneous and it can be written as

19. Solve: ( D  D  2 DD  2 D  2 D  1) z  e

Sol. The given equation is non-homogeneous and it can be written as

20. Solve: ( D  3DD  4 D ) z  x  sin y

Sol. A.E. is m2 + 3m – 4 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

21. Eliminate the arbitrary function ‘f ’ from the relation f ( x  y  z , x  y  z )  0

Sol. The given relation f ( x  y  z , x  y  z )  0 can also be written as

Diff. equation (1) p.w.r.to y, we get

25. Solve: ( D  D ) z  e sin(2 x  3 y )

Sol. A.E. is m2 – 1 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

26. Solve: (2 D  DD  D  6 D  3D) z  x e

Sol. Given (2 D  DD  D  6 D  3D) z  x e

27. Solve: ( D  3DD  2 D  2 D  2 D) z  x  y  sin(2 x  y )

Sol. Given ( D  3DD  2 D  2 D  2 D) z  x  y  sin(2 x  y )

( D  D)(D  2D  2) z  x  y  sin(2 x  y)

28. Solve: ( D  D D  4 DD  4 D ) z  cos(2 x  y )

Sol. A.E. is m3 + m2 – 4m – 4 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

Sol. Given z  px  qy  p q ------------- (1)