Crack

Serviceability Limit States
www.eurocode2.info
© MPA The Concrete Centre 1

Outline
• Crack control and limitations
• Crack width calculations
• Crack width calculation example
• Crack width calculation problem
• Restraint cracking
• Deflection calculations
• Deflection calculation example

Crack control and limitations

(Flexural) Crack Width Limits (Table 7.1N)
EC 2: Table 7.1(N) Concise: 10.2
Exposure class RC or unbonded PSC Prestressed members

members with bonded tendons
Quasi-permanent load Frequent load
X0,XC1 0.3 0.2

XC2,XC3,XC4 0.3
XD1,XD2,XS1,XS2, Decompression
XS3

(Flexural) Crack Width Control
EC 2: Cl. 7.3.3 Concise: 10.2
Crack control may be achieved:

• Limiting the maximum bar diameter using Table 7.2
• Limiting the maximum bar spacing using Table 7.3
(this table is not applicable for restraint loading)
• Calculating cracks to ensure they are within limits

EC 2: Cl. 7.3.3 Concise: 10.2


Crack width calculations

Basis
Section Neutral axis
Figure 7.2
(h - x )
Slab soffit
Crack width vs spacing

Crack width predicted by
Actual crack width Expressions (7.8) & (7.14)
Crack
width
w
5(c + /2)
Crack width predicted by

© MPA The Concrete Centre Expressions (7.8) & (7.11) 9
Crack width calculation
EC2 Exp (7.8)
The crack width may be calculated from:

wk = sr,max (εsm - εcm)
where
sr,max = maximum crack spacing
εsm = mean strain in reinforcement
εcm = mean strain in concrete between cracks

Maximum crack spacing
sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425k1k2Φ /ρp,eff
c = (nominal) cover to the longitudinal reinforcement
k1 = factor to take account on bond properties
= 0.8 for high bond bars
= 1.6 for plain bars
k2 = factor to take account of strain distribution
= 0.5 for flexure
= 1.0 for pure tension
Φ = bar diameter
When spacing > 5(c + Φ/2);

sr,max = 1.3(h – x)

(εsm - εcm)
Difference in concrete and reinforcement strain
Strain diagram
wk = s .(εsm - εcm)
(sr,max includes fos of 1.7)
εcs ≤ εcult
Crack
© MPA The Concrete Centre (sr,max includes fos of 1.7) 12

(εsm - εcm)
For flexure,(εsm - εcm) may be calculated from:
f ct ,eff
 s  kt (1  e  p ,eff )
 p ,eff s
 sm   cm   0.6
Es Es
where:
σs = stress in the tension steel calculated using the cracked concrete section
kt = factor that accounts for the duration of loading
= 0.6 for short-term load
= 0.4 for long-term load
αe = Es/Ec = modular ratio

where cont.
ρp,eff, is the effective reinforcement ratio.

ρp,eff = As /Ac,eff
d
where
As = area of tension reinforcement Effective
tension area
for this face
Ac,eff = effective area of concrete in tensionh around
d the reinforcement
Effective
tension area
hc,ef = Min{2.5(h - d); (h - x)/3; h/2}

hc ,eff
hc ,eff
Beam
Effective
tension area
Member
hc ,eff
Slab
hc ,eff = lesser of 2.5(h-d), (h-x)/3 or h/2
Figure 6.12: Typical examples of effective concrete tension

(Flexural) Crack width calculation
example

(Flexural) Crack width calculation
d = 400
Calculate the design flexural crack Fc
for the beam shown.
x
MQP = 650 kNm
h = 1000
d = 930
Concrete class C25/30 (d – x/3)
As = 3770 mm2
(∞,t0) = 2.63 Fs
3 No H40 bars

Crack width example
Step 1 – Calculate effective modulus
From Table 3.1, Ecm = 31 kN/mm2
Ec,eff = Ecm/(1 + (∞,t0)) = 31 / (1 + 2.63) = 8.54 kN/mm2
Step 2 – Calculate the stress in the tension steel : find x

Taking moments about neutral axis:
b x2/2 = αe As (d – x)
400 x2/2 = 200/8.54 x 3770 (930 – x)
This has the solution, x = 457 mm

Crack width example
Step 3– Calculate stress in the tension steel
Taking moments about the level of force in the concrete:
σs = MQP/(d – x/3)As
= 650 x 106 /((930 – 457/3) x 3770)
= 222 MPa

Crack width example
Step 4– Calculate difference in concrete and reinforcement strains
f ct ,eff
 s  kt (1  e  p ,eff )
 p ,eff 
 sm   cm   0.6 s
Es Es
kt = 0.4 (long-term loading)

fct,eff = fctm = 2.6 MPa (Table 3.1)
αe = Es/Ecm = 200 / 31 = 6.45
hc,ef = Min{2.5(h - d); (h - x)/3; h/2}
= Min{2.5(1000 - 930); (1000 - 457)/3; 1000/2}
= Min{175; 181; 500} = 175 mm

Crack width example
Ac,eff = 175 x 400 = 70 000 mm2
ρp,eff = As /Ac,eff = 3700 / 70 000 = 0.0539
2.6
222  0.4 (1  6.45  0.0539)
0.0539 222
 sm   cm   0.6
200  103 200  103
222  19.97
 3
 0.00067
200  10
 0.001

Crack width example
Step 5 – Calculate the maximum crack spacing
c = 1000 – 930 - 40/2 = 50 mm
k1 = 0.8 (ribbed bars)
k2 = 0.5 (flexure)
Φ = 40 mm
sr,max = 3.4 x 50 + 0.425 x 0.8 x 0.5 x 40 /0.0539
= 296 mm < 5(c + Φ/2) = 350 mm
Step 6 – Calculate crack width
wk = 0.0010 x 296 = 0.30 mm

EC 2: Cl. 7.3.3 Concise: 10.2

Say
435/ 1.4 =
Say 110 mm
310 MPa
cf (400 – 2 x 40 -40) /3
© MPA The Concrete Centre = 93 mm . . . .OK 22
Workshop problem
Calculate the design flexural crack for the slab shown.
MQP = 85 kNm
Concrete class C35/45
As = 2010 mm2/m
Assume the depth to neutral axis, x = 63.5 mm
Fc
d = 192
h = 250
x
(d – x/3)
Fs
H16 bars @ 100 mm CTRS
HINT: You can start the calculation from step 3

Workshop problem
Step 3– Calculate stress in the tension steel
Taking moments about the level of force in the concrete:
σs = MQP/(d – x/3)As
= 85 x 106 /((192 – 63.5/3) x 2010)
= 247.5 MPa

Workshop problem
Step 4– Calculate difference in concrete and reinforcement strains
f ct ,eff
 s  kt (1  e  p ,eff )
 p ,eff s
 sm   cm   0.6
Es Es
kt = 0.4 (long-term loading)
fct,eff = fctm = 3.2 MPa (Table 3.1)
αe = Es/Ecm = 200 / 34 = 5.88
hc,ef = Min{2.5(h - d); (h - x)/3; h/2}
= Min{2.5(250 - 192); (250 – 63.5)/3; 250/2}
= Min{145; 62.2; 125} = 62.2mm
Ac,eff = 62.2 x 1000 = 62 200 mm2
Workshop problem
Ac,eff = 62.2 x 1000 = 62 200 mm2
ρp,eff = As /Ac,eff = 2010 / 62 200 = 0.0323
3.2
247.6  0.4 (1  5.88  0.0323)
0.0323 247.6
 sm   cm   0 .6
200  103 200  103
247.6  47.2
  0.00074
200  103
 0.0010

Workshop problem
Step 5 – Calculate the maximum crack spacing
c = 50 mm
k1 = 0.8 (ribbed bars)
k2 = 0.5 (flexure)
Φ = 16 mm
sr,max = 3.4 x 50 + 0.425 x 0.8 x 0.5 x 16 /0.0323
= 254.2 mm < 5(c + Φ/2) = 290 mm
Step 6 – Calculate crack width
wk = 0.0010 x 254 = 0.25 mm

Restraint cracking

Restraint cracking
Movement occurs not only That becomes a problem when

due to loading but also there is Restraint:
due to: • Edge:
• Early thermal effects – adjacent slab pours,
• Shrinkage – wall on base,
– drying – adjacent wall pours
– autogenous, • End:
– seasonal/long term – infill bays,
temperature drop – large area ground slabs
(friction, foundations),
– piled slabs
• Internal (not covered . .
members > say 750 mm th.)
Restraint cracking
End restraint: restrained strain & stresses
Original poured length

Free contraction: R = 0
Partial restraint R = 0.0 to 1.0

Restrained strain: Stresses induced
Fully restrained: R =1.0

Restrained strain: Large stresses
induced

Restraint cracking
1) Cracking will occur if r  ctu CIRIA C660: Cl 3.2
r = Raxfree
= K1 { cT1 +ca R1 + cT2 R2 + cd R3}
where:
K1 = allowance for creep = 1.0 to BS EN 1992-3 or = 0.65 to CIRIA
C660
c = coefficient of thermal expansion (typical design value 12 m)
T1 = Peak to ambient temperature oC (See CIRIA C660). (e.g. 500 mm
thick wall formed using 18 mm ply, using C30/37 concrete with
40%ggbs = 29oC)
ca = Autogenous shrinkage strain – (typical design values using C30/37
concrete 15 m @ 3days, 50 m long term)
R1, R2, R3 = appropriate restraint factor for the short-term, medium term
and long term see figure L1 of BS EN 1992-3 (includes for creep) or
calculated for base wall restraint in accordance with CIRIA C660
(excludes for creep)
Restraint cracking (cont’d)
r = Raxfree
= K1 { cT1 +ca R1 + cT2 R2 + cd R3}
where:
cd = drying shrinkage strain, a function of time, thickness, RH, cement
Class (BS EN 1992-1-1 or CIRIA C660) (e.g. 500 mm thick wall,
using C30/37 concrete with 40% ggbs ≡ Class N = 340 m)
T2 = long-term drop in temperature after concreting. Recommended
values: of 20oC for concrete cast in the summer and 10oC for
concrete cast in winter. (See CIRIA C660),
ctu = tensile strain capacity of the concrete. A function of concrete
strength and type of aggregate used. (Typical design values of 76
m @ 3 days and 108 m for  28 days may be used for initial
calculations. See CIRIA C660.

Restraint factors
Table 1 – Values of restraint factor R for a particular pour

BS EN 1992-3
configuration Annex L
Pour configuration R
Thin wall cast on to massive concrete base 0,6 to 0,8 at base

0,1 to 0,2 at top
usually 0.5
Massive pour cast onto blinding 0,1 to 0,2
Beware: effects
Massive pour cast onto existing concrete 0,3 to 0,4 atofbase
creep
0,1 to 0,2 atincluded
top
Suspended slabs 0,2 to 0,4
Infill bays, i.e. rigid restraint 0,8 to 1,0

Restraint cracking
Short term load strength
Long term load strength Stress due to

early thermal &
shrinkage &
seasonal
Stress due to early
thermal & drying
shrinkage
Stress due to early thermal –
allowing for creep
CS TR 67
34
Restraint cracking
1) Cracking will occur if r  ctu
r = Raxfree CIRIA C660: Cl 3.2
= K1 { cT1 +ca R1 + cT2 R2 + cd R3}
Short term
(≡ 3 days)
Medium long term

term (≡ > 10000
(≡ 28 days) days)

Restraint cracking
2) Minimum reinforcement,
(with respect to restraint to movement):
BS EN 1992-1-1 Exp (7.1)
As,min = kc kAct (fct,eff / fyk)
Where:
3) Controlled cracking:
kc = coeff. for stress distribution = 1.0 for full tension
BS EN 1992-1-1 Exp (7.8)
k Crack = coeff. for
width thickness 1.0 for h < 300 mm and
wk = sr,max cr 0.75 for h > 800 mm
(interpolation allowed)
Act where
= area of concrete in the tension zone just prior to onset of cracking.
Most often crack
Maximum basedspacing
on full thickness of the
sr,max = 3.4c section.
+ 0.425 ( p,eff)
(k1/
fct,eff ≡ fctm = mean tensile strength when cracking may be first expected to
Crack inducing strain  ……
occur (Typical design values crfor a C30/37 concrete, 1.73 MPa @ 3 days
and 2.9 MPa @ 28 days See BS EN 1992-1-1
fyk = 500 MPa
Restraint cracking
Watchpoints:
• Ensures rebar does not yield
• Typically 0.58% for C30/37 in a 300 mm wall
• 0.8 factor on fct,eff for sustained loading? or 0.67 to TR 59
• Early age only? B Hughes
• Revised CIRIA C660?

Restraint cracking
As before where:
c = nominal cover, cnom in mm
k11)= Cracking
0.8 for high will
bondoccur if r C660
bars (CIRIA  ctusuggests a value 1.14 to account
CIRIA C660: Cl 3.2
for poor bond conditions)
k2 = 1.0 for tension (e.g. from restraint), 0.5 for bending, (1 + 2)/ 21 for
2) Minimum reinforcement, BS EN 1992-1-1 Exp (7.1)
combinations
 = bar (with respect
diameter, mm to restraint to movement):
p,eff= As/Ac,eff ,
where Ac,eff is calculated for each face = min0.5h or 2.5(c + 0.5) x b
As,min = kc kAct (fct,eff /w fyk)
3) Controlled cracking:
Crack width wk = sr,max cr BS EN 1992-1-1 Exp (7.8)
where BS EN 1992-1-1 Exp (7.11)

Maximum crack spacing sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 (k1/p,eff)
Crack inducing strain cr …… ≡ (sm - cm) . . . . . .

(εsm - εcm)
Strain diagram
wk = s .(εsm - εcm)
(sr,max includes fos of 1.7)
εcs ≤ εcult
Crack
© MPA The Concrete Centre (sr,max includes fos of 1.7) 39

Crack inducing strain, cr
a) Edge restraint:- early thermal effects

cr = k cT1 +ca R – 0.5 ctu CIRIA C660: Cl 3.2
b) Edge restraint:- long term restraint effects

cr = k { cT1 +ca R1 + cT2 R2 + cd R3} – 0.5 ctu CIRIA C660: Cl 3.2
c) End restraint Can be critical!

cr = 0.5 e kckfct,eff 1 + (1/e ) /Es BS EN 1992-3 Exp (M.1)
where:
kc = coeff. for stress distribution = 1.0 for full tension
k = coeff. for thickness 1.0 for h < 300 mm and 0.75 for h > 800 mm
fct,eff = fctm for long-term effects, 28 day value considered to be reasonable e.g. 2.9 Mpa
for C30/37. NB Possible 0.8 factor for sustained load in CIRIA C660
e = modular ratio, Es/Ec. Typical values are 6 @ 3 days, 7 @ 28 days and 12 long-
term. When cracking occurs, no creep has taken place so a modular ratio of
7 should be used.
 = ratio of total area of reinforcement to the gross section in tension.
Note that this different from p,eff.
Deflection calculations

Deflection limits
Deflections are limited for the following reasons:
1. Excessive deflections are unsightly and alarming. EC2 restricts

total deflections to span/250.
2. To avoid damage to cladding, partitions and finishes due to
increments in deflection following their construction. EC2 limits
deflections after construction of finishes to span/500.
3. Both construction tolerances and deflections need to be
considered in the design of fixings for cladding systems and
partitions. In practice it can be difficult to separate
construction tolerances from deflections.

Deflection limits
The EC2 deflection limits are guidelines. It is the designers

responsibility to agree suitable deflection limits with his client
taking into account the nature of the structure and finishes.

Introduction
Four factors need to be considered in the calculation of
deflections
1. criteria defining the limiting deflections

2. appropriate design loads
3. appropriate design material properties
4. means of predicting behaviour
Deflections cannot be predicted exactly before construction since

neither the loading or material properties are accurately known at
the design stage.

Deflection calculation
Calculated assuming no cracking

Load
Actual behaviour
Calculated
assuming
concrete has no
tensile strength
Deflection

Basic behaviour
 = (II) + (1 - )(I)
where:
 = deformation parameter considered
(e.g. strain, curvature)
I is the calculated uncracked parameter
II is the calculated cracked parameter
 = ‘distribution coefficient’ allowing for tension stiffening at a
section.
e.g. total curvature = S(cracked curvature + uncracked curvature)

for each effect considered
Basic behaviour
S
Crack Crack Crack
s2
Idealised
steel Steel
stress stress
s1
Concrete
0 stress
S (1 - )S S
Where
 = ‘distribution coefficient’ allowing for
tension stiffening at a section.
Basic behaviour
where:
 = ‘distribution coefficient’
= 1 -  (sr/s)2
where:
 = coefficient taking account of the influence of the
duration of the loading or of repeated loading on
the average strain
 = 1.0 for first loading
= 0.5 for long-term loading
But always use 0.5
s = stress in tension steel based on cracked section
sr = stress in tension steel based on cracked section at first cracking
NB sr/s ≡ Mcr/M for flexure
Basic behaviour
 = 1 -  (first crack result/cracked analysis result)2
no cracking
Load
MEd
Actual
 = 1.0 for fully cracked sections
Mcr cracked (in theory)
 = 0.0 for un-cracked sections
Deflection

Concrete material properties
for deflection calculation
It is only possible to estimate concrete material properties at the

design stage. Actual material properties may differ significantly
from those assumed in design. Therefore, it is prudent to assume a
range of material properties in deflection calculations.
EC2 relates all the concrete properties required for deflection

prediction to the concrete grade and cement type. In practice,
properties are influenced by the aggregate type, curing etc.
Mean values should be used for the tensile strength and elastic
modulus of concrete to obtain a best estimate of the actual
deflection.

Concrete tensile strength
Deflections in slabs depend significantly on the effective concrete
flexural strength which governs the cracking moment. The flexural
strength of concrete is calculated from the peak failure load of
unreinforced concrete beams with engineers bending theory.
EC2 defines the flexural strength of concrete as follows:
ffl=(1.6-h/1000)fctm>fctm
where fctm = 0.3fck2/3 is the mean tensile strength of concrete which
can be estimated indirectly in the splitting test. fck is the
characteristic cylinder compressive strength of concrete.
The flexural strength is greater than the tensile strength since the
tensile stress distribution is not linear at failure as assumed in its
derivation.

Flexural strength of concrete
The flexural strength is greater due the assumptions implicit in its
derivation as illustrated below.
fct
ffl>fct
Strain Stress at Stress assumed in
peak load calculation ffl

Concrete tensile strength
In reinforced concrete structures the effective flexural strength of
concrete is reduced by tensile stresses induced by restraint of
shrinkage by reinforcement and restraining elements such as stiff
columns and shear walls.
It is conservative to use the tensile strength fctm in deflection

calculations.
The How to Leaflet suggests that the design value concrete tensile
strength for a low restraint layout is taken as the mean of the
tensile and flexural strengths.

Long-term deflections
Three additional factors must be considered in the long term

calculation of deflections.
1.Loading
2.Creep
3.Shrinkage

Design loads: Permanent loads
In concrete structures, deflections increase with time under
sustained load. The greater part of the deflection normally occurs
under sustained loads. Therefore, long-term deflections are
calculated under a best estimate of the sustained load during the
lifetime of the structure.
The design load for calculating long-term deflections is the
permanent load:
Permanent load = Gk + 2Qk
where
Gk = dead load
Qk = imposed load
Recommended values for 2 are:
0.3 for residential and offices,
0.6 for parking
0.8 for storage

Design loads: Frequent load
Cracking is irreversible. Therefore, it is prudent to calculate long-
term deflections using a modified flexural strength which
corresponds to the worst cracking during the lifetime of the
structure. The How to Leaflet suggests that the frequent load
combination is used to calculate the deflection affecting cladding.
The frequent load is given by:
Frequent load = Gk + 1Qk
Recommended values for 1 are:

0.5 for residential and offices,
0.7 for parking
0.9 for storage

Time dependent deformation
Creep is the continuous deformation of a member under

sustained load.
Shrinkage consists of autogenous (due to hydration) and
drying shrinkage.
Creep
EC2 uses the effective modulus method to model creep in which
creep is modelled as a delayed elastic strain.
The creep strain at time t is given by:
cc(t) = (t0) *
where
(t0) = the strain at the time of first loading t0 and
= /Ec(t0)
where
Ec(t0) is the elastic modulus of the concrete at time t0.
* = the true creep coefficient.
= EC2[Ec(t0)/Ec28]

Ec
EC2 defines the creep coefficient in
terms of the 28 day tangent modulus of
concrete, Ec
Ec = 1.05 Ecm
where
Ecm = secant modulus
= 22[fcm/10]0.3 See table 3.1
© MPA 59
EC2
Annex B or . . .
Figure 3.1

Creep
So total strain:
(t) = (t0) (1+ *)
= [/Ec(t0)] (1+ *)
= /Eceff
where
Eceff = effective elastic modulus
= Ec(t0)/(1+ *)
For practical purposes
Eceff = Ec28/(1+ EC2)
In practice, there are usually several loads placed at different times.
In that case long term modulus, ELT for n serviceability loads, Wi :-
ELT = SW/{ (W1/Eceff,1) + (W2/Eceff,2) + (W3/Eceff,3) + . . . . +(Wn/Eceff,n)}

Shrinkage induced curvature
Shrinkage induces curvatures in asymmetrically reinforced
sections that can increase deflections by as much as 25%.
The reinforcement restrains the shortening of the member due to

shrinkage which induces tension in the concrete. Consequently,
the cracking moment is reduced.
Tensile stress

Shrinkage induces a curvature
that is given by:
1/rcs = cseS/I
where
c = free shrinkange strain
e= Es/Eceff
S = Ase = the first moment of area of the reinforcement
about the centroid of the transformed section
I = second moment of area of the section
EC2 extends the distribution coefficient approach to cover cracked

sections by applying  to Scr/Icr and (1-  ) to Suncr/Iuncr.

Accuracy of deflection
calculations
Many factors influence the accuracy of deflection calculations
including:
1. actual loading relative to design loading
2. early age striking and loading from constructing slabs above
3. differences between actual and assumed material
properties
4. Composite action between floor slabs and floor screeds and
partitions
5. Temperature effects

Use of finite element analysis
to calculate deflections
Two approaches are commonly used:
1.Cracked section analysis in which the plate stiffness is reduced

to account for cracking
2.Elastic analysis with reduced stiffness to allow for cracking
creep and shrinkage. In this case, the effective E value can be
taken as:
E*ceff=0.5Ec/(1+)
where the factor of 0.5 accounts for the effects of cracking and
shrinkage

Deflection
The deflection may be calculated:
Either by calculating the curvatures (due to load, shrinkage,

creep) at a number of sections and then double
integrating numerically
Or by the simplified formula:
δ = kL2(1/r)
k depends on the shape of the bending moment

diagram.
Both methods are described in detail in How to design concrete
structures using Eurocode 2: Deflection

Rigorous method

Rigorous method
 


Rigorous method

Rigorous method
This is the approach used in the “Rigourous” RC Spreadsheets

Rigorous method TCC41R

Simpler method (outline)
Essentially add curvature due to SLS moments:

 1  1  1
     (1  ) 
 r  sls.moments  r cracked ,slsmoments  r uncracked,sls,moments
To curvature due to shrinkage:
 1  1  1
       (1   )  
 r  shrinkage  r cracked ,shrinkage  r uncracked,shrinkage
So total curvature:
 1  1  1
    
 r   r  slsmoments  r  shrinkage
Calculate deflection:
δ = kL2(1/r)
k from chart – depends on shape of BMD

Simpler method (in detail)

Simpler method
 

Simpler method

Simpler method

Simpler method

   
 

Deflection calculation
example

Worked example
Estimate the long-term deflection for the beam d = 300
shown.
Span = 9.5 m
MQP = 200 kNm
Concrete class C25/30
d = 600
h = 700
As = 2450 mm2
xc = 329 mm
Icr = 7976 x 106 mm4
xu = 350 mm (ignoring reinforcement)
Iu = 8575 x 106 mm4 (ignoring reinforcement)
(∞,t0) = 2.8 5 No H25 bars
εcs = 470 x 10-6

Deflection calculation example
Step 1 – Calculate cracking moment
0.9f ctm I u
M cr 
h  xu
fctm = 2.6 MPa (Table 3.1)
0.9  2.6  8575  106

M cr 
700  350
 57.3 kNm
If uncracked section properties are used, Mcr = 57.3 kNm

Section is cracked, therefore:
ζ = 1 – 0.5(57.3/200)2 = 0.95

Step 2 – Calculate flexural curvature
1 M QP
  
 r u E c ,eff I u
Ec,eff = Ecm/(1 + (∞,t0)) = 31 / (1 + 2.8) = 8.15 kN/mm2

1 200  106 6
    2.86  10 / mm
 r u 8.15  10  8575  10
3 6
1 M QP 200  106 6

     3.08  10 / mm
 r c E c ,eff I c
3 6
8.15  10  7976  10
1 1 1

       (1   ) 
 r n  r c  r u
 0.95  3.08  10 6  (1  0.95)  2.86  10 6  3.07  106 / mm
Step 3 – Calculate shrinkage curvature
1   S
   cs e
r  I
where:
Sc = As (d – x) = 2450 (600 – 329) = 664 x 103 mm3
1 470  106 (200 / 8.15)  664  103
    0.96  106 / mm
 r s
6
7976  10
Su = As (d – x) = 2450 (600 – 350) = 612.5 x 103 mm3

1 470  106 (200 / 8.15)  612.5  103
    0.82  106 / mm
 r  su
6
8575  10
1 1 1

       (1   ) 
 r n  r c  r u
 0.95  0.96  106  (1  0.95)  0.82  106  0.95  106 / mm
Step 4– Calculate deflection
Total curvature = 3.07 x 10-6 + 0.95 x 10-6 = 4.02 x 10-6 /mm
For a simply supported slab, k = 0.104
δ = kL2(1/r)
= 0.104 x 9500 2(4.02 x 10-6)
= 37.8 mm

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Serviceability Limit States

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Exposure class RC or unbonded PSC Prestressed members

Quasi-permanent load Frequent load

X0,XC1 0.3 0.2

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Crack control may be achieved:

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Crack control may be achieved:

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Crack width vs spacing

Crack width predicted by

The crack width may be calculated from:

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When spacing > 5(c + Φ/2);

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© MPA The Concrete Centre (sr,max includes fos of 1.7) 12

For flexure,(εsm - εcm) may be calculated from:

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ρp,eff, is the effective reinforcement ratio.

hc,ef = Min{2.5(h - d); (h - x)/3; h/2}

hc ,eff = lesser of 2.5(h-d), (h-x)/3 or h/2

Figure 6.12: Typical examples of effective concrete tension

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Step 2 – Calculate the stress in the tension steel : find x

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kt = 0.4 (long-term loading)

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Crack control may be achieved:

HINT: You can start the calculation from step 3

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Movement occurs not only That becomes a problem when

End restraint: restrained strain & stresses

Original poured length

Partial restraint R = 0.0 to 1.0

Fully restrained: R =1.0

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Table 1 – Values of restraint factor R for a particular pour

Thin wall cast on to massive concrete base 0,6 to 0,8 at base

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Long term load strength Stress due to

= K1 { cT1 +ca R1 + cT2 R2 + cd R3}

Medium long term

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Crack width wk = sr,max cr BS EN 1992-1-1 Exp (7.8)

where BS EN 1992-1-1 Exp (7.11)

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© MPA The Concrete Centre (sr,max includes fos of 1.7) 39

a) Edge restraint:- early thermal effects

b) Edge restraint:- long term restraint effects