Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Zionism
– Involves issues of territory, security, &
ethnic and cultural differences
– Secular? Religious?
– Theodor Herzl
• The Jewish State (1896)
– World Zionist Organization, JNF
III. Birth of Zionism (cont’d)
• 1922: British
create
Palestinian
Mandate; > 90%
Palestinian
• 1922-1939: Jewish
Zionist population
rose from 84,000
→ 445,000 (30% of
total population)
– Zionists bought
IV. Jewish Settlement (Cont’d)
Increase in
Pan-Arabism: Arabs felt
that they were losing
control of their
“country!”
IV. Jewish Settlement (Cont’d)
Jewish Immigration
1919 1,806 1931 4,075
Irgun
Avraham Stern &
The Stern Gang
• Benjamin Netanyahu:
– "Imagine that Hamas or
Hizbullah would call the
military headquarters in Tel
Aviv and say, 'We have placed a
bomb and we are asking you to
evacuate the area.' They don't do
that. That is the difference."
V. World War II & Aftermath
(1933-1947)
• Post-War:
• Refugees: immigration to Palestine =
only hope
• Resolution 181:
• Two states:
• Jews: 33% of
population, get 55% of
land s
• Arabs: 67% of
population, get 45% of
land
• Jerusalem:“international
city” controlled by UN
Palestine
Population
in 1946
Chaim Weizmann, David Ben-Gurion,
1st President 1st Prime Minister
- Israel given
>77 %of the
territory.
- The Palestinian
Arab State
envisioned by
the partition
plan was never
established.
1948 War → The “Palestinian Diaspora” begins
UN Resolution 194: “Right of
Return”
• Refugees wishing to
return to their homes and
live at peace with their
neighbours should be
permitted to do so at the
earliest practicable date
• Compensation should be
paid for the property of
those choosing not to
return
VII. Suez Crisis (1956)
● Results:
○ Emergence of a strong
mythic movement: “West
Bank is part of greater
Israel.”
○ Disillusioned Palestinians
turned away from Arab
states for leadership
○ “We're going to take
matters into our own
hands. The Palestinians
will stand up and fight for
themselves. We're going to
transform ourselves from
being destitute refugees
waiting for charity
handouts from the U.N.
and turn ourselves into
freedom-fighters, people
Yasser Arafat, with dignity.” - Palestinian
Palestine Liberation scholar Yezid Sayigh
Organization
- 5.6 million Palestinians in Israel, the West Bank,
Palestinian Refugees & Gaza; “Palestinian” or “Occupied
Territories”
The largest group of refugees
in the world today.
- 85% “left” after 1948 war
• Settlements
• Security Barrier
• Movement
• Security and Terrorism
• Hamas, Hezbollah, and other extremist groups reject right of Israel to exist and
reject all negotiations with Israel
1) Violent acts on both sides invite violent reprisals, continuing the cycle of
violence
• Right of Return
• “Special Relationship” with US (New presidential administration)
• Relationship with Iran; nukes
Options have included military action
(including targeted killings and house
demolitions of terrorist operatives),
diplomacy, unilateral gestures toward
peace, and increased security measures
such as checkpoints, roadblocks and
security barriers.
Debate: Revisit Essay Assignment
• It’s 2016. What do we do now???
A December public opinion poll found that
two-thirds of Palestinians believe a
two-state solution is no longer feasible.
p, suicide bombings and other attacks
across Israel are down 90 percent,
nched Operation Defensive
Shield, a military reoccupation o
West Bank towns and cities. The
•
•
Netanya bombing also catalyzed
By 2000, peace process had stalled
Ariel Sharon visits Temple Mount – Western Wall and Al-Aqsa Mosque in
Jerusalem
• Sharon's
Palestinian violence erupts plans to speed up
•
construction of Israel's wall.
Buses, discos, hotels, fast food restaurants blown up by Palestinian suicide
bombers
• Israel responds militarily
• 2000-2008: 4500 Palestinians killed, over 1000 Israelis
• In 2005, Israel removed its settlements from the Gaza Strip and gave much
control of the area to the Palestinian government (with exceptions such as the
border, airspace, coastline)
• ●Gaza later comes under the control of Hamas, a group considered by Israel
and other countries to be a terrorist organization.
• ●As of June 2008, Hamas and Israel have entered into a cease fire agreement.
Understanding the
Arab/Israeli Conflict:
(1917-1987)
An Introduction to the Origins of the Present
Conflict - from British Mandate to First
Intifada
Understanding the Arab/Israeli Conflict
Nine Questions to Answer . . .
• What does Israel mean? Who are the Zionists?
• What was the British role in the Middle East after WWI?
• How was Israel founded in 1948?
• Who are the Palestinians?
• What is the Palestine Liberation Organization?
• What sort of relationship does Israel have with its Arab
neighbors?
• What are the "Occupied Territories" or the "Palestinian
Territories"?
• What was the first Intifada?
Map: The Ottoman
Empire circa 1900
Vocabulary:
Mediterranean Sea
Anatolian Peninsula
Sinai Peninsula
Ottoman Empire
Theodor Herzl
Map: The British
Mandate of Palestine
circa 1917
Vocabulary:
British Mandate of Palestine
Balfour Declaration
Map: United Nations Proposal for
Jewish and Arab states circa 1947
Vocabulary:
United Nations Proposal (1947)
David Ben-Gurion
Arab-Israeli War (1947-1949)
Map: The borders of Israel from
1949 to 1967.
Vocabulary:
Palestinian
Palestine Liberation Organization
(PLO)
Yasir Arafat
Map: The borders of Israel from 1967
to 1982.
Vocabulary:
1956 Sinai Crisis - Egypt-Israeli War
1967 Six Days War
1973 Yom Kippur War
Cold War Alliances
1978 Camp David Peace Treaty
(Anwar Sadat and Menachim Begin)
1982 and 2006 Israel-Lebanon War
Map: The borders of Israel from 1982
to present.
Vocabulary:
West Bank
Gaza Strip
Golan Heights
Settlements
Map: Israeli settlements in
the Occupied Territories
circa 2002
Vocabulary:
Intifada (1987)
Palestinian Authority
Hamas
Sources:
Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 7th edition - Sir
Martin Gilbert; Publisher: Routledge (Taylor &
Francis), 2002; Map: NPR Online
Vocabulary:
Hamas
Fatah (same as the PLO)
2006 Palestinian Election
Palestinian Civil War (2006-2007)
Blockade of Gaza (2007-2015)
Israel/Gaza Wars (2009 & 2014)
Map: The borders of Israel today
Vocabulary:
Benjamin Netanyahu
Prime Minister of Israel, Likud Party
Mahmoud Abbas
President of Palestinian Authority, Fatah Party (PLO)
The Palestinian Authority controls the West Bank
Khaled Mashal
Chairman of Hamas, International Spokesman
Hamas controls the Gaza Strip
Barack Obama
President of the United States, Democratic Party
Map: The borders of Israel today
photo: Wikipedia
Advocates of Zionism view it as a national liberation movement for the repatriation of a persecuted people residing as minorities in a
variety of nations to their ancestral homeland.[11][12][13] Critics of Zionism view it as a colonialist,[14] racist[15] and exceptionalist[16]
ideology that led advocates to violence during Mandatory Palestine, followed by the exodus of Palestinians, and the subsequent denial
[17][18][19][20]
of their right to return to property lost during the 1948 war.
"I believe that a wondrous generation of Jews will spring into existence. The Maccabeans will rise again. Let me repeat once more my opening words: The
Jews who wish for a State will have it. We shall live at last as free men on our own soil, and die peacefully in our own homes. The world will be freed by
our liberty, enriched by our wealth, magnified by our greatness. And whatever we attempt there to accomplish for our own welfare, will react powerfully
and beneficially for the good of humanity."
[26]
Theodore Herzl, concluding words of The Jewish State, 1896