Clinical Dental Materials -

Cements
Dental restoration materials
(fillings) are classificated by
their use:
* Root canal filling
* Sealants for dental fissures
* Temporary and permanent
fillings
* Dental liners and bases
Root canal filling
 Fissure sealants
•  Fissure sealants are a safe and painless way of
protecting teeth from decay. It is a plastic coating which
covers the chewing surfaces of the back adult teeth. The
sealant forms a hard shield that keeps food and bacteria
from getting into the tiny grooves in the teeth.
 Permanent fillings – materials,
which are used to treat caries
and its complications in a
single session or (in case of
temporary fillings being used)
in the last session.
 Temporary fillings – used
when its impossible to treat
caries and its complications in
one session, and for temporary
fixation of crowns and bridges.
Temporary fillings can be used
to seal any cavity air-tight for
up to 2 weeks.
 Filling materials

Cements Amalgams Composites

 Cement (from latin
cementum – broken stone) –
powder-like mineral
substance, which forms a
workable mass after mixing
with water.
After setting it becomes
stone-hard.
 Dental cements are widely used for the
following purposes:

•  Filling material;
•  Fixation of permanent (fixed) dentures
and orthodontic appliances on
supporting teeth or implants;
•  Lining to protect pulp;
According to the international classification,
all cements are divided into:
•  zink phosphate;
•  silicate;
•  silicophosphate;
•  bactericidal;
•  Zink oxide eugenol;
•  Polycarboxylate;
•  Glass-ionomer;
•  Polymer.
 Classification of dental cements by binding agent

Bonding agent Type of the cement Main components

Zink phosphate
Zink fluorophosphate
Zink phosphate
Zink phosphate – copper oxide/copper salts
Phosphate Zink phosphate – silver salts
Zink silicophosphate
Zink silicophosphate
Zink silicophosphate - mercury

Zjnk oxide – eugenol

Zink oxide eugenol Оксид цинка – эвгенол – ОЭБ
Zink oxide – eugenol - alumina
Phenolate
Chelate cement with calcium
Calcuim hydroxide silicate
hydroxide
Zink polycarboxylate
Zink-polycarboxylate
Zink polyfluorocarboxylate
Polycarboxylate
Calcium-aluminium polyalkenate
Glass-ionomer
Calcium-aluminium polyalkenate – zink oxide

Acrylic Polymethacrylate
Polymethacrylate
Dimethacrylic Dimethacrylate with and without filling
 Dental cements requirements

•  Biologically inert
•  High adhesion to the teeth, porcelain, metal
•  Should not dissolve in saliva
•  Thermal expansion coefficient should be close to that of the
normal tooth tissue
•  Low thermal conductivity
•  Low water absorbtion
•  No color change
•  Should set in water/saliva environment
•  pH of about 7 when setting and afterwards
•  Hardness should be close to that of the tooth to prevent
wear-off
 Zinc phosphate cements
Setting mechanism
As a product of the reaction
between zinc oxide and phosphoric
acid amorphous zinc phosphate is
formed, which binds together
unreacted zinc oxide and other
cement components. Solid
structure of the cement includes
unreacted zinc oxide particles,
surrounded by phosphate matrix.
Zinc phosphate cement setting
mechanism

ZnO + H3PO4 → Zn3(PO4)2 (amorphous)

 Zinc silicate cements

Zinc-silicophosphate cements are

the mixture of zinc phosphate and
silicate cements. Silicate glass
provides some transparency,
increases strength and improves
fluoride extraction from cement
matrix.
 Silicate glass contains about 12-25% of
fluorides. Some materials are “bactericidal”,
since they contain low amounts of silver
compounds. The liquid contains 2-5% of
aluminium salts and zinc in water solution
of phosphoric acid (45-50% concentration).
Setting mechanism is not fully understood,
but can be schematically represented like
this:

Zinc oxide/alumosilicate glass +

phosphoric acid →
→ Gel of zinc-alumosilicate-phosphate
 Polymer cements

Most polymer cements are

either methylmethacrylate or
aromatic dimethylmethacrylate.
They are rarely used due to low
hydrolysis resistance and high
toxicity.
 Properties of acrylic polymer
cements are almost the same as of
other plastic materials. They have
higher strength and lower
solubility, than other cements, but
are also less hard, non-elastic and
have low adhesion to the teeth
tissues in wet environment.
However, they bind well to the
plastic crowns and other plastic
appliances.
 Glass-ionomer cements

Glass-ionomer cements – whole

class of modern dental materials,
which combine properties of silicate
and polyacrylate dental cements. They
are slowly replacing zinc phosphate
and polycarboxylate cements.
Glass-ionomer cements can be
chemically-setting or light-setting.
 Classification
I.  By use
1. Glass-ionomer cements for fixation.
2. Reparative glass-ionomer cements for permanent
fillins:
а) aesthetic;
b) enforced.
3. Fast setting glass-ionomer cements:
а) for lining;
b) for fissures.
4. Root canal filling
 II. By packaging
1. Powder-liquid
The powder in such cements contains thin alumo fluoro
silicate glass with all necessary fillings, and the liquid
represents water solution of carboxylic acids copolymer
with an addition of 5% tartaric acid
2. Powder
In this type of cements all components are located in
powder, which is mixed with distilled water. This group of
glass-ionomer cements is also called Aqua-cements. They
have several advantages over powder-liquid systems:
•  Ease of preparation
•  Ease of transportation
•  Increased shelf-life
Main disadvantage – high initial acidity, which may lead to
increased post-operative sensitivity.
 Отвердение
1. Traditional glass-ionomer cements.
After powder and liquid are mixed together,
aqueous dissociation of polycarboxylic
acids happens:
а) Hydrogen ions diffuse to the glass
particles and “knock out” metal cations
(calcium, aluminium) and fluoride ions from
glass particles’ surface
b) According to the Law of
Electrostatic attraction and repulsion,
metal cations are being attracted to the
anionic molecules of polycarboxylic
acids. Calcium ions are excreted faster
than other. As a result, an interaction
between calcium and hydroxyl groups
of polycarboxylic acids occurs:
c) This interaction results in cement setting
and bond formation between polycarboxylic
acid and hard tooth tissues. After that,
polycarboxylic chains are linked together by
aluminium ions:
d) Which leads to the formation of
aluminium polyacrylates and cement
setting. At the same time on the glass
particles’ surface silicagel is formed form
silicone oxide by interaction with
polyacrylic acid.
e) Silicagel structure

Si O Si O Si O Si
O O O O
Si O Si O Si O Si