CRITICAL BOOK REVIEW

PARAGRAPH WRITING
The Lecturer :
Darmawati, Hj. M.Pd.

Arranged By :
Aidil Al Fauzan / 1702050126
Azura / 1702050108
Dina Safira /1702050132
Danti / 1702050
JahroAulia / 1702050
Lulu Alfianur / 1702050
Muhammad Ryan Maulana / 1702050
Oki Kalawati / 1702050
Rinaldi Ilham / 1702050

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY

OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH SUMATERA UTARA
T.A 2017 / 2108
 PREFACE
Praise to Allah who has helped his servant finish this paper with great ease. Without
His blessing we can be able to complete this paper well. The paper is organized so that
readers can knowing about “Critical Book Review”.
The review of this journal is made to fulfill the task given by mrs.Darmawati to get
the value of independent task, and sorry if the review is still not complete, because, this is the
first time we made a critical book review.
In arranging this paper the writer truly get lots challangersand obstructions but with
help of many individuals. Those obstructions could passed. The writer also relized there are
still many mistake in process of writing this paper.

Medan, 21 April 2018

LIST OF CONTENT
 CHAPTER I
FOREWORD

A. Benefits Of Critical Book

1. To understand the task of paragraph writing
1. To help students think critically in analyzing of a book

B. Writing Purpose Of Critical Book

1. Critizing a book
2. To found and knowing the information contained in the book
3. To fulfill the task of paragraph writing

C. Identity Of The Book 1

1. Title : Academic Writing From Paragraph To Essay

2. Author : Dorothy E Zemach & Lisa A Rumisek
3. Publisher : MACMILLAN
4. Country : Spain
5. Year : 2015
6. ISBN : 1-4050-8606-8
C. Identity Of The Book 2

1. Title : Introduction To Academic Writing

2. Author : Alice Oshima& Ann Hogue
3. Publisher : PEARSON Longman
4. Country : America (US)
5. Year : 2007
6. ISBN : 0-13-193395-7
7. Edition : Third Edition
 CHAPTER II
THE SUMMARY OF THE BOOK
A. BOOK 1
 BAB 1 PRE WRITING : GETTING READY TO WRITE

In this unit, you will learn how to

 Choose and narrow a topic
 Gather ideas
 Edit ideas

A. PRE-WRITING
Before you begin writing, you decide what you are going to write about. Then you plan
what you are going to write. This process is called pre-writing.

1.1 Choosing And Narrowing A Topic

 How to choose a topic for a paragraph?
A paragraph is a group of five to ten sentences that give information about a topic.
Before you write, you must choose a topic for your paragraph.

B. BRAINSTORMING
Brainstorming is a way of gathering ideas about a topic. Think of a storm: Thousands
of drops of rain, all coming down together. Now, imaginethousands of ideas ‘raining’ down
into your paper! When you brainstorm, write down every idea that comes to you. Don’t
worry now about whether the ideas are good or silly, useful or not. You can decide that later.
Right now, you are gathering as many ideas as you can.

You will learn three types of brainstorming in this unit : making a list, freewriting and
mapping.

2.1 Making A List

Write single words, phrases, or sentences that are connected to your topic.
2.2 Freewriting
When you freewrite, you write whatever comes into your head about your topic,
without stopping. Most freewriting exercises are short-just five or ten minutes.

Freewriting help you practice fluency (writing quickly and easily). When you
freewrite, you don’t need to worry about accuracy (having correct grammar and
spelling). Don’t check your dictionary when you freewrite. Don’t stop if you make a
mistake. Just keep writing.

2.3 Mapping
To make a map, use a whole sheet of paper, and write your topic in the middle, with a
circle around it. Then put the next idea in a circle above or below your topic, and
connect the circles with lines. The lines show that the two ideas are related.

The example below shows a map of ‘what should I study at university?’ The writer
connectedfavourite subject to the main idea.

3. EDITING
After you have gathered plenty of ideas, you will need to go back and edit therm. This
is the time to choose which ideas are the most interesting, and which are the most relevant to
(important or necessary for) your topic. Off course, you can still add new ideas if you think of
something else while you are re-reading your list.
To edit freewriting, cross out sentences that aren’t related. You can add more ideas in
the margin or add more sentences at the bottom. To edit a map, cross out circles that don’t
belong, and add new ones if you get more ideas. You might also change the lines you have
drawn.
  BAB 2 : THE STRUCTURE OF A PARAGRAPH

In this unit, you will learn…

 The definition of a paragraph.
 The parts of a paragraph.
 How to identify and write topic sentences.

 What is a paragraph?
Together, the sentences of the paragraph explain the writer’s main idea (most
important idea) about the topic. In academic writing, a paragraph is often between
five and sentences long, but it can be longer and shorter, depending on the topic, The
first sentences of a paragraph is usually indented (move in) a few space.

A.PARAGRAPH ORGANISATION

 What makes a paragraph?

A paragraph has three basic parts:
1. The topic sentence. This is the main idea of the paragraph. It is usually the first
sentence of the paragraph, and it is the most general sentence of the paragraph.
2.The supporting sentence. These are sentence that talk about or explain the topic
sentence. They are more detailed ideas that follow the topic sentence.
3.The concluding sentence. This may be found as the last sentence of a paragraph. It
can finish a paragraph by repeating the main idea or just giving a final comment about
the topic.

B. THE TOPIC AND THE MAIN IDEA

The topic sentence…
 Usually comes first in paragraph
 Gives the writer’s main idea or opinion about the topic and helps the reader understand what
the paragraph is going to talk about.
  BAB 3 : THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PARAGRAPH

In this unit you will learn

 Methods ofparagraph support and development
 How to write concluding sentences
 How to peer editing

A. PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT
After you have chosen a topic and written a topic sentence, you develop your main idea.
This unit will explain three commom ways to develop a paragraph
 Giving details
 Giving an explanation
 Giving an example

 Giving details are specific points that tell more about a general statement.
 Giving an explanation is tells the readers what something means or how
something works.
 Giving anexample is a specific person,place,thing, or event that support an idea or
statement.

B.CONCLUDING SENTENCES
How to end paragraph
The final sentence of paragraph is called a concluding sentence. It sums up the main
points or restates the main idea in a different way. A sentence that sums up the
paragraph reminds the reader of what the writer’s main idea and supporting points
were. A sentence that restates the main idea should give the same information in a
slightly different way , perhaps by using different words or by using different word
other. A concluding sentence should not introduce a new point.

C.PEER EDITING
What is peer editing
Showing your work to another studentis a very useful way to improve your writing,
this is called PEER EDITING.You read your partner’s writing and your partner read
yours. You comment on your partner’s writing and your partner’s comment on yours.
 You might talk together , write comment on a sheet that your instructor gives you or
write directly on your partner’s work.

 WHY THE WRITTER USE PEER EDITING

There are two reasons for peer editing
1. The first is to get a reader’s opinion about your vwriting. A reader can tell you
that :
 You should add more details or explanation
 Something isn’t organised clearly
 You have some information that isn’t relevant
 There is something that’s hard to understand
2. The second reason to share writing with others is for you to read more
examples of wriiting. Other people will have had experiences that you haven’t
. they may show you fresh ways of writing about experiences.

HOW DO I PEER EDITING?

 Read your partner’s work several times. The first times just read the from
beginning to the end. Ask your self,’what is it about?, what is the writer’s
purpose?’
 On your second reading, go more slowly and look at specific parts of the
writing and make notes.
 Look for topic sentences and concluding sentences.
 Note places where you have trouble understanding something, where
there seems to be unnecessary information.
 Let the writter know which parts of the text are especially strong or
interesting.
 Ask questions.
 Circle or underline words,phrases,and sentences that you wish to
comment on.
 Dont look for grammar or spelling mistakes. Pay attention just to the content
and organisation of the work.
  BAB 4 DESCRIPTIVE AND PROCESS PARAGRAPHS

In this unit,you will learn about...

 Descriptive paragraphs and reasons for writing them.
 Organising and writing descriptive paragraphs using adjectives and prepositions.
 Process paragraphs and reasons for writing them.
 Using transition words to write a process paragraphs.

A. DESCRIPTIVE PARAGRAPH
1.1 UsingAdejctive
Adjectivesare words that tell us how things look, feel,taste,sound,or smell. Adjectives
also describe how you feel about something. Here are a few common adjectives.

Shape and size

 Large/small
 Wide/narrow
 Round
 Rectangular

Atmosphere
 Cosy
 Comfortable
 Warm/cool
 Cold/hot

How you feel

 Amazed
 Surprised
 Happy
 Nostalgic

Appearance
 Colourful
 Unforgettable
 Beautiful
 Unattractive
1. List some words to describe these places.
2. Read this description from a travel brochure.
Describing the place around you
USING PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions tell us how a space is organised. These are some common and useful
prepositions:
 In front of/behind
 On top of/on the bottom of next to
 Above/below, underneath
 To the right of/to the left of in the middle of around between

3. Read paragraph that describes someone`s favorite place.

4. Write six sentences to describe the place where you are right now.
Describing a character
DESCRIBING PEOPLE
Here are some common adjectives for describing people:
 Personality
 Happy, satisfied
 Relaxed
 Exciting
 Nervous
 Angry
 Serious
 Sad, depressed
 Outgoing
 Physical characteristics
 Big,large,tall
 Small,tiny,short
 Thin
 Heavy
 Strong
 Weak
 Brown,black,blond,red-haired,light,dark-skinned
5. With a partner, add at least two other adjectives to the two lists above.
6. Read this description written by a young woman about her grandmother.
7. Describe one of these people. Write eight sentences.
8. Think of a person or place you know well. Then brainstorm your ideas, narrow down
your topic, and write a descriptive paragraph.
Process paragraphs
9. A process paragraph is a description of how to do something. It explains the steps you
need to follow to complete an activity.

Transitions
What are transitions?
Transitions are words that connect the paragraph. Transition words and phrases show the
relationships between the ideas in a paragraph. They are not used between every sentence,but
are used often enough to make the order clear.
10. Add other transition words you know to the list above.
11. Choose appropriate transition words to connect the steps in this paragraph about
preparing for a trip.
Ordering sentences
12. Order the steps to form a process paragraph. Write 1 next to the first step, 2 for the
second step, and so on.
13. Write a process paragraph about a topic that you know well. First brainstorm all
the steps that need to be followed. Then write the paragraph. Remember to use
transitions.
Review
14. This paragraph describe a city park, but it doesn`t have enough descriptive details.
Imagine that you live next to a park. Rewrite the paragraph, adding description, to
make it more interesting.
  BAB 5 OPINION PARAGRAPHS

In this unit, you will learn…

 Distinguish between fact and opinion.
 Organise and write paragraphs expressing opinions and arguments.
 Use transition words to express causality.
 Use modal expressions to make recommendation.

 Fact and opinion

A fact is a piece of information that is true: That film was three hours long. An
opinion is an idea or belief about a particular subject: That film was boring. Writers
use fact to support their opinions and to show why they hold their beliefs.

 BAB 6 COMPARISON / CONTRAST PARAGRAPH

In this unit, you will learn…

 Comparison / contrast paragraphs and reasons for writing them.
 How to organize comparison / contrast paragraphs.
 Connecting words used for comparing and contrasting topics.
 How to write about the adventages and disadventages of a topic.

 Paragraphs that compare and contrast

To compare means to discuss how two people, places, or things are similar: Both
teachers and students need to spend a lot of time preparing and classes. To contrast
means to discuss how two people, places, or things are different: One main advantage
of a bicycle over a car is that a bicycle doesn’t create any pollution
  BAB 7 PROBLEM / SOLUTION PARAGRAPHS

In this unit,you will ...

 Write about problems and solutions.
 Use real conditionals.
 Write a two-paragraph text with linking phrases.

 Problem and Solutions

Problem / soulutions writing first explains a problem and then proposes one or more
solutions to that problem. Often this type of writing requires more than one paragraph.

 Writing About Problems

 How to write a problem paragraph
A problem paragraph describes and discusses a problem issue. The topic sentence
names the issue you will discuss. The supporting sentences show why this issue is a
problem.
 Using Conditional Sentence
The first conditional is a useful way to talk about both problems and solutions :
Fishwill get ill iffactories dumptheir waste into streams.
Modal + main verb present
(will, can, could,
Should, etc)

If you eat fishfrom polluted waters, you could get sick too.
Present modal + main verb
(will. Can, could, should, etc)

Punctuation note :No comma is needed when the if-clause comes second :
People can become ill if they eat the ill fish.

The event in the if-clause is possible, or is likely to happen. The event in the result
clause would logically follow. There are other types of conditional sentences, but first
conditionals are the most common in writing about problems and solutions.
  BAB 8 THE STRUTURE OF AN ESSAY

In this unit, you will learn…

 The definition of essay.
 How to format an essay.
 How to write a thesis statement.

 What is an essay?
An essay is group of paragraphs written about a single topic and a central main idea.
It must have a least three paragraphs, but a five-paragraph essay is a common length
for academic writing.
A.The structure of an essay
 The three main parts of an essay
The Introduction
This is the first paragraph of an essay. It explains the topic with general ideas. Is also
has a thesis statement. This is a sentence that gives the main idea. It usually comes at
or near the and of thrpharagraph.
The main body
These are the paragraph that explain and support the thesis statement and come
between the introduction and the conclusion. There must be one or more paragraphs
in the main body of an essay.
The conclusion
This is the last paragraph of an essay. It summaries or restates the thesis and the
supporiting ideas of the essay.

How to format an essay

1. Use double spacing (leave a blank line between each line of writing).
2. Leave 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) of space on the sides, and the top and bottom of the
page. This space is called the margin.
3. If you type your essay, start first line of each paragraph with five spaces (one tab). this
is called indenting. If you write by hand, indent about 2 centimeters (3/4 inch).
Alternatively paragraph can begin at the left-hand margin with no indentation.
However, you must then leave one line space between each paragraph.
 4. Put the title of your essay at the top of the first page in centre.
 BAB 9 OUTLINING AND ESSAY

In this unit, you will learn…

 The purpose of an outline.
 How to write an outline.

 What is an outline?
An outline is a list of the information you will put in your essay. You can see an
example of an outline on page 65.

An outline….
 Begins with the assay thesis statement
 Shows of organization of the essay
 Tells what ideas you will discuss and shows which will come first,second, and so on.
 Ends with the essays conclusion

Writing an outline before you write an essay will…

 Show you what to writebefore you actually begin writing
 Help make your essay well organized and clearly focused
 Keep you from forgetting any important points

Imagine your skeleton: athough you dnt see it, it supports your body. In same
way,although a reader wont see your outline, making an outline in advance will
support your essay by providing its structure. In fact, adding more information to an
outline is called “fleshing it out”.

A. Writing an outline
 How to Write an Outline
Before writing an utline you must go through the usual process of gathering
ideas. Editing them, and deciding on a topic for your writing. Writing an
outline can be a very useful way of organizing your ideas and seing how they
will work together.
  BAB 10 INTRODUCTION AND CONCLUSIONS

In this unit, you will learn…

 The purpose of an introduction.
 Types of information in introductions.
 The purpose of a conclusion.
 Techniques for writing conclusions.

 The importance of introductions and conclusions

Unit 8 explained that the introduction and conclusion are two of the three main parts
of an essay. Without an introduction and conclusion, an essay is just a group of
paragraphs. The introduction and the conclusion work together to make the topic and
main ideas of the essay clear to the reader.

A. The introduction
 What is an introduction?
The first paragraph of an essay, as your learned in Unit 8, is called the introduction. The
introduction …..
 Is usually five to ten sentence
 Catches the readers interest
 Gives the general topic of the essay
 Gives background information about the topic
 States the main point (the thesis statement) of the essay

The introduction is often organized by giving the most general ideas first and then leading to
the most specific idea, which is the thesis statement.
How to write a strong introduction
A strong introduction …
 Introduces the topic clealy
 Gives several sentence of information about the topic
 States the thesis (the main idea) of the essay

Any of the following will make an introduction weak:

 It doesn’t give anough information about the topic or gives too much information
about it
 It tals about too many different topics
 It does not state a clear thesis
  BAB 11 UNITY AND COHERENCE

In this unit, you will learn…

 The importance of unity in essay writing.
 How to edit an essay of unity.
 The importance of coherence in essay writing.
 Method of creating coherence.

 Writing effective essays

You’ve already learned that an essay should be organized into an introduction, a
body, and a conclusion. The next step is to make sure that all three parts of essay
work together to explain your topic clearly.

A. Unity in writing

 What is unity?
Unity in writing is the connection of all ideas to a single topic. In an essay, all ideas
should relate to the thesis statement, and the supporting ideas in a main body
paragraph should relate to the topic sentence.

 BAB 12 ESSAYS FOR EXAMINATION

In this unit, you will learn…

 Common instructions for essay tests.
 Techniques for writing timed essays and managing time.

 Essay test
You may be asked to write essays for tests in your classes, or entrance examinations
for colleges and universities in English-speaking countries. You will have to write
essays if you take the TOEFL (Test of English as a foreign Language), the MELAB
(Michigan English Language Assessment Battery), the IELTS (International English
Language Testing system) or other Cambridge examinations (University of
 Cambridge ESOL Examinations). These essays are written at one sitting, in a limited
amount of time.

B. BOOK 2
 BAB 1 PARAGRAPH FORMAT

A.What ls Academic Writing?

Academic writing is the kind of writing used in high school and college classes.
Academic writing is different from creative writing, which is the kind of writing you do when
you write stories. It is also different from personal writing, which is the kind of writing you
do when you write letters or e-mails to your friends and family. Creative writing and personal
writing are informal, so you may use slang, abbreviations, and incomplete sentences.
However, academic writing is formal, so you should not use slang or contractions. Also, you
should take care to write complete sentences and to organize them in a certain way.

Academic writing in English is probably different from academic writing in your native
language. The words and grammar and also the way of organizing ideas are probably
different from what you are used to. In fact, the English way of writing may seem clumsy,
repetitive, and even impolite to you. Just remember that it is neither better nor worse than
other ways; it is just different.

B. The writing process

Overview
Writing is never a one-step action; it is an ongoing creative act. When you first write
something, you have already been thinking about what to say and how to say it. Then after
you have finished writing, you read over what you have written and make changes and
corrections. You write and revise and write and revise again until you are satisfied that your
writing expresses exactly what you want to say.

The process of writing has roughly four steps. In the first step, you create ideas. ln the second
step, you organize the ideas. In the third step, you write a rough draft. In the final step, you
polish your rough draft by editing it and making revisions
 Step 1: The first step is calledprewriting.Prewritingis a way to get ideas. In this step,
youPrewriting choose a topi.c and collect ideas to explain the topic.

Listing There are several techniques you can use to get ideas. In this chapter, you will
practice the technique called listing. Listing is a prewriting technique in which you write the
topic at the top of a piece of paper and then quickly make a list of the words or phrases that
come into your mind. Don't stop to wonder if an idea is good or not. Write it down! Keep on
writing until the flow of ideas stops.
Step 2 : Organizing.
The next step in the writing process is to organize the ideas into a simple outline. The writer
of our models wrote a sentence that named the topic (his grandfather) and told the main idea
(his grandfather helped his community). Below the first sentence, he listed the two main ideas
and any other words and phrases from thelist that gave more information about them.

Step 3 : Writing.
The next step is to write a rough draft, using your outline as a guide. Write your rough draft
as quickly as you can without stopping to think about grammar, spelling, or punctuation. Just
get your ideas down on paper. You will probably see many en•ors in your rough draft. This is
perfectly usual and acceptable-after all. this is just a rough draft. You will fix the errors later.
Notice that the writer added some ideas that were not in his outline. Notice also that he added
a concluding sentence at the end.

Step 4 : Polishing.
In this step, you polish what you have written. This step is also called revising andediting.
Polishing is most successful if you do it in two steps. First, attack the big Revising issues of
content and organization (revising). Then work on the smaller issues of and Editing grammar,
punctuation, and mechanics (editing).
Peer Editing On pages 198-207 are worksheets for each chapter to help you polish yow-
writing. The first worksheet is for a peer editor to use. A peer editor is a classmate who reads
your paper and helps you improve the content and organization.
  BAB 2NARRATIVE PARAGARAPHS
Narration is story writing. When you write a narrative paragraph, you write about
events in the order that they happen. In other words, you use time order to organize your
sentences.In the model narrative paragraph, the writer used time order to tell what happened
first, what happened next, what happened after that, and so on.
Notice the Jcjnds of words and phrases used to show time order. These are called time
order signals because they signal the order in which events happen.

Time Order Signals

Words Phrases

Finally, At last,
At 12:00,
First (second, third, etc.),
Later, After a while,

Meanwhile, After that,

Before beginning the
Next, lesson,
Now In the morning,
Soon The next day,

Put a comma after a time order signal that comes before the subject at the beginning of a
sentence. (Exception: Then, soon, and now are usually not followed by a comma.)
At first, none of us realized what was happening.
For a minute or two, we were too scared to move.
Then we tried to call our parents at work.

 Sentence Structure
The model for this section is a folktale. A folktale is a traditional story that has been
passed down orally from one generation to the next until someone finally writes it down.
Every culture is rich in fo There are seven coordinating conjunctions in English: and, but,
so, or,Jor, nor, and yet. In this chapter, you will study the first fourlktales. This one is from
Japan.
  Coordinating Conjunctions

Coordinating Conjunction Example

And joins sentences that are He dropped a rice ball, and it

alike. rolled into a hole in the
ground.
But joins sentences that are They were happy, but they were
opposite or show poor.
contrast.
So joins sentences when the The greedy man wanted all of the
second mice's gold, so he
sentence expresses the result of
something pretended to be a cat.

described in the first sentence.

Or joins sentences that give He could choose a big box, or he
choices or alternatives. could choose
a small one.

 The Writing Process

Freewriting You remember that prewriting is the step in the writing process in
which you get ideas. In Chapter 1 , you learned about the prewriting
technique calJed Listing. Another prewriting technique is
freewriting. When you freewrite, you write "freely"- without
stopping-on a topic for a specific amount of time. You just write
down sentences as you think of them without worrying about
whether your sentences are correct or not. You also don't have to
punctuate sentences or capitalize words. You can even write
incomplete sentences or phrases. The main goal in freewriting is to
keep your pencil moving across the paper.
  BAB 3PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE
1. Organization
 Three Parts Of A Paragraph
1. The topic sentences tells what topic paragraph is going to discuss
2. The supporting sentences give details about the topic
3. The concluding sentences summarizes the main points or restates the topic
sentences in different words.
 The Topic Sentences
The topic sentence is the most important sentence a paragraph. It has two parts: a topic and a
controlling idea. The topic names the subject of the paragraph.
 Position of the topic sentence
Not too general, not too spacipic
 Supporting sentence
Supporting sentences explain the topic by giving more information about it
 The concluding sentence
A concluding sentence signal the end of the paragraph and reminds the reader of the main
idea.

2. Punctuation
 Apostrophes
The apostrophes mark (‘) has three main uses in English:
(a) To make contraction
(b) To make nouns and some pronouns possessive
(c) To make letters of the alphabet plural
 Contractions
 Possessives
3. The writing process
 Outline
The best way to organize a paragraph is to make an outline before you begin to write.An
outline is like an architect's plan for a house. Imagine building a house without a plan. The
kitchen might be far away from the dining room, or the house might have no windows.
Having a plan not only helps you, the writer, to organize your thoughts but it also ensures that
you don't leave out anything important.
 i. Simple outline
ii. Detailed out
 BAB 4 DESCRIPTIVE PARAGRAPHS
1.Organization

Descriptive writing appeals to the senses, so it tells how something looks, feels, smells,
tastes, and/or sounds. A good description is a word picture; the reader can imagine the
object, place, or person in his or her mind.

A description usually follows a pattern of organization that we call spatial order. Spatial
order is the arrangement of things in space. As you read the model paragraph, notice how
the description moves from the bottom of the stairway to the top. Also notice how the
description of the woman moves from far away to near.

2. Spatial Order

Just as an artist plans where to place each object in a painting, a writer plans where to
put each object in a word picture. In a description, writers often use spatial order to organize
their ideas. Spatial order is the arrangement of items in order by space.
For example, when describing your favorite room at home, you could first describe
things on the left side of the doorway and then move clockwise around to the right side. You
could also start on the right and move counterclockwise around to the left.
The model paragraph "The Stairway" uses spatial organization. In describing the
stairway, the writer shows that as a little boy, his first view was from the bottom looking up
at the mannequin. Then he climbs up the stairway. The spatial organization is from bottom to
top. When he describes the mannequin, he first gives an overall impression (the way she was
leaning against the wall and what her dress looked like). Then he focuses on her face and
finally on her unblinking eyes. The spatial organization is from far to near.

3. The Writing Process

3.1 Clustering
When you cluster, you start by writing your topic in a circle in the middle of your
paper. As you think of related ideas, you write these ideas in smaller circles around the first
circle. The related idea in each small circle may produce even more ideas and therefore more
circles around it. When you have run out of ideas, your paper might look something like the
following model. The model paragraph "The Stairway" on page 61 was written from this
model.
 BAB 5 LOGICAL DIVISION OF IDEAS
1. Organization

In this chapter, you will learn how to organjze a paragraph using the logical division of
ideas pattern. In the model paragraph, the writer discusses three reasons she does not own
a credit card. As you read the paragraph, notice the word or phrase that signals each
reason.
Logical division of ideas is a pattern of organization in which you devide a topic into
point and discuss each point separately. The model paragraph uses this pattern. You can
use logical division to organize many kinds of topic, not just reasons.

A. Coherence
In addition to unity, which you learned about in Chapter 4, every good paragraph must
have coherence. A coherent paragraph flows smoothly from beginning to end. A reader
can follow your ideas easily because one sentence leads naturally to the next one; there
are no sudden jumps.

There are three main ways to make your paragraph coherent:

l . Use nouns and pronouns consistently throughout a paragraph.
2. Use transition signals to show relationships among ideas.

Put your ideas into some kind of logical order, such as logical division of ideas.

B. Using Nouns and Pronouns Consistently

One way to achieve coherence is to use nouns and pronouns consistently throughout a
paragraph, that is, continue to use the same nouns and pronouns you start with. For
example, if you begin with a plural noun such as students, don't change to singular. Also,
don't change pronouns; don't switch from you to they or he for no reason. Be consistent!
If you use the pronoun you at the beginning of your paragraph, keep it throughout.
Notice how nouns and pronouns in the following paragraph have been changed to make
them consistent.
  BAB 6 PROCESS PARAGRAPHS
1. Organization

In a process paragraph, you explain how to make or do something, so process

paragraphs are also called how-to paragraphs. To explain how to do somethjng clearly, break
the process down into a series of steps and explajn each step.
The model paragraph explains the process of building a campfire. As you read it, count
the number of steps. Also, notice the words and phrases that introduce each step.
A process paragraph begins with a topic sentence that names the topic and tells the reader to
look for a process or procedure. Use words such as steps, procedure, directions, suggestions,
and instructions.

You can teach your dog to fetch1 in a very short time by following this procedure.
Making a pizza is easy if you follow these instructions.
Follow these steps to throw a Frisbee2 accurately.

The supporting sentences are the steps and details about each step.

When your dog brings back the stick, praise him extravagantly.
The first step is to gather the ingredients you will need.
First, grip the edge of the Frisbee with all your fingers wrapped underneath the edge and
your thumb along the top.

The concluding sentence can be the last step, or it can give the results.

At the end of the lesson, give your dog a nice treat for a job well done.
Now sit down and enjoy your delicious pizza.
Finally, make sure the Frisbee stays level while you throw.

2. Sentence Structure
C. Clauses
First, let’s learn about clauses. A clauses is a group of word that contains at least one
subject and one verb.
  BAB 7 COMPARISON/CONTRAST PARAGRAPH
1. Organization

Comparison and contrast is a technique that we use every day. For example, we
compare and contrast courses and teachers when we decide which classes to take. We
compare and contrast products and prices when we shop. An employer compares and
contrasts applicants for jobs, and a job applicant compares and contrasts job offers. In college
classes, you will often have to compare and contrast. For example, in a history class, you
might be asked to compare and contrast two historical figures or two events. In a literature
class, you might have to compare two poems or two characters in a play. Knowing how to
write comparison/contrast paragraphs is a very useful skill.
When we compare two (or more) things, we tell what is similar about them. When we
contrast things, we tell what is different about them. Usually, the emphasis is on the
differences, but sometimes a paragraph describes both similarities and differences. As you
read the model paragraphs, decide which one emphasizes differences and which one
describes both similarities and differences.

A. Block Organbation
In block organization, you group all the similarities together in one block and all the
differences together in one block. Both model paragraphs use block organization.
Point-by-Point In point-by-point organization, you write about similarities and
differences by Organization subtopic. For example, if you are comparing and contrasting
several wireless telephone plans, you might compare and contrast them on these subtopics.

2. Sentence Structure
Just as there are signal words and phrases that help your reader understand time order,
there are also words and phrases that help your reader understand similarities and differences.
As you read the following model, see if you can find these comparison/ contrast signals.
  BAB 8 DEFINITION PARAGRAPHS
1. Organization

People who are interested in your culture may ask you to explain a word that they have
heard but do not understand, such as Spanish machismo or German Gemutlichkeit, or an
interesting custom or practice such as casual Friday or Saint Patrick's Day in the United
States, 0-bon festivals in Japan, holi festivals in India, or quinceafiera parties in Spanish-
influenced cultures.
Tests of general writing abiljty sometimes ask you to define abstract1 terms such as
love, friendship, courage, or happiness. In the supporting sentences, add details that explain
the topic more completely. The supporting sentences may give additional facts telling who,
what, where, when, how, or why, an explanation of a process, examples, or a description. In
the concluding sentence, you may tell why the topic is important, interesting, or unique.

2. Sentence Structure
In this section, you will learn to write appositives and adjective clauses. Appositives are
nouns that rename other nouns, and adjective clauses are another kind of dependent clause.
The ability to use appositives and adjective clauses is the mark of mature writing style. As
you read the model paragraph, look for sentences that contain the words who, which, and
that. Underline the clauses that begin with these words.

A.Adjective Clauses
Adjective clauses are dependent clauses. They are called adjective clauses because, like
adjectives, they modify nouns and pronouns. They begin with the words who, whom, which ,
and that, among others. These words are called relative pronouns, and adjective clauses are
also called relative clauses. An adjective clause joined to an independent clause makes a
complex sentence. Because we use adjective clauses to give more information about a noun,
they arevery useful in writing definitions. Propaganda is a form of communication that tries
to influence people's thinking and actions. Latino music, which has many different styles and
artists, is becoming increasingly popular in the United States. Sadie Hawkins' Day is a day
when women can invite men to dance or to go out on a date.
  BAB 9ESSAY ORGANIZATION
1.Organization
three parts of an essay
By now, you know how to write a well-organized and well-developed paragraph.
Writing an essay is no harder than writing a paragraph. An essay is just a longer, so you have
to plan it more carefully.
An essay introduction stimulates the reader’s interest and tells what the essay is
about. The last sentence of an introduction is the thesis statement. Like the topic sentence of
a paragraph, a thesis statement names the spesific topic of the essay. The body consist of one
or more paragraph. Each paragraph develops and subdivision of the topic. The conclusion,
like the concluding sentence in a paragraph, is a summary or review of the main points
discussed in the body.
An essay has unity and coherence, just as a paragraph does. Transition signals link the
pargraphs into a cohesive whole.

The introductory paragraph.

The introductory paragraph or introduction, is the fist paragraph of an essay. It has
two functions : (1) it attracts the reader’s interest, and(2) it intruduces the topic of the essay.
Reread the introductory paragraph of the model essay “Styles of popular music”.
Notice how the sentences gradually move from the general topic of music to the specific
topic, three successful styles of popular music.

 The first sentence attracts the reader’s interest with a short sentence; it also names the
general topic (music).

 The second sentence says that culture has its own kinds of music.

 The next two sentences narrow the general yopic (music) to a more specific one
(popular music) and mention that it has many styles.

 The final sentence, the thesis statement, specifically names yhe three styles to be
discussed in the body paragraph: reggae, punk, and rap.

Body paragraphs
 The body of an essay is made up of one or more paragraph. Each body paragraph
has a topic sentence and several supporting sentences. It may or may not have a concluding
sentence. Each body paragraphs supports the thesis statement.
 BAB 10OPINION ESSAY
1. Organization

In our daily lives, we express opinions about everything from politics to the cost of
gasoline. When we express an opinion, we usually give reasons for our point of view in an
informal way. For example, we say, "I liked XYZ's latest movie because . . ." or "I voted
against XYZ because . . . ."
In college classes, swdents are often asked to express their opinions more formally.
The U.S. system of education places a high value on students' ability to think for themselves.
Professors want students to express their own opinions and even disagree with them as long
as students can support their own views. In this chapter, you will learn how to express an
opinion and support it convincingly.

In an opinion essay, you

state your opinion in the thesis statement.
support your opinion with reasons.
support your reasons with specific details.

2. The introdoctury paragraph

2.1 General Statement
Remember that an introductory paragraph has two parts: ( I ) several general
statements and (2) one thesis statement. The first part of the introductory paragraph of an
opinion essay often begins by explaining an issue.
In some cities in the United States, teenage gangs create problems. The problems
range from noisy but harmless drag races3 to fatal drive-by shootings.4 Some cities are trying
to stop these activities by keeping young people indoors and off the streets at night. These
cities have passed curfew laws that require people under the age of eighteen to be indoors
between the hours of 10:00 or 1 1 :00 P.M. and 6:00A.M

2.2 Thesis Statement

 The thesis statement then states the writer's opinion on the issue. It often mentions the
opposing view frist.
Police departments say that curfew laws to control teenage gangs are necessary, but I
feel that such laws are unfair, unconstitutional, and counterproductive.5

CHAPTER III
DISCUSSION
EXCESS BOOK 1
 This book can be a reference for prospective learners to learn how the strategies of
academic writing from paragraph to essay well.
 In this book contains many pictures in each material, which will attract the attention
of many readers.
 This book writes summaries at each end of the chapter, so learners can know the
main points of each chapter.
 Writing titles on each chapter of this book using a clear capital letters and enlivened
with neutral colors, make the reader like it and get interested.
 writing in each discussion using different types of letters and unique so that readers
are not bored to read it.
 the authors explain this book in each chapter very succinctly clear and clear that it
makes it easier for learners to understand the contents of the book.
 The discussion in the book is so structured that the mindset of the reader becomes
directed.
 On the other hand, this book is also accompanied by exercises / evaluations in each
chapter and at the end of the discussion which aims to know to the extent of the reader's
understanding ability after reading each of these discussions.

WEAKNESS BOOK 1
 In terms of appearance, this book has a dark cover so it looks unattractive to read.
 And especially to this book I have read, there are some blank pages or not
accompanied by an example explanation on pages 130 and 131. So I feel a little
confused when I want to read the continuation of the previous discussion.