HARPERCOLLI N5 COLLEGE OUTLINE

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trederic H.Yheelock The Classie Latin Text, with Grammatical Explanations and Readings

Based en Ancient Authoer, Self-Study Exercises with Answer l{ey

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AAOISIH )lrslnDNtT
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'.:era1r1 arrros soprlord ,(e,.:ns paler^eJqqe srql uena pue llooq sr.q1 p lnbguV
:)o'I aql pue aonbguy auluatuas egl eruoc oneg $lJolyr asoq \ ruo{ sJor{l
-:1e oq] sssnpoJlur ern]8r3]rl urleT 'qsr18uE JoJ osle lnq
Jo ,{e,\Jns Jerrq orlJ
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-rrl s us^e ,(q posee:cur ,(lqereprsuos oq uec ur1e1 ?ururuel uI lso.rolul

'nua(nou ap ailtl. Tsap'an8uo1 aun atpuatddy

'uaua?ta fiutas uot srtptu ssatt '7uua4 tqclu uaq)D,tdg apua,tt n 14

uollrnpoqul
xxvi Wheelock's Latin

and space down to this very moment on this new continent. The point is
demonstrated in the considerably abbreviated and simplifled table that
follows.l
English me /J mother brother ten
Sanskrit2 aham md asti mdtar- bhrdtar- daSam
Greek egd me esti met6r phrdt€r3 deka
Latin ego mE est mlter frdter decem
Anglo-Saxona ic mE is modor br6thor tTen
Old Irishs m6 is mithir br6thir deich
Lithuanian6 ai mand esti mote broterelis de5imtis
RussianT ja menja jest' mat' brat desjat'

You can see from these columns of words that the listed languages are
related.s And yet, with the exception of the ultimate derivation of English
from Anglo-Saxon,e none of these languages stems directly from another in
the list. Rather, they all go back through intermediate stages to a common
ancestor, which is now lost but which can be predicated on the evidence of
the languages which do survive. Such languages the philologist calls "cog-
nate" (Latin for "related" or, more literally, "born together," i.e., from the
same ancestry). The name most commonly given to the now lost ancestor
of all these "relatives," or cognate languages, is Indo-European, because its
descendants are found both in or near India (Sanskrit, Iranian) and also
in Europe (Greek and Latin and the Germanic, Celtic, Slavic, and Baltic
languages).t0 The oldest of these languages on the basis of documents writ-

rSome elements have been omitted lrom this table as not immediately necessary.
The words in the table are only a few of the many which could be cited.
2The language ofthe sacied writings ofancient India, parent ofthe modern Indo-
European languages of India.
,ttougtriognate with the other words in this column, classical Greek phrlt6r meant
t,rerttber of a rlan.
. As an example of the Germanic languages; others are Gothic, German, Dutch,
Danish. Norwegian, Swedish, Icelandic, English'
. As an exainple of the Celtic languages; others are Gaulish, Breton, Scots (Gaelic).

OIC Irish m6 in tlie chart is actually nominative case, equivalent to "I" in meaning and
,.:se but to "me" in form.
-
.\s an example of the Baltic group; others are Latvian and Old Prussian'
As an example of the Slavic group; others are Polish, Bulgarian, Czech'
!
Thrs large lamily ol languages shows relationship in the matter of inflections also,
but no attemft is made hereio demonstrate the point. An inflected.language is onein
uhich lhe nouns! pronouns, adjectives, and verbs have variable endings by which the
relarionship olthe words to each other in a sentence can be indicated. In particulaq note
that -\nelo-Saron, like Latin, was an inflected language but that its descendant English
ha: l.'.t mo:t of its inflections.
'The later connection between English and Latin will be pointed out below.
r: \ote that many languages (e.g., the Semitic languages, Egyptian, Basque' Chinese,
rhe natiye languages of Africa and the Americas) lie outside the Indo-European family.
a

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1\\OIN,:
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!!^xx uoqcnpo4ul
xxviii Wheelock's Latin

queror in 1066, Norman French became the polite language and Anglo-
Suron was held in low esteem as the tongue of vanquished men and serfs. -
Thus Anglo-Saxon, no longer the language of literature, became simply the
speech of humble daily life. Some two centuries later, however, as the descen-
dants of the Normans flnally amalgamated with the English natives, the
Anglo-Saxon language reasserted itself; but in its poverty it had to borrow
hundreds of French words (literary, intellectual, cultural) before it could
become the language of literature. Borrow it did abundantly, and in the l3th
and 14th centuries this development produced what is called Middle En-
glish, known especially from Chauceq who died in 1400. Along with the
adoption of these Latin-rooted French words there was also some borrowing
direttly from Latin itself, and the renewed interest in the classics which char-
acterized the Renaissance naturally intensifled this procedure during the
16th and the 17th centuries.l5 From that time to the present Latin has con-
tinued to be a source of new words, particularly for the scientist.16
consequently, since English through Anglo-Saxon is cognate with Latin
and since English directly or indirectly has borrowed so many words from
Latin, we can easily demonstrate both cognation and derivation by our own
vocabulary. For instance, our word "brother" is cognale with Latin frflter
but "fraternal" clearly is derived from friter. Other instances are:
English Latin CognaterT English Derivative

mother mdter maternal

two duo dual, duet
tooth d6ns, s/em dent- dental
foot pds, stem ped- pedal
heart cor, stem cord- cordial
bear Iero fertile

15Thomas Wilson (16th century) says: "The uniearned or foolish fantastical, that
will so Latin
smells but of learning (such fellows as have been learned men in their days),
their tongues, that the simple cannot but wonder at their talk, and think surely they
speak b/some revelation." Sir Thomas Browne (17th century) says: "If elegancy still
pioceedeth, and English pens maintain that stream we have oflate observed to flow from
man\. we sirall witliin a iew y.ars be fain to learn Latin to understand English, and a
*ori *ill prove of equal faciiity in either." These statements are quoted by permission
ir..n the "-Brief Histoiy of the English Language" by Hadley and Kittredge in Webster's
\rt International Dictionary, Second Edition, copyright, 1934, 1939, 1945, 1950, 1953,
1951. br G. & C. Merriam Co.
.
-\nd apparently even our 20th-century composers of advertisements would be re-
duced ro n.ui^b.gguiy il they could not draw on the Latin vocabulary and the classics
in general.
: Gnmm's law catalogues the Germanic shift in certain consonants (the stops). This
shons ho* such apparently different words as English heart and Latin cor, cord-, are in
origin the same word.
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lrrr uotpnPo4ul
xxxil Wheelock's Latin

young provincial
Burns of Roman literature, an intense and impressionable
of an urban sophisticate,
from northern Italy who fell totally under the spell
finally escaped
l.esbia (a literary pseudonym for her real name, Clodia)' but
bitterly disillusioned; over 100 of his poems have survived'
Cicero (Mdrcus Tullius Cicer6, 106-43 n.c.): the greatest
Roman orator'
whose eloquence thwarted the conspiracy of the bankrupt
aristocrat Cati-
1ine23 in 63 s.c. and 20 years later cost Cicero
his own life in his patriotic
as an authority
opposition to Anthony's high-handed policies; admired also
or^Ro*urrhetoric,asaninterpreterofGreekphilosophytohiscoun-
trymen, as an essayist on friendship (DE Amtcitid) and on
old age (DE senec'
letters. cicero's
tfite1, and,in a less formal style, ai a writer of self-revealing
been mentioned'
vast contributions to the Latin language itself have already
orator, politician, gen-
caesar (Gaius I[lius caesar, 102 or l0o--44r.c.):
military memoirs, -Bel-
eral, statesman, dictator, author; best known for his
lum Gallicum and Bellum Clvlle.
(Nepos(CornEliusNep6s,gg_z4n.c.):friendofCatullusandCaesarand
a easy and popular
*rite, of biographies noted rather for their relatively
style than for greatness as historical documents'
PubliliusSyrus(.fl.43n.c.):aslavewhowastakentoRomeandwho
only by a
there became famous lbr his mimes, which today are represented
collection of epigrammatic sayings'

THEAUGUSTANPERI1D(43B.C'-14e.o.).ThefirstRomanEm-
evils of
peror gave his name to this period. Augustus wished to correct the
ih. tiri.., to establish civil piace by stable government, and to_win the Ro-
Maecenas, his
mans, support for his new iegime. With this in mind he and
in the service of the state'
unofficiaiprime minister, sought to enlist literature
poets
under their patronage virgil and Horace became what we should call
sentiments
laureate. Some modern critics feel that this fact vitiates the noble
of these poets; others see in Horace a spirit of independence and of genuine
moral and maintain that virgil, through the character of his epic
"or".rrr,
hero Aeneas, is not simply glorifying Augustus but is actually suggesting
to
the emperor what is expected of him as head of the state'24
k Vrigil (piiblius Veigilius Mar6, 70-19 n.c.): from humble origins in
nLrrrhe; Italy; lover of nature; profoundly sympathetic student of hu-
mankind; Epicurean and mystic; severe and exacting self-critic' master
cralisman. linguistic and literary architect, "lord of language"; famous
as a
and of a beautiful didactic poem on
u-rirer of pastoral verse (the Eclogues)

See the introductory notes to"Cicero Denounces Catiline" Ch. 11 and "Evi-
dence end Coni-ession" in Ch. 30.
:. See. tbr instance, E. r. Ra.,a, The Builders of Eternal Rome (Harvard Univ.
Press. l9-13).
r-

. :.\\o qJrrl,r\ 'tso7 astpotod s,uolJrl i pue {pauo) amil(J s.efrteq qlg{ pue ,1eep leor8 e '^IufI pr?.\l?H
sa.ro ]r qclq,& ol '{asstpg pue potl s.roruoH q]r..rr pel€rcosse s,(errrle s paua7 etfj-s?
,/
-r^9,, pu? ll E

-rs' 3q] Jo Joqlns irerpnoc pu€ Jslnsuoc ueruoJeN :(.a'y .p

sg telrqry snru
-gJled snlrJ ,(lqeqoJd lnq 'urepeoun salep pue,(irluepr lcexe) snruouad uo tueod rr1:t
'snrpne13 ro:ed e sB snol.uE-l :
-Iue egl Jo uorlecurep pu? r{]€ap eql uo oJr}BS srJlerursoJd 'lenJc serurloruos JOJS?IU 'JI]LI-'
q3noql.,(11rlr,(11uerIIIJq3.(..uol1€cgtug@}JopuB -nq Jo luaPr
'(sdorng Jo eruerp urepo{u ,(1:ea eqi uo ecuefrgq-iQEfSplsuoc peq .s1rec ur sut8uo :ry
-uoc ,tueur ool pue crJoleqJ q3nru ool (q perreur q8noql ,qclqrlt) serpe3erl
3o '1urds crols eq];o s,(zsse leJoru olqou Jo Joqlne !o.re51;o roinl luledg o] SurlsaFi:rs
uro.rg reqdosopqd crol5 :( c'v 99 'J's , .ecoues snoBUuV snrc0l) mauas clde slq -1.' i;
tr
'pouad slql Jo eJnlerolrl eql uo lcege 3ur1q3qq ro eurnuaS,1.-' p:
8ur1rrur1 e pzrl osle s,ro:edrua ,^aeJ e lou Jo slueru€Joduel eql
.;JeAlrS,, pue
sluelullu}: :i
o,ueploC,, uea,rleq uorlourlsrp'pelelsrezro r(lluenberg q8noql,luuorlrpeJ] ar{} sleod IIer lr:
aouorl-Jo.4Aod pue asuas ,{rere}rl eJns ssol B elecrpur ue}Jo qcHr!\ scr}srJo}cs 'elels aql-l.r :
-reqc osruer8rda -roj uorssed B pue s]Je.ue ro;8urnrr1s e 'slrecuoc pue serlrT€rcu slq's?u:::EI
-rUB osl€ eJe aJeql uauo lnq i8ul1u.ra. ]uellocxe sr eJeq] e8y .re,tpg eql uI -O{ 0{1 ui r"
('a'v Bt L'v)-nD tDV Jo sll.\a :ql l
u]^ils tHI -Iug uEti:.'u
,edo6 e4rl
..eruec sJeqrunu er{} JoJ 'stequrnu ur padsr1,,
'pu.g 's1eod luenbesgns JoJ snJnzser{1 e palo;d serl qcrq.,lr ,s2sgqdtoruoga7,q
pelllluo ,(3o1oq1,(ru uo {Joa Je}eruexoq Jo^elc pu8 3uo1 aql Jo Jo}rJ,r eq} se e (q .(1ut' r*
,{epo1 snorueJ }sotu isueld .snlsn8ny q}l^\ lueuosuoc ,(ypreq se.r qcq.tr ,(r1e
oq,t\ puP :r
-od a,rol qcnruJo roqlne:('o'v 11-'c's Et.gsgN snrpho snlqqLd
4^O*
'pIAo ,(q poJrurpe qcnul 'sulood cel8eye orlueruoJ
Jo s{ooq relndod P'ri
rnoJ Jo roqlne :(cv 7 'eF't's 0S .Bc .snrgedor4 snlxeg) sru1tadot4 pu? JESePI
'1r pe8pnl
oq se ]seq slr le JelceJuqc ueruol{ ;o ;e.{e-rgod pue ,etuog go ,fto1srq -IaBr 'slIo'"'tr:
pelurds-crde oleluerunuour Jo Joqlne lsengr,r. ueplo Jo pue cqqndag er{} -ue8'uellllt
Jo
rarrrupe ue lng snlsn8nyJo" puer{:(.c.v 11-'c.a 6E,snltq sn}ll) n,ttl
'(uoaw uaplo8 aqt) sgl1ttolperrr Barnu
* 'peuoIlu:'lI
3o reuorlqcerd s.oJeJIJ SJ:
puu raqceoJd i(anurd.) sU4 crols pue (tnpo1 [otua) uelp adruc uee"rncrdg;o
iauas ?o t:
Istsaqlu,(s i([1p11al?ulyo1smnd.spllqlgJ Bsglrgc) drqsueruslge:c crlsmSull slq -UIIOJ SIq (
Jo s133J3,{ddeq aq} roJ paueJ resodruoc snolncr}eu isnoues pue 1qE1 qloq ,(luoqtnr u
scu.iy q-redns Jo Joqtrne lserrles Suqes,re:-31es pue yerue8
Jo JelrJ^\ leleernel ctlouled sn
laod jo 1r{3req eq} ol esoJ 'serlqenb u.ro srq pue uorsrn s.Jeq}EJ srq o} s{ueq} -lle] te:-r'"
'oq.r\ uos s.uurrrpee{ :('c'a g-99 'snccelg snr}EJoH snlup}) ilDtoH tole:o uru
'Surpesr .(rnluec
-qt67 InJJa,4 od 1r eleur o1 leeddu ueunq pue lesJelrun eldrue qlr.4a osle ouo padecs; i;;
tnq 'aJns aq o1 'sesodrnd rouelp qlp,r clde Ieuorl?u e pDuay eql sz,scrde 'alectlstqdt
tea:8 s.p1:o,r,r eqlJo euoJo roqlne eql s? u.rou{ iseq i(sctB.roag eq1) ayl ur.reg
Ielcut ro:d

!!lxxx uotlJnporlul
xxxiv Wheelock's Latin

tyricon, a satiric, prosimetric novel of sorts, famous for its depiction of the
nouveau-riche freedman Trimalchio and his extravagant dinner-parties.
Quintilian (M5rcus Fabius Quintiliinus, ca.35-95 e.o.): teacher and au-
thor of the lnstittitio 1rdtoria. a famous pedagogical work which discusses
the entire education of a person who is to become an orator; a great admirer
of Cicero's style and a critic of the rhetorical excesses of his own age.
Martial (Mdrcus Valerius MdrtiSlis, 45-104 a.o.): famed for his more
than 1,500 witty epigrams and for the satirical twist which he so often gave
to them. As he himself says, his work may not be great literature but people
do enjoy it.
Pliny (Gditrs Pllnius caecilius Secundus, ca. 62-113 a.o.): a conscien-
tious public figure, who is now best known for his Epistulae,letters which
reveal both the bright and the seamy sides of Roman life during this impe-
rial period.
Tacitus (Piiblius Cornelius Tacitus, 55-l l7 A.D.): most famous as a satir-
ical, pro-senatorial historian of the period from the death of Augustus to
the death of Domitian.
$ Juvenal (Decimus Iiinius luvenSlis, ca. 55-post 127 t.o.): a relentless,
ir{tensely rhetorical satirist of the evils of his times, who concludes that the
only thing for which one can pray is a mEns sdna in corpore sdn6 (a sound
minrl in a sound body). His satires inspired Dr. Samuel Johnson's London and
The Vanity of Human Wishes and the whole conception of caustic, "Juve-
nalian" satire.

THE ARCHAISING PERIOD. The mid- to late 2nd century may be

distinguished as an archaizing period, in which a taste developed for the
vocabulary and style of early Latin and for the incorporation of diction from
vulgar Latin; characteristic authors of the period were the orator Fronto
and the antiquarian Aulus Gellius, known for his miscellaneous essays
NoctEs Atticae ("Nights in Attica").

THE PATRISTIC PERIOD (Late 2nd Cen.-Sth Cen.)

The name of the Patristic Period comes from the fact that most of the
vital literature was the work of the Christian leaders, or fathers (patrds),
among whom were Tertullian, Cyprian, Lactantius, Jerome, Ambrose, and
Augustine. These men had been well educated; they were familiar with, and
frequently fond of, the best classical authors; many of them had even been
teachers or lawyers before going into service of the Church. At times the
classical style was deliberately employed to impress the pagans, but more
and more the concern was to reach the common people (vulgus) with the
Christian message. Consequently, it is not surprising to see vulgar Latin re-
 : -:: :rrsol € o8e,r ol un8eq peq upeT teql pellrupe og ]sntu tr'so8en8uel rElncBure^ -eJurle'I JE;l:'
; .. " : :sn agl ur sJaqlo Jo ]eql pue sseccns s.olueq Jo ue{o} ,(q 'erurl erues oql lV sz
.-
oql q1!,\ (sniip
r - - :-iE a.rrlcuniqns
aql Jo sosn oql ur f,rIcJBuB lsqre.a. ,{reqrxne;o 1uer,{o1d*.t#ffi:'# erou 1nq 'sur:
, - --.rsoderd Jo esnpes?ercur eql pue sEurpue Ieuorsuolcep tsoru Jo ssol oq1 .'3.A /z oql setuli lY :
spouad esor{t Jo uorlesro^uoc peqsqod eql pue slxol orltJo urorpr .{rere1r1 eql uro{ 3il
ueeq uO,\t
.rr.rsrp lde)i se,u 1nq eldoed oql Jo ruolpr yernbolloo erl] sB uo pe q urleT re8ln^ seAV
i:'.-is aql pu€ uoplog eql lnoqEnoJr{l ler{l .^Aou>I o.{\ pue'ur1e1 re81n,r. relel srq} qlr^\ pue 'qli.!\ ii:l:--
,-ri-uruor ur gcntu seq snlneldgo e8en8uel eq1 '1cBJ uI'porrod,(lree eql ur ere sloor sll pue'3solq::lY
;-ioad uorutuoc eqlJo e8en8uzl er{l se peuor}ueru ueeq,(peerle seq ule-I reBInAez '(sgrlud ) s::'--.;
eq] Jo lso:* :t
:q1 sE JelncruBd ur oJocr] 01 peuJn] pu? urle.I le^erpew peuJocs sJeloqJs
tJuESSrEUou 'OJecrJ Jo uorleJrrup? punoJ-,4aou s.r.{3J?J}ed Jo esnece8
IN:lSlUd tHI OI ('ual qlg L 'er) tfNVsstvN:IU :IHI WOUJ COtUld lHI
s,(essa sna:;E
8?'ulleT
ur Surr{leuos osoduo, pua 'tparuo) amile ogl 8ur}u,u seil\ eq qcrq,4A ur OluoJ j lt-ii"-.'
'lEInJeuJe^ eq] dn aArB ol uorleuoqxo oq] pelceieJ eq sesJe^ IUO{ UOIlli:
I?Jolsed urle.I ul -:.
lEqi pue 'ern1u.Ia1rl JoJ uerls]I JBInreuJoA egl Jo osn sq ,(Jqsnf 01 uluanbolg aql ro,l p:;ci;
;tp31n1?o slq urlel ur olor./y\ er{ rcw '?!w.touow ?cI osrl"erl IEcr}{od oq} oq ,{etII u:-:-.r,
urie-I ur posoduoc oluecl leql sisEJ er{},(q ,ftn1uec glil
,(lrea eqi uI polso}le
sr url€'I Jo oJII Suoy eq1 'yb11uV 1to.1 eq] ur sror{lne roqlo ruo4 suorJceles
puB (62 'rlJ u, eIII^es Jo eJoprsl re]rr.{4. ,fun1uec q}t eql ruo{ ldrecxe aql ur -o^nr.. 'll:s-.E
'\\olaq pepnlsur eJ? qsrr{./y\ oseruerp
Jo seldrusxe '(,{r1eod Jslnces pu€ poJses pue uoPti!'7 t"
's:f,ueuroJ 'selopceue 'serrolsrq 's1.rolvr snor8rle;) oJnleJalrl 3uu.q pue perJul
DLnos Dl oaB.s
t--
E uallrJ,^a s3,4A ur13.I Ie^orpaW sFIl uI .;u€ruou I€UOrleU,, JerlJeO Oq] ol ]sBJl
eq] leqi s:p:]1
-uoJ ur ..ueodoJng,, pell€c sorurleruos sr eJnlBJelrl urleT Is^erpsl{ pue 'e3en? r
'ssa1lua1a:
-uEI leuorl€uJoJur ue s€.^a ]r '[]rTenb pue Je]oeJeqc ur (lqereprsuoc Sudrerr
i3noq1 'plro,4d Ientoelletur ag] Jo pus r{crnr.l3 or{} Jo e8en8uel ?ur.tr1 eq} o1 snlsnin;' .

sz sa3y olppll^tr oq] ]noq8norq] penurluoc 'socuongur roqlo pue atng1n 1 etql -Jlles e sP s:,-l
iq pagrpou ssel Jo oJoru uorpr ,(:eralq aql 'urleT 'pueq Joqlo eql uO
(1qeco1
-adut srqt i;
eqt ol Surprocce e8en8uel ecueruog leq] Jo srql orueoeq l| 'ur1e1 poll€c eq gclq,l\ sJ:ll;ll
:a3uo1 ou plnoo ]r ueq,^a lurod eq] Surqceer opue ,.se8ueqc prder ]ue,&\.repun r
-ueI3SUO,1
unel :u31na, 'porre4 Ie^orpe6 erl] Jo serJnluec ooJg] ]sJg eql Suunq
('sual ql?t-rllg) COtuld tv^:ilOtW IHI eldoad i.,':. ::
ele8 uat,lo .x
'ueqsrJqJ e.re,tr,{eql pepr,to.rd eJolu sIL{ jat
:'*.'E peranbuoc suer.reqr"q eqlJI rel]€ru lou plp
1l ]Eql prBS pue ($1nr urnsp 'ar-r rr
pr :'Jtrad eql qceeJ plno.^A ]eqi uorpr,{ue esn o1 8uq1r.Lr se,r'scrsselc ueru JaJIUpE lil;il
--U :'!ir lo relol luer8 e pue Jeqcael e.{l.rerurog q8noq1 'aurlsn8ny'}S ,{lJ"l sessnJslp ul:
-'-.s ':1doad aqt jo e8en8uel eql sesn eq '('o'v Sgr-Egt) aru&p1eqt 'elqlg -n? puE la;lr
:--..-- urle.I stq uI lnq'ueruorecr3,(11er1uesse sr sJellel sq uI eruoJ
.]Lrrlrpe 'sal1-1EJ-l
i :or:ad erl] Jo eJnleJelrl oql ul ecuengur luepodrur ue se n.Sur8rerue 0{} JO ut1:1:':'

uotpnPoJJul
{
xxxvi Wheelock's Latin

canon of perfection. Although this return to the elegant Ciceronian idiom

was prompted by great affection and produced brilliant effects, it was an
artiflcial movement which made Latin somewhat imitative and static com-
pared with the spontaneous, living language which it had been during the
Middle Ages. However, Latin continued to be effectively employed well into
the modern period,2e and the ecclesiastical strain is still very much alive
(despite its de-emphasis in the early 1960s) as the language of the Roman
Catholic Church and seminaries. Furthermore, the rediscovery of the true,
humanistic spirit of the ancient Latin and Greek literatures and the fresh
attention to literary discipline and form as found in the classics proved very
beneficial to the native literature of the new era.
The purpose of this abbreviated outline has been to provide some sense
of the unbroken sweep of Latin literature from the 3rd century B.c. down to
our own times. Besides enjoying its own long and venerable history, Latin
literature has also inspired, schooled, and enriched our own English and
other occidental literatures to a degree beyond easy assessment. Add to this
the wide influence of the Latin language itself as outlined above and you
can hardly escape the conclusion that Latin is dead only in a technical sense
of the word, and that even a limited knowledge of Latin is a great asset to
anyone who works with or is interested in English and the Romance lan-
guages and literatures.

[
THE ALPHABET AND PRONUNCIATION ]rm f.l_l

-
The forms of the letters which you see on this printed page are centuries
old. They go back through the earliest Italian printed books of the 15th
century3o and through the finest manuscripts of the 12th and l lth centuries
to the firm, clear Carolingian bookhand of the 9th century as perfected
under the inspiration of the Carolingian Renaissance by the monks of St.

r-
For instance, note its use by Erasmus and Sir Thomas More in the 16th century,
b1 \fllton.Bacon, and Newton in the lTth century, and by botanists, classical scholars,
an,i 5'::. ol the later centuries.
: Called "incunabula" because they were made in the "cradle days" of printing. The
tlpe i: called "Roman" to distinguish it from the "black-letter" type which was used in
northern Europe (cp. the German type). The Italian printers based their Roman type on
that oi the finest manuscripts of the period, those written for the wealthy, artistic, exact-
ing Renaissance patrons. The scribes of those manuscripts, seeking the most attractive
kind oi script with which to please such patrons, found it in manuscripts written in the
best Carohngian book-hand.
17

'lernld ro reln8urs 'slcelqns ,(ueru.ta.oq :(snraunu)

Ugg141nN
'f,ay 'tl 'aqs 'aq']noq? uelods (s)uosred eql : pr[
!no[ 'o1 ualods (s)uosred eql : puz !a$ ] '(s)re>1eeds orll : uosred
1s1 l,leu, go lurod s,teleeds eql tuo{ 'uorlce eq} (solrose: .enrssed eq}
ut 1o) suuo3rsd oq,l ''e'r 'lcefqns aql sr oq.^a :(zugsrad ']e-I) NOSU1Id
:scrlsrJolceJuqc oAU 3ur,Lro11o3 eql lrqqxo sqrea. 'qsq8ug ut se uqe.I uI
' (suollcef:e1ur osuorlcunI
-uoc 'suorlrsode:d 'sq;e.Lpe 'sa,rrlcalpe 'sunouold 'sunou :qsr18ug ur osoq]
se eru€s oql ere url€T ur qcaads go sged reqlo eql) qceeds go ped ]eq] 18
{ool e q}lzlr ur}e-I Jo ,{pn1s ;no ut3sq lseq ,(eu o^\ os puu 'ecuelues e ur pJoly\
luegodrur ]soru eq] aq 01 '3ulaq Jo olels :o ,(1r,tr1ce s,lcalqns eql seqrJcsop
q3lq,!\ '(p.tou'runqra.l '1u1 ruo-rg) qJo^ agl Jeprsuoc ,(Fedord lq8ru eug

SSAIA

tullequetl lenq)v
a^qendur1 pue'an\wlpul
'an!Uu!!ut ruasatd
:suotletn[uo) puo)asl
pue NtrJ lsqtal

L
2 Wheelock's Latin: Chapter 1
Ihe Frrst

TENSE (tempus, time): lhe time of the action; Latin has six tenses, pres-
ent, future, imperfect, perfect (or present perfect), future perfect, and
pluperfect (or past perfect).

MOOD (modus, manner): the manner of indicating the action or state

of being of the verb; like English, Latin has the indicative (which "indi-
cates" facts) and the imperative (which orders actions), introduced in
this chapter, and the subjunctive (which describes, in particular, hypo-
thetical or potential actions), introduced in Ch. 28.

VOICE (vox): an indication, with transitive verbs (those that can take
direct objects), of whether the subject performs the action (the active
voice) or receives it (passive).

CONIUGATION
To conjugate (Lat. coniugf,re,Toin together) a verb is to list together all
its forms, according to these flve variations of person, numbeq tense, mood,
and voice. If asked to conjugate the English verb to praise in the present
tense and the active voice of the indicative mood, you would say:

Singular Plural
lst person I praise we praise
2nd person you praise you praise
3rd person he (she, it) praises they praise

The person and the number of five of these six forms cannot be determined
in English without the aid of pronouns I, you, we, they. Only in the third
person singular can you omit the pronoun he (she, it) and still make clear
by the special ending of the verb that praises is third person and singular.

PERSONAL ENDINGS
What English can accomplish in only one of the six forms, Latin can do
in all six by means of "personal endings," which indicate distinctly the per-
son. the number, and the voice of the verb. Since these personal endings will
be encountered at every turn, the time taken to memorize them at this point
will prove an excellent investment. For the active voice they are:

Singular
I st person -6 or -m, which corresponds to L
2nd person -s, which corresponds to you.
3rd person -t, which corresponds to he, she, it.
 'lt 'arls .), .
ruE rsuet el€rrpur seop lr q8noql loqunu pue uosrod ,{q ,,pe1*uq lou,, sr ruroJ ,r,:;i:l 'ri(r,. a
.qr Jo ?epr crseq oql se,rr8 ,(ydurrs (pal!rult 7oa 'snlplugur'sn1ggu1) an|rug[ut aq1.,
7 O1 SlL"r'

-Ieeds ipunos pue lq8rs qloq 'sesuos o,rlt Jo dleq eql no,{ se.tt8 svql rcJ 'pnop
tuoql {es o} s,(e.rle eJns oq 'su8rpe:zd 112 Surzuoureu Jo ssecord eqt uI
'poqlou snorcesus ]solu eql
lurod srq: rr
eq o] punoJ ,(11ereue8 sr 'Surrrdsurun pue I?rcurlJe ]eq.raruos q8noqt 'sruSlp gu,r s3ui:;:
-ered q8no.rql qceorddz 1ecr1,{1eue eq1 'etur} 3o sorcue8xo eg} Jepun e?e e1e1 -rad aqt '"i::
,(ya,u1e1er e le u\e'I go ,{pnts aqt urSaq ,(11ensn e^r oours pue }uetuuoJrlue Op UE,1 '!:l:"-
uIl€'I leJnleu srq] {cel a,{{ eJurs 'ra,\a,ro11 ,(epo1 qsqSug uJeol se^IesJno 0,4d.
sB 'por{Joru }coJrp eqi ,{q aldoad Jar{lo qlr^\ slc€luoc ,{pep urorg pue quered
Jlegl ruo{ sruJoJ polcogur iueur aq} peuJual sueruog luorcue oq} 'esJnoo JO
'su:a11ed ]uorualuoc o1 3urp:occe sruJoJ 'relniuts :
Jo serJeruruns apr.,lo.rd o1 xrpueddy
oq] uI pue sreldeqc eqt tnoq3no:ql slurod snoJeurnu le posn ere sru8rpered J€el3 ef,EtI
pue lapu.utxa 'utattod suearu q3lq1vr 'uru81ape.rud {eeJC ruo4 salrJap (erurpe pJrqi 3ul r.
-red pacunouord) urirpe.ru4,, 'sru8rpered,{ueurgo }sJg eql o} sp?el sql peuluu:1:p
'ast.rpD a.u 6snur-euow .'asrutd nof ts-gpnu1 ''3'e :lueserd eq]

]noqe ul]€l ur Surqlauos fes o1 Jo pBeJ o1 .(pea: ue no,( pue '(.rrro1aq pelou asre:d i;::
suolleJgrpotu ,!\aJ aqt qlu,r) s8urpua leuos;ed eql ppe ruels luesard sql oI aste:d n.-, i
aste:d:v.
-QUOru -9pnel
IErnld
eleq no,( pue '8ut
:.6sluels ]ueseJd,, eq]
-puo o^rlrugur Ienloe er{} sr q3rq.r 6ar- ee} do:p se,trlrugut eql ruo{,&\oN
.puoces eql
luasa:d ::i:
sozrJolozJego aJ?- pue uorle8nluoc isJU orll sezrJelceJeqo arg- leq] oos no 'pootu'lsu.
aswpD o7 'erquoru asrutd ol 'otppnal IIB raqr:;0.

:,(1e,.r1cedser ere suorle8nluoc puoces pue lsJU oq]

roJ {ooq sql ut posn sqJel Iepou er{} Jo selr}ruuur eArJoE Jueserd eq1

OAII3€ 3tl1 I

W1IS JNJSJUd o{€1 uel li

ONV IAII)V LIAITINIINI JNJSJUd
-od(q ':epr
UI pa3nplrj
'pappe oq uec s8urpue esoq] gcrq^\ ol -lpul.. qrni
((ruols,, IeqJeA e pug o1 sr dals lxeu eql lo u[
oJels
.iat1t o1 spuodserroc qcrq,u '1u- uostad p.tE
'rro.L o1 spuodserroc qcrq,Lr ,ql- uostad pu7
'a.rt o1 spuodseJJoc qclq,u.snur- uouad 61 puE 'lla-l.l;
-sa:d 's:su;
IurnId

3u4e1suet1 laa4cy at4etedul pue 'an1pc1pu1 'aag1u11u1 ludsetd :suo4eflnluo2 pu@es pue $il! aql
r
The First an
Wheelock's Latin: Chapter 1

ing and listening to the language, to its basic sounds and rhythms, will be
an enormous aid to acquiring mastery.

PRESENT I N DICATIVE ACTIVE OF

Laudi & MoneO
Singular
1. larid6, I praise, am praising, do praise m6ne6, I advise, etc.
2. laridds, you praise, are praising, do praise m6nEs, you advise, etc.
3. lairdat, he (she, it) praises, is praising, monet. he lshe, it1 advises,
does praise etc.

Plural
l. laud6mus , we praise, are praising, do praise moncmus, we advise, etc.
2. laudStis, you praise, are praising, do praise monctis, you advise, etc.
3. lairdant, they praise, are praising, do praise m6nent, they advise, etc.
Note that Latin has only these present active indicative forms, and so simple
or progressive or emphatic translations are possible, depending on context,
e.g., mE laudant, they praise me or they are praising me ot they do praise me.
Remember that the accent marks are provided in the paradigm only for
convenience; they follow the strict rules for accentuation explained in the
Introduction, and need not be included in your own conjugation of Latin
verbs (unless you are asked to do so by your instructor).
The macrons, however, must be included, and the vowel sounds they
indicate must be taken into account in memorizing the paradigm and in
conjugating other flrst and second conjugation verbs. Notice that the stem
vowel has no macron in certain forms (e.g., mone6, laudant); you should
learn the following rule, which will make it easier to account for macrons
that seem to disappear and reappear arbitrarily:
Vowels that are normally long are usually shortened when they occur
immediately before another vowel (hence moned instead of *mon662),
before -h, -r, or -t at the end of a word (hence laudat, not
*laudiit), or
before nt or nd in any position (hence laudant).

In the case of flrst conjugation, or -d-, verbs (by contrast with the second
conjugation. -E- verbs), the stem vowel is not merely shortened but disap-
pears entirelf in the first person singular, through contraction with the flnal
-6 (hence laud6, not *laudEd).
I The asterisk here and elsewhere in this book indicates a form not actually occurring
classical Latin.
 (elepqruue'ursqrqtu) Sutqtou'unou'gqp
3uu:n-r-.l ..- ::
Tnqn'ur.ouord 'ppb
aw'unouold 6otu

'reldeqc JelBI e ur peureldxe IeuU 3ql :jr11

-desrp rnq F
eq IIII( slred ledrcuud SutureuroJ eq] Jo uorlcunJ eqi ie.ttltugul elllce lue
puoJas :ut :
-so-rd eqt sr ped yedrcuud puooos aql pue 'ea.rlecrpur olrJoe lueserd rep8uts
uos;ed ]sJg eqi sr ped ledrcuud lsrg oq]'1sq 3uu,to1loJ aql luo{ eos ilLA
no,( sy 'sruJoJ slr ile ut gJo^ eq1 etu3nluoc ol JepJo uI pezlJotuetu eq ]sruu ro'(1upnu1*
qJIq,!\ (qsq8ug ur eeJql 's,L tnog ,(11ensn) .,s1r€d yedtcurrd,, seq qJo^ ulleT '(=oauou- ro
e 'qreA qsqEuE ue o{lT :'g'51 's8uruear.u eq} ureel no.( se pnof) spJo.&\ ul}eT .rncco .(au: ;
oql IIe ,(es o1 oJns oq sfe,trle seIJBInqe3oA eq] Suzuoruou ul '.taqwaruaY
AUflngv)o^ SUOJJEI.LI J.1.:
plnoqs n...,
Qqcry poog) ;WyNCIUO.{ WyNOfl roldeqc eqt epnlcuor }€q} luols 3r{t ltril
e8essed uoqs pue seoualuos eql SurlelsueJl pue Sutpear ]e pueq rno,(,fu1 '1sq ut pue uiiip
oql ur sqJel er{} Jo eruos Surle8nluoc pecrlcerd pue '1sq Surtrollog sq} ut ,(re1 .{eq1 spun..s
-nqecol or{} pue onoqe sru8rpered eq} pezlJoluelu e,req no,{ ocuo ',ltoN 'uJe}
-led uoruuoc e sr (169) qre,r-1celqo-lcelqng '(ecuelues oq] ur pro,r\ lsru eqi UIIEI Jo ut'i.
,(lluenberg) lcelqns oql eq 1{3rtu }eq} unou e roJ {ool 'uosled prlq} sI qre^ 3I{l ur plurEl
eql gr i(,,no,(,, Jo ,,'e,&\,, ,,'1,,) lcafqns aql .laou{ ,(peerle nor( 'uosled puoces toy fluo u:.ii;
Jo ]sJg Jer{}re sr Supue slr Jr ieq} Jeguerual :ooue}ues ur}eT B ur lsel seruo, 'aut aslD)i '-r
uouo qJeA er{I 'ecuo}ues eloq^a eq} Jo esuas .(1e1[ eql pue spJot\ Ienprlrpur ilxeluor u.. i
oq] Jo s8urueeru aql lnoqe Surlutqt 'uotsueqa-rdruoc JoJ peer ipnole pue eldurs os fur
o1 ?uruut8aq ruo{ ecuo}uos r{oee peer s.(e,r,r1e '1srrg 'sreldeqc luenbesqns ut
'rJe 2-il',1'I"
peprlord aq ilyrr ecuelsrss€ roqirnJ l-reldeqc srq] ur s8essed Surpeer oql pue
'CJe 'r.tr.1I:-
secueluas eq] SurtelsueJ] rllr.r no,( lsrssu IIr.4a solnJ eldrurs 8ur..r,ro11og eq1
'C]0 ?St.r1'n -

NIIVT 2NIIVTSNVTI ONV ,NIOVIA

'sast|pD l:: ..-

'314 :_i r '. j'

ialLt a^DS i?ur alg^res pru ae^pv lgru quo141 ''3'g '1) 1 :

;as!^pD'010uou 1asrutd'elEpnel 1ern1d uosred pu7

ias!^pD'Qugru psto.td'ppr,tel rep8urs uosred pu7
:uols oq] o] el_
3urppe ,(q ,(ldrurs poruJoJ sr (suosrad eJoru Jo o.tr1 Sursserppe ueq,& pe,(o1d
-rua) a,ttleredrur 1ern1d ogl pue tuals JueseJd eq1 o1 Ieorluopr sr ruJoJ olrl
-e:adrur reln8urs eql :spueruruoc 3ur,r.r8 JoJ posn sr pooru e,tl1e;edrur aq1

1 A I IVA ilW I 1 A I T)V JNJSJUd eq illr\\ 'sLll'i-"

g Sugvlsuetl !e^!pv aal\etadul pue 'atpe4pu1 'aa111u11u1 tuoseu :suope$n[uo3 puo)es pue $ilt eqt
7

Wheelock's Latin: Chapter 1 The First a

{t:
' ,$'
f'
ndn, adverb. nal ir , ' , ,-
sa6pe, adverb. often .,, .'.,n i'"
si, conjunction. tf ' ,.''
6m6, amire, am6l'r-, am6tum, to love, like (amatory)
c6git6, cdgitire, c6git6vi, cdgititum, to think, ponder, consider, plan (cog-
itate)
d€bed, dEbcre, d6bui, d€bitum, to owe; ought, must (debt, debit)
dd, d6re, d6dr-r, ditum, to give, offer (date, data)
6115, errire, err6vi, erritum, to wander, eru, go astray, be mistaken (erratic,
error)
larid6, laudire, laudivr-, Iaud6tum, to praise (laud, laudable, laudatory)
m6ne6, mon6re, m6nui, m6nitum, to remind, advise, warn (admonish, admo-
nition, monitor, monument, monster)
s6lve6, salvcre, to be well, be in good health; s6lv6, salvOte' hello, greetings
(salvation, salve)
s6rv6, servire, servavi, servitum, to preserve, save, keep, guard (tesetve, res-
ervoir)
c6ns6rv6, cdnservire, cdnservivi, cdnservitum (con-servd), a stronger form
of serv6, to preserve, conserve, maintain (conservative, conservation)
t6rre6, terrere, t6rrui, t6rritum, to frighten, terrify (terrible, terrific, terror,
deter)
vile6, valOre, v6lui, valitiirum, to be strong, have power; be well;vil6 (val6te),
good-bye, farewe ll (valid, invalidate, prevail, prevalent, valedictory)
vide6, vidOre, vidi, visum, to see; observe, understand (provide, evident,
view, review)
v6c6, vocire, vocivi, voc6tum, to call, summon (vocation, advocate, vocabu-
lary, convoke, evoke, invoke, provoke, revoke)

SENTENTIAE (SENTENCES)3
,/
l. LabormE vocat. (Labor, a noun, and one of hundreds of Latin words
that come into English with their spelling unchanged; such words
are often not deflned in the chapters but may be found in the end
Vocab., p. 459-79 below.)
l. MonE mE, sI errd.
l. Festlnd lentE. (A saying of Augustus.-festind, festiniire, to hasten,
nwke haste.-lent6, adv., slowly.)
-1. Laudas mE; culpant me. (culpd, culpdre, to blame, censure.)
5. Saepe peccdmus. (pecc6, peccf,re, to sin.)
6. Quid dEbEmus c6gitdre?

:
-{11 these sentences are based on ancient Roman originals but most of them had
to be considerably adapted to meet the exigencies ofthis flrst chapter.
 '3]e' '." stuap
-'::: 'a.iq-poog pBq urrr;
;(urlq8eu) .repl8uru 'apr1 lazlndlrslp le gndlcslp 'alQIuA
('eurunuag
ro aurlncseru 'ure8y) inq)Da 'sButlaatg ;rrlq8uu .ro ralq8uru 'Q,rIuS
('1ern1d euq
-nrseru pue eururueg.) lsluapnts oilaH ;qnd;csgp 1e eulndgcslp 'a1q,qug i:.
(,(1e,tr1cedseJ sluepnls eleru pus elerueJ uee,la.leq qsrn8
-ultslp sluerrel a-p- eql) puapus 'o11ag ielndlrslp ro qnd;cqp 'g lBS '1.l2lSDl| rt;'2

:urleT Ieuor]BsJe^uoc ,,f,up lslu,, euros sr eJoq 'qlrm Uels oa (plasn

Sutueeru 'ipe ue sl s11I]B pue 'untuwld 1sn[ro to[ tol unou ']eT eql sl ',(e.,n eql pua aill ii: :
,(q 'urnpnug) luorlecgpe pue oJnszeld rno,( rog ..'s1rqpr1,, ullsT 3o ,{1euen e spJo.l\ q--:Ls
pug ilI,lr no,( teldeqc luanbesqns qcee Jo osolc aql }e puB eJoH ialg lBs spJo.!\ uitEl
iSIIIIN I]_WNICNV9 IS] VNIIVI

('puodsa.t'[1dat o7'ergpuods
-er 'gapuodsat-'iopo7 ',rpe 'ggpoq-'puo ''fuoc'le-drleod srq ur secueJeJeJ -nqeJo \ ':-n
pcrqdurSorqolne ruo{ peldepe ,(1eer; .fte,L sr a8essed JorJq snll pu€ 'eceJoH Jo
spuer{ q}oq era,r p8rrn lsod ag} pue s?uecoel4l uorled eq1 :'porlul eq1 lrrarler
'ss8essed Surpea; relduqc esoql ul pa1r3 sJoqln€ Jeqlo eq1 pu€ 'ecero11 rog)
'1uept.r: ::
( i:"-:::
'(a1q1ul lJer
aAeqap erp169c qrpoq prn$ '1uep
-n€l ?Iu 'gl:e ugu 1s iluedpc ]e ]ueuolu edees qur 'qJJa IS ierqpuodser geq
-?p plno tAeq?p erg1l39c prn$ 'iueco.r, ?Ipoq Qru snqrEren to sguQreBw
louat ',.j--:-
(uo:ir.;
NOUVilANt NV SltVTdWltNO) 1)VAOH EOd lHt uuo3 raFu,--:

'oIU e.i\?S 'eUl alol no,(

11
'97 -soJ'3.\las:i
'eru sure.tA uolJo or{ I:e 191 '61
s?mtaatE
'"';#;,1;'rf#'i1';;1Tf
,"

aees aq seop ]erl\\ 'gI -orrrpE'qs.:

pecueu-
('rs11a1 e (i:ori:'
-rrro3 ueuo sueluou qclq,!\ qlr,4a ]uorurlues ,(1puerrJ y) 1$ff
'ga1e,t 'sq1e,t
(lsuearu ,(11en1ce qrslo;d luercus srql esoddns no,( '!
'cIluJJa ) :, .-',
op teqa,1-,{74tmb ''tpe'o1rt anay ''t'pe 's!q) 'spp ollo ls 'sgp slg 'tI
'sglr8gc pqru adeeg 'E1
'sntu?prl IIqIN espapl^ p1nO'ZI
'telres pu 91ody '1 1 -?oc) uoli .
']errat aur [qlN=fT-
't€lue u9u aw '6
({{ ot 'arg1o,r. 'g1o,r) '1e1o.r rourl)I 'g
i?Iu o}p^resugJ',

3u11e1suet1 lan1ycy atlptedul pue'attlectpul /at11gu11u1 Nesatd :suory&nluo2 puoros pue tillJ aqt
F -T
ll'heelock's Latin: Chapter 1

Quid est ndmen tuum? What's your name?

Ndmen meum est "Mark." M1' nante is Mark. (Or, better yet, how about
a Latin name: n6men meum est "M5rcus.")

Remember that labor in sentence I above is just one of a great many

Latin words that come directly into English without any alteration in spell-
ing? Well, rumor in sentence 8 is another, and so is vide6 in the Vocabulary.
Amd, however, does not mean "bullets," nor is amat, "a small rugi' so be-
ware of . . . ioci terribilEs (.terrible jokes): valEte!
l:n

**
: - . .1 : I pu B'sqr ur orq,rr,^B l;TIj]'Hi:l TJ,..Xf #;'*TJu'[:*iHfi : #;
'Suorls
tou sr (spr8 aql Jo ,ft1unoc eqt n).(:1unoc .spr8 eql ,(euour lnoqlllyyJ
'sJolr€s oql o] sesor s,]aod eq] 8ur,tt? ere spt8 oqJ 'g
.(l+B
aq] ol seso; e3.re1 Sur,tr8 sr .ro) sesor a8rel yrr8 eql 3ur,l,r8 sr leod oql 'V
'srs,(1euu reqgry roJ urleT olur polelsuerl oq ilLr\ reldeqc oql ur relel q3lq,!\
,'sacuelues qsrlSug 8ur.r,ro11o; oq] o] JeJeJ o] lueruoluoc oq ill.,t\ 1r sesod;nd
a^I]€Jlsnllr JoC 'olu ralndruoc Jo looqelou rno,{ ur oseldruuxa pue suor}rugop
qJt.,lr 'esec qcea JoJ 1sq u Surdsal .i!\ou u€eq o1 olqesnpe sr ]r os 'orrreu puu
{;1tuepr o} olqe eq }srur no,( qcrq..t,r go ge 's:eldeqc luenbesqns ur sesn esec
Jeqlo Iels^es JeJunocua 1p1| no,( :aoleq pan?o1e1ec eJB qcrq,r 3o sSurueeur
pue sosn uourrrroo eJou eq] ,,'sosec,, poflec eJe unou e Jo sruJoJ pe]cegur
snorJel eql 'uo os pue 'uorssessod go eepr eql solecrpur ]r Joqlog.,td 'qre.t e go
lcelqo oi{} Jo lcefqns eq} s€ posn sr lr Jeqieqla o} suor}€urruJo} snorJBA
^\oqs
seq (aruou 6uorugu ruor3) unou ur]€-I e os 'ocuelues ue,tr? e ut oloJ repcrped
s11 leu8rs gcqr!\ suor]eurruJe] Jo suorlcogur snorJel seq qJoA ur]BT e sV

SISV) ONV SNNON

xeluls lsan4ca[pV
lo luauraatty luolsuapao
lstry lsase} pue sunoN -eq os ,,'3n_: ;.
drelnquco.l :
-J1eds ur uoile
.(ueur 1ea:i r

lnoqe,uoq '1;
10 Wheelock's Latin: Chapter 2

Nominative Case The Romans used the nominative case most commonly to indicate the tl
subject of a finite verb; e.g., poet in sentence A and girls in sentence B. a

Genitive Case When one noun was used to modify2 another, the Romans put the modi- Vocative Case
x
fying, or limiting, noun in the genitive case, as we do in such instances as (
poet's in sentence B and girls' in sentence C. One idea very commonly con-
a
veyed by the genitive is possession and, although other categories besides (
the genitive of possession are distinguished, the meaning of the genitive can
generally be ascertained by translating it with the preposition of. A Latin
noun in the genitive case usually follows the noun it modifles.

Datite Case The Romans used the dative to mark the person or thing indirectly
affected by the action of the verb, as girl (to the girl) in sentence A and to
the sailors in B; both of these nouns are indirect objects, the most common
use of the dative. In most instances the sense of the dative can be determined
by using to or for with the noun.

4 ccusafir e Case The Romans used the accusative case to indicate the direct obiect of the
action of the verb, the person or thing directly affected by the action of the
verb. [t can also be used for the object of certain prepositions: e.9., a,d, to,'
in, into; post, after, behind.3 In sentences A and B, roses is the direct object
of is (are) giving.

{tr,iali;r e Ca-se The ablative case we sometimes call the adverbiala case because it was
the case used by the Romans when they wished to modify, or limit, the verb
bv such ideas as means ("by what"), agent ("by whom"), accompaniment
t"ivith whom"), manner ("how"), place ("where; from which"), time ("when
Lrr $jthin which"). The Romans used the ablative sometimes with a preposi-
iit-ro afld sometimes without one. There is no sirnple rule of thumb for
::anslating this complex case. However, you will flnd little difficulty when a
.:in preposition is used (ab, by, from; cum, with; dE and ex, from; in, in,
': : and in general you can associate with the ablative such English preposi-

: \lodily derives its meaning from Latin modus in the sense of "limit"; it means to
- :-i *ord by means of another. For example, in sentence B roses by itself gives a
.:r:r: ::;a but the addition of poet's modifies, or limits, rores so that only a specific
j-- - i . :: rnind. The addition of red would have modified, or limited, roses still further
:i -:.- -l-ls uhite and yellow ones.
- ::::osition is a word placed before (prae-positus) a noun or pronoun, the "object
--. ,.-: ::::osition," to indicate its relationship to another word in a sentence; preposi-
'.,- : rr.r:!3: can function adjectivally ("a man of wisdom") or adverbially ("he came
',''?-:.,
- .:.: ad rerbum means ,o or near the verb; an adverb modifies a verb, an adjective,
,': ::- :::-.: ;crerb.
r
'afi8 D ro alo8 aql $ aru7 s€ pol€Jsu?Jl oq uec Blrod 'D elcqte olrugepur rno Jo
,;r alJrlre oirugop Jno 01 {llcexe Surpuodsar:oc sp.ro,ld ou peq url€.I Iecrsselc ecurs
8 'ea.rlcalpr ::r
-?uruou eql .,ruo{ xe,tre ueey,, ses,c roqlo ..I, ,r,;t}:rlH?rX#l#'i"t#t#1.f,.j,] r#i eruec aq.. , ., -
t,11 'wott [oaD uDal q .argu11c-gp qJeA eql r{1r,r\ polceuuoJ st uo\uapap ruJe] eql / -rsoda:d :--::,
'ecuolues eql Jo lseJ oql ol uorl
1celqo.. :u: ';
-Jeuuoc 1ecr1ce1u,(s lnoqlr,/r/r ''a'r'ut Sunpatuos Sutiu,otql ..1r1 .sueaur grlceJralq 'leTe
'fioq auo u!'Vtgqgaq 'alqu aqt uo,gsu1wur :puoltaqy{ aqt u1 roqunJ Ili:! r;
'pyrledur :puo1.taqwlaryruotl,pr4ed (xa,ep) qe llltt?uo'taZunq4n.gr1 urnc :UBaqtWltl cgrceds r i-:
'elend urnc lp8 aql uotl to fg ,g1end qe !.{auow qtttr to /g .glugced :ecuelsur Jods e se,tri ,11:s::
01 sueJu :. '_.

e- alo8 g
euSgur eggd 2or7
a3.us1
g- aToB a8nl aqt '')le'wo{1qtW1tq gu?gur pugd .tqv
-rsodeJd Lisr
ruu- aloB a&.tq ary tu?u8etu ureggd 2)y
'l,n tul :Lt-i,.-t-
oB- aw8 aSnl aW nlq eeu8etu eeggd 'rue u uaq.r i:rr.:
eB- aToB aBnl aql lo oeu8€Iu e€Ugd .uag JoJ qlun-q i
e- alnB a&nl ,(o) aqt eu?eur epod 'LuoN -rsodeld E q
rElnSuls
UOQz\1.. ) ?:alJ
sBulpuf, -u8stu:assfl -Iod:asBg luarutut.)diu,..
a3.ru1 'eu?etn a1o3'e1tod. gJe^ aq1 '1:-.
's?,4A Jr aSnE--.
:a7o8 aBnT aqt (EVAEUT
Blrod 'oseJqd e,trlcelpeTunou
e Jo uorsuelcep 0q] solertsnlp 'Qpnop ecrlce;d ol Jeqruouer puz) pozrto
-Iuolu eq plnor{s q3lq,\\'ruSrpered 3urnr.o11o3 ar{I .r-€ .sqJ ul pegrrBlc eq
rur!\
pue Jelrturs sr e^rlc3lpe u€ JoJ ernpecord eql :Surpua eAr]rue8 sqi Surddo:p lcelqo 1r:ir:
,{q puno; ueq} sr aseq aql pue 'pezrJorueur,(lelaydruoc eq }snru qcrq,4l .,ft}uo ..o/ ,pu ..F.:
,&eynqecoa. eql ur peprrrord oJB unou B Jo stuJoJ JBInAurs elrlruo8 pue elr] eI{} Jo uoil:E
-eurruou ogJ .;eseq,, e ol s8urpue Sulppu,(q se,trlcefp€ pue sunou ((eurlcep,, eQlJo /Ja.;r
6urals e
e1rt. os o] s8urpuo Surppe ,(q sq:s,r ele8nluoc e.&\ se ]snf .;uorsuolc
-op,, B pollec sr-o^rlcolpe uB Jo-unou B Jo sesec eql IIe
Jo Burlsll eqJ
paur.uJelsp 3
U0IUIUOJ iSJ:
lAtr)l[OV ONV NnON pue Y ;lL
_ INOISNJTfJO l.sAH
01
,{11ce.trpur
"--u

'sru8rpu;ed eql ur pelsrl y

lou ,(preurpJo sr 1l os pue ,o,rr.rleururou eql Jo ]Bql se ut1e1 7t, :
{uJoJ atues eql seq elr}ecol aql 't 'ql ut porpnls eq o1 uolldacxa roferu euo UeC OAIIIUa!-^:
qtl,1,1 'setrrlrroc ,(q ecuelues or{}Jo iser oq} {uo{ po}sledas s (ssatppD pa"np seprseq sauoi
Jo
unou ;o) e,{rlecol oql uorlenlcund urepour u1 'aunltot g suuplro; .rDSaD)
O -uoc ,(luoruu:
(p) 'rusau3 (g) ''3'e i(ltcerlp Surql ro uosred e (pt o/ 6argro^) slerppe o1 se soSuulsur r
'g ,uo1lcel'Islul eql qlr^\ seurlaruos 'osec a^rluro^ eql pesn sueluou eqJ ase) oA,le)o,1 -lpoul oql 1n!:

'sreldeqc 8ur.Lro11o; aql ut slurod 'g oJuatr

Juorueluoc le
dn ua1el eq III,{& sasn xeldruoc eJoru eqJ- s'jl 'uo 'u! 'urot!'ql1m i{g se suorl oql olesrpur o

tt xe1u,{g !se,t11ce[pv to yeuaat?y luolsuape1 ptrT lsase2 pue sunoN

7

l2 Wheelock's Latin: Chapter 2

Plural
\om. p6rtae m6gnae the large gates or large gates -ae
-
Gen. port6rum magn6rum of the large gates -drum
Dat. p6rtIs m6gnls tolfor the large gates -is
Acc. p6rtas m6gn6s the large gates -6s
Abl. p6rus m6gnIs bylwithlfrom, etc., the large
gates -is
Voc. p6rtae m6gnae O large gates -ae

GENDER OF FIRST DECTENSION : FEMININE

Like English, Latin distinguishes three genders: masculine, feminine,

and neuter. While Latin nouns indicating male beings are naturally mascu-
line and those indicating female beings are feminine, the gender of most
other nouns was a grammatical concept, not a natural one, and so a noun's
gender must simply be memorized as part of the vocabulary entry.
Nouns of the first declension are normally feminine; e.9., puella, girl;
rosa, ro,se; pecfinia, money;patria, country. A few nouns denoting individuals
engaged in what were among the Romans traditionally male occupations
are masculine; e.g., po6ta, poet; ntuta, sailor; agricolarfarmer-
In this book, as a practical procedure the gender of a noun wiltl'not be
speciflcally labeled m.,f., orn. in the notes, if it follows the general rules.

AGREEMENT OF ADIECTIVES

The normal role of adjectives is to accompany nouns and to modify, or

limit, them in size, color, texture, character, and so on; and, like nouns'
adjectives are declined. Naturally, therefore, an adjective agrees with its
noun in gender, number, and case. An adjective (adiectum, set next to, added)
is a word addedto a noun. As its Latin root meaning also suggests, an adjec-
tive was usually positioned next to its noun (except in poetry, where word
order is much freer). Most often the adjective followed the noun, a logical
arrangement since the person or thing named is generally more important
than the attribute; exceptions were adjectives denoting size or number, as
well as demonstratives (hico this; ille, that), which normally precede, as do
any adjectives which the speaker or writer wishes to emphasize.
 (1ecr1neu),to1tos''an.au14uu,u1r,ruu
(eleluJr lou lnq ielqrcsar 'e1et) .ta8uo ,atr ,1 ,ae4.Et1
(aleunpo3un ,eleungo;) ym1 ,aun|tot.J 6auuglJoJ 5uupgo;
(alqepruuo; 'crturo; lou ing l'c1a 'ru:ogur 'ruro;ep .sse1
-uro3 'elnuuog ']eru:og 'yeurog) tnoaq ladoqs 'w,tot ,.1 ,auurrqy .BurJqJ
t.(rue3ur'euregap 'snoruug) uottolndat 'awot !ttodat ,orun,t,3 6euurg;.uurg;

AUV]NSVf,OA op sP 'ap:tr
sE 'J3qr.u:.ll
e8essed ?urpzer pue ]uet:odru: :
socuelues eq] ur solrlcelpe pue sunou ^\oleq
y1e 3o xe1u,(s eql ureydxe o1 ,(pee.r eg 1ecr3o1r ':::
uorlrsoderd 3o lcelqo eurs '3s'1qe plulced pJo,{4, al:'c- Y-

) iluatuas -celpe ulsl

UOISSOSSOd sESoJ '3s'ue8 eulqod (pappo ,,. ::,.

]3e[qo lcerrp luep 'cce '1d spsor sll qlrt\ !:;_

lcalqo lcoJrpur ]uep 'ld'iep sltneu 'sunou at{:'
lcargns lusp '1d'urou eellend ro ',(grpou i
g asualuas
unou slr qlr^,!r 'rpe Jo lueureoJS€ sgsoJ '1d 'cce spu8eu
lcelqo lrerrpur tsp '3s'1ep aegend
lsolqns lep '3s'ruou elQod
Y a)ualuas
uosBa1 acuepuadeq rurof, pJoa\ 'salnJ
IEj::
:snq] pa]€]s .(llueruenuoc eq uec spJo.^a oseql Jo oruos Jo xe1u.,(s eq1 oq lou [ll\,, :
'lel€A uou glu1ced ours [unJgllend uulu4 .3
suolledn-.t,".
'1uep aelqod sgsor sllneu eellend .g
slenpr,rrpur i
'1ep sEsor sEu8uur eellend elQod .V
!1uB'e11and'
'(g ur lceiqns 'y ul 1cafqo .u1t
lcaJrpu oq1 sr augend ecueq) Surueau s.ecuoluos ? o] sonlc,(resseceu epltord s.unou E os p
lxaluoo pue JapJo p.ro,r'esec euo u€ql e.roru ]ueseJder uec oB- se qcns Surpue lsoru Jo .r:D:
unou e a.req,r\ ]Bgl ool ecrlou :,taqwnu puo uoaad u1 Dafqns s4 q4m aafio -ncseru .i11i-t:
tsnw qD^ o $ql elnJ eql s8urpue qJe^ pue 1cefqns aq] ur aorloN 'seldruuxe 'eututtua-1 ':';
etuos oprloJd'ur1e1 olur polelsueJl eJeq .eloqe ue,a.€ sacuelues sldues eq;
'(acueluas eql ur uorlounJ Jo esn
lecrletuuru8 sll ''a'l) r.uJoJ aql JoJ uoseeJ oql
pue 'spuedep .{1eso1c lsoru lr qolrl^\ uo pJo,{4, er{l ,ruJoJ s}r elels plnoqs no,t aE-
'a,rrtcaipe Jo unou ue,rr3 e 3o xelu(s aq] uruldxe oLocueluos e ur ru;oJrad sI-
o1 are (eq] qclq \ ocr.{Jos eql ol Sulprocce spJo^\ go Burleqs:eu ,(pepro oqt
st xutufs., .(?oyoulture1 lecrleuruer8 ur t1;eprur5 derre ,(Fepro ur,(urre uu sg-
dn .uz:p o1 telncrped ur lo aBuo"uo o/ sueotu urapuluz(s qJo^
{eoJC aql sI-
IIINIE-
eB- ,ia.
XVINAS
e I xe1u,(g lsan4celpy 1o yauaat?y luolsuepa1 7s.t17 lsasea pue sunoN
r
I

14 Wheelock's Latin: ChaPter 2

p6tria, p6triae, f.. fatherland, natiye land, (one's) country (expatriate, re-
patriate)
--
pec[nia, -ae,e f., money (pecuniary, impecunious; cp' peculation)
philos6phia, -ae, f. (Greek philosophi*, love of wisdom), philosophy
po6na, -ae, f., penalty, punishment;poends dare (idiom), to pay the pen-
alty (penal, penalize, penalty, pain, subpoena)
po6ta, -ae, m., Poet (PoettY)
p6rtar -ae, f., gate, entrance (portal, portico, porch)
pu6lla, -ae,f., girl
r6sa, -ae, f., rose (rosary' roseate. rosette)
sent6ntia, -ae, f., feeling, thought, opinion, yote, sentence (sententious,
sentencing)
vita, -ae, f.,lifr; mode of life (vital, vitals, vitality, vitamin, vitalize, devi-
talize, revitalize)
antiqua, -ae, adjective,to ancient, old-time (antique, antiquities, anti-
quated, antiquarian)
m6gna, -aeo adj., large, great, important (magnify, magnificent, mag-
nate, magnitude)
m6a, -ae, adj., my
mirlta, -re, adj., much, many (multitude, multiply, multiple; multi-, a pre-
fix as in multimillionaire)
tttr., -aLe, adj., your, used when speaking to only one person
et, conjunction" and; et. . . et, both. . . and
sed, conj.. bar
O, interjecti on, O!, Oh!, commonly used with the vocative
sine, preposition + abl., without (sinecure)
est, ls

SENTENTIAE ANTTQUAEll
'1.
SalvE, O patria! (Plautus.)
2. Fdma volat. (Virgil.)

e
pecflnia, -6s :
peclnia, pec[niae; this abbreviated format will be employed in all
subsequent entries for regular flrst decl. nouns.
loGiven here are the adjectives' nom. and gen. forms, the latter abbreviated as with
flrst decl. nouns; after the masculine and neuter forms are learned in the next two chap-
ters, adj. entries will provide the nom. endings only for all three genders (see, e.g., b6nus,
-a, -um in the Ch. 4 Vocab.).
1i Sentences of ancient Roman origin. Henceforth, the author of every ancient Latin

sentence will be named. An asterisk bJfore an author's name means that the sentence
is

il;;J 1erbatim. The lack of an asterisk means that the original sentence had to be
somerrhat altered to bring it into line with the student's limited knowledge of Latin, but
the student may be usorJd that the thought and the expression are those ofthe ancient
author indicat.O. tt.
specific passage from which each sentence is adapted is identified
belon. p. 494 96, for students who are interested in the context and wish to do further
reading.
- i:r
rql seceJl pJo.& B Jo [8olour,(le eql f,lluenbesuo) 'runn)o 'ptou 'soflo1
?te pil 'anu'soutlle {eeJC oql tuo{ soluoc ,,r{3o1ourr(1e,, 1Bg1 oloN roqunJ on .:
pogrtuspr !: r;
ADOIOWAI1 luer3uE 3qr l:
]nq 'urt€l -r,l ;
0q o1 pEL :-':
1'no{ 'a1-'ss!4 oj 'argqvq-'q8nol 'tut{ aq o7 'algrppqo-e}coge Puol}otue sr ocuelu3s :;:
papuolur aql sr ]eq^a i1s.rg o1 {ceq pue 'prlql o} ouosrad }sJg luo{ l;rqs qlaod ur13'I lurr:'-.
eql aloN-'6I 'qJ ees 'tueod leut8uo aql uro4 sldracxe peldepeun roJ pue
'snugq "6 :
-::
''porluJ er{} oos'1eod'3'g'uar lsl srgl rod'uorleldupe esord !g sn1p1e3)
-deqc o.ti ::':.
qlr,^(\ se p::i:'-.
'qelul ugu ?l eurs pss-e11end eaur 'gJBpqO leu8eur JSe eotu eJI i]ulsgq ugu
uellend 1e 'lep ugu sgsor aelland '.lBpnBI ugu eellend u€IuJq, '1etue ugu 1e ut Poic',;:
uegend elgod :lergpqo snlFle3 ;e11end'91en'leue ugu qw eetu BIIond
7z1/fiilVt ONlt}llAtD StH SO|S SnTTnlV)
'e8rey sr ele8 ]uetcue oql'02
'ra8uego ,(11eued oI{} oes uauo el6'61
'eunuoJ learE :no,{ esturd
ot tqSno no( pue sJolIES eql saglxel Surqtou'Euolls sI puBI:no.{31 '31
,(erlse oB uelgo ,{ouoru pu€ eunuoJ,(qdosolqd }noqll yll
'e;r1 s,teod el{l o^es slr8 eq; '91
(rual
ol 'arqu4l '1aaqm'ee- 6ulor-olecl3) 'luotull ugu oeunuoJ lrr"]ou'SI
("ssatddo 'pDol ot'argrauo-'1q€ sl aseo er4l :ulDqJ 6eu- 'uuql
-et-'pnn "[pu 'eu- rslsss-'s3s.lo11) 'lereuo sluqle3 sl oes qhtr 'tI -e;d e '-r:y:.;
(aunrc tou- 6Bu
.1lgle-'ou ''lpe'eu-'u11pu-'eceueg*) '1segueod euts ellBN '€l
"IlIJp^B
('eceueg) 'orEU^ ruerl sntu?qQql ,ZI -3eru 'lu:--.rl
('tTruos
-m'ssaupunosun'oe-'u1ugsu1-atDan ol 53193.13-24lssnxa'aruD -l1ue 'sariir"
-poww! ''lpe 'ee-'ucrpoururr-'eceueg) 'ru?Iupsul l€oJc eJI €rlpotutul 'I I
(p1oq' ad,or1 o7'atgaey-'auos -r,tep 'azr1r:i:
'punas ''lpe oau- 'uugs-'eceuag*) 'elguel eelll tu"LuJE ur€ugs '01
('lto ''3s 'ruou 5strB-'orect3*) 'aElIA sJe 1se eqdosollrld '6 'snorlualu:5
('eceueg) '9p aerqdosol1{d AW '8
('tapto ot
(uqrn;-'BlL unou eql qll/t\
'arqqnl- apnlufw 'p,t4on 'ee- qJo^ slgl
asnJuoc lou op :pro^D o1 'ar1yt 'sgqnl rueqJnl oJBII^ QI tr 'l
-'eceueg*)
(' n a [u' asnlat o7
oa.rgsgca.r-'ece
-roH) sESlcoJ pos sEpnBl edees azuled eenbllue lue]I^ le uIBuErUod '9 -uad atlt '.'r;
('.in,uo {ttoc ot'erpgodqp-'orecr3)'tetrodqp uretu[cad tu"]ln11l'S 'it1ci,';
('Icuarua1c (uorl
'aE- 'Brlueur?It-'oJocrJ) 'lenresugc spll^ sHlnul enl ellueluglC ',
(' uoptod'tot o.{'oe-'u;ua,r-'ocuaral)'ee11end uelue,t gq' g -er 'eler.ttrJ'

9t xelulg lsaa4calpy 1o Tueueatty luotsuepaq ptlg lsase2 pue sunoN

7

16 Wheelock's Latin: Chapter 2

vation of the word and shows its original meaning. Under this heading will
be introduced various items not covered by the derivatives listed in the vo-
cabularies. Each chapter so abounds in such material, however, that com-
plete coverage cannot be attempted.
Pecfinia is connected with pecus, cattle, i]ust as English /ee is related to
German Yieh, cattle.
Fortiina derives from fors, chance, accident.
Explain the meanings of the following English words on the basis of the
appropriate Latin words found in the sentences indicated. Further aid, if
needed, can be obtained from a good dictionary; Webster's New World Dic-
tionary and the American Heritage Dictionary are especially helpful with
etymologies.
volatile (2) tenet (10) onerous (14)
venial (3) creature (11) rotary, rotate (15)
turbulent (7) nullify (13) obdurate ("Catullus")
insane (10) concatenation (14)

IATINA EST GAUDIUM-ET tTIUSI

Salv6te, discipuli et discipulae! From the Vocab.: To do something sub
rosa is to do it secretly or in confidence (the rose was in antiquity a symbol
of secrecy); aqua vitae, lit., the water of life, is an old Latin phrase for "whis-
key"; and a "sinecure" (from sine * cttra, care) is an office or position that
is largely without responsibility.
And here's some more Sonversational Latin:

Quid agis hodi6? How are you today?

OptimE! Great!
Pessim6! Terrible!
Benel Good!
Satis bene. So-so or Okay.
Ndn bene. Not well.
Et tii? And you?
Discipulae et discipuli, valEte!
 !

F puaul wafi g euBeu ecltue ?oA

9- puaul ruat8 o tuo{17t1u1[q guSgru Qslru? 'lqY
um- puattt ruafi o unu8eru runslruB 2)Y
s- pua1"{ ruatB o tollot guSgru gclr.u€ '|Do
puau{ ruaB o lo p39ur ICIIUP 'UAI\
!-
sn- puaut ruat8 aqtlo snu8eur snclluu '1.4.toN

rslnSuls
sBmpuf -u8aur -qru8 :os?g
tDa.t8 pua!4[
tsnu8uul 6snquru
sn- Nt slNtlnfsvw
'(un- qlr.l pue teldeqc lxeu el{l uI ees IIBqs e^'\ se
'sJelneu eql) Je- ur puo ,^aoJ e ellq,4d'sn- uI Surpue ;ep8uts ol,Ileulluou B eABq
sunou eurlnss€rr uorsuolsop puoces lsontr ', 'qf, ul sJelneu aql ryroleq pocnp
-oJlur eJ? seurln3ssrx eq] :Jelnou Jo aurlnJsslu reqlre ,t1;ep8er ere uolsuelcsp
slq] Jo sunou aq1 'lernyd e^qelqe eql pue o^Ilep eq] ut ldecxa 'uotsuelcep
]sJg aq] Jo osoql ruo{ rogrp s8urpua eq} te,reno11 's8utpue + eseq :uoIS
-uelcep lsJU eql rog ueniS ,(peerle elnJ eql s^\olloJ uolsuelcep puooas eql
leq] uotirsc: ;
NOTSNJT)1o 0NO)15 lHt -Slq/t\,, JO-i
e
::i:-
i-:::
1oqur,(s
qns Sutqiau-i's

tawo ptoM (,,sn1p1e3..

(91) atrl"r
r :

luolytsoddy lsanpa{pv (il i

pue sunoN aulp)sew qlp,\ InJdl:q

-r!o plio.ll r-:
:uotsuapao puo)as Jl 'pl€ raqun
eI{}Jo sISEq:1

o1 pslelal sI

-uo3 leqi 'r:

-oA eql uI F;
gun ButPeaq
1B Wheelock's Latin: Chapter 3

PIural
Nom. amicl m6gni great friends -i
Gen. amlc6rum magnorum of great friends -6rum
Dat. amicrs m6gnIs tolfor great friends -is
Acc. amicds m6gnds great friends -ds
Abl. amicls m6gnls bylwithlfromt great friends -is
Voc. amicl magnl O great friends -I

MASCUTINES lN -er
Of the second declension -er masculines, some like puer retain the -e- in
the base, while most, like ager, drop the -e-, hence the special importance
of learning the genitive as part of the full vocabulary entry (though a knowl-
edge of such English derivatives as "puerile" and "agriculture" will also help
you remember the base). Similar is the unique -ir masculine, vir, viri, man.

paer, boy agerrfield

Base: puer- agr- Endings
Singular
Irlom. pfe12 6ger2 m6gnus3 (none)
Gen. prierl 4sl m6gnI -i
Dat. prierd 69ro m6gnd -6
Acc. pferum 6grum m6gnum -um
Abt. priero 6916 m6gn6 -6
Voc. prier 4! m6gne (none)
Plural
lVom. prieri 69rT m6gnl ,' -i
Gen. puerorum agr6rum magnorurn
al
-orum
Dat. prierls 69rrs .
magnls -rs
Acc. pterds 6grds m6gnds -6s
Abt. priens 6gris magnls -rs
Voc. prierl 69rt m6gnr -i

r
Remember that this is only an imperfect, makeshift way of representing the abla-
tive. and remember that prepositions are commonly used with the ablative, especially
when the noun indicates a person; in English translation a preposition is virtually al-
w0r S u.cd.
I The underlined forms are the ones which call for special attention.
:.\dded tor the sake of comparison and contrast. Note the combination of puer
magnus. a big bo1', and 6 puer magne, O big boy.
1B Wheelock's Latin: Chapter 3

Plural
Nom. amicl magnl great friends -i
Gen. amlc6rum magnorum of great friends -6rum
Dat. amicls magnls tolfor great friends -is
Acc. amicds masnos greqtfriends -6s
Abl. amicls magnls bylwitltlfromt great friends -is
Voc. amicT magnl O great friends -i

MASCUTINES lN -er
of the second declension -er masculines, some like puer retain the -e- in
the base, while most, like ager, drop the -e-, hence the special importance
of learning the genitive as part of the full vocabulary entry (though a knowl-
edge of such English derivatives as "puerile" and "agriculture" will also help
you remember the base). Similar is the unique -ir masculine, vir, viri, man.

paer, boy ager,field

Base: puer- agr- Endings
Singular
Nom. p*g{' 4$st' m6gnus3 (none)
Gen. plgrr- .;--
agrr m6gni -i
Dat. pferd agro m6gnd -6
Acc. prierum 6grum m6gnum I -Um
Abl. prierd 6916 m6gn6 i-o
Voc. p!r_g-r
4! m6gne i lnoney
PIural
Nom. pferi agfl magnl -l
Gen. puerorum agrorum magn6rum -6rum
Dat. prierls 6gris m6gnTs -is
Acc. pirerds 6grds m6gn6s -ds
Abt. pterls 69rrs mdgnrs --rs
Voc. pirerr agrt magnl -l

i Remember
that this is only an imperfect, makeshift way of representing the abla-
tive. and remember that prepositions are commonly usedI with the ablative, especially
rvhen the noun indicates a person; in English translation a preposition is virtually al-
\13\: U>Cd.
:
The underlined lorms are the ones which call for special attention.
:
-\dded lor the sake of comparison and contrast. Note the combination of puer
magnus. a big bot', and O puer magne, O big boy.
 '(ind) sn4sod 'gugd + (toau 'ot) pe o
rend 1o ur1.-i -

-ye i(11ent.r....
:P{.{ aJuoluss e Jo pJoA\ }S3l eqlssuedsns ur Jeus}srl Jo JepBeJ eqt deo{ o}
Ilun ,(ylercodsa ;.. .,
slaas gorr.l,{A 'e1(1s crpoued eq1 rog ssaupuoJ .suBIuo)I oql qll^\ petceuuoc ,(1q -u1qe oql i-. --:
-eqo:d sr esnelc slr Jo pua ar{l }B qJe^ eql eceld o1 ,(euepuel eq} 'uol}Isodtuoc
IerrrroJuI 'qre^ oq] (S) 'saserqd ro spro^r Ierqre^pu (p) 'lcoiqo lcerlp eq]
([)'lcelqo ]oerrpu oq] (Z)'sregrporu str puu lcafqns eq1 (I):slq] sI osn?lc L
al€urpJoqns Jo ocuoluos ur1e1 peglldluls ? uI spJolr\ Jo JspJo 1ectd,(1 y sI-
sq-
sI-
aloao oaoM rrrnr9-
I-

(euou)
'seru{uoc,(q unou Surpece;d
eql ruo:; peleredes ,(luouruoc st e,rt}tsodde uV 'UaA\ se rapuaE ut uago pue s-
Iun-
'Joqrunu ur (gensn'osec ur ear8e s,(errrp uotltsodde uI sunou :unou Jeglo oI{}
go lueyea.rnbe ftoleueldxe eql se irnou .reqloue ,(.oplseq 1nd,, st qclq^\ unou 9-
e sr a.trlrsodde uy'runlgg qtrm uorlrsodde ur sr tun11g ocuolues sH] uI I-
(euou1
'p1a{ ary m 'uos {ru 'srung aas 1
'gepl^ gr8e ur ournor.u urnlEl'unfE5t sBupug

NOUtSOddV
'uqlu'ttLt'rLt
dleq osle 11r r,
-l.tnoul e qin;
lt&tl/l O'g13re1 O :uos {tu'lW gu :rep8uts olrlecol eq} uI !- acuel;odrui r
e13urs e el,r-g',tu.t'sneru pue (il&rUt 6snlp8rerl 'uos ssngg ''3'a) snl- ut sunoN ur -a- eril urf t;
'1cguu 61cruu 1ern1d 1nq lecluru 'sncrruu .relnEuts :ell]eulurou eq] uor; 3u1
-11eds ur Jegrp JeAa eArlecol eql soop uolsuolcep puoces eql Jo se^Ilcefpe pue
sunou sn- go reln8urs oql ul ,(1uo leql elou o1 luepodurr ,(lprcedse s1 11
'uorlelsueJl pu? uolsueqarduoc Eulpeer ol spIB Ielluosse
sesu€]sur qcns uI ag m,t\ ]x31uoc pue JapJo prozn 'ure8e i(ilueserder s!c$rr8 I-
pue 'ocguru 'Icluru sruJoJ eql ,(eur sesuc ]ueJeJIp leqlr ''E'e) sosec ]ueJeglp sI-
JoJ pesn are s8ulpue uorsuelcep puocos euros 'uolsuolcep lsJU eqt ut sy '('1d s9-
'lJe sg-/su- pue ''1d 'uaE urug-1un.rE- ''3s 'cce eI{} ut un-^us- ''3'e) rzlurs sI-
are sreqlo pue (q- ur '1d '1qe pue 'tep eql) tsrg eqt ul asoql ot lernuepl rrrnr9-
a:e s8urpua uorsuelcap puoces oruos leql elou ol 1n3d1eq eq plnoqs 1I I-
S9NICNI ]SVf NO SIN]WWO)

6 t DprO protul luotltsoddy lsaa11ca[py pue sunoN ou,F)sery :uolsuapag Puores

20 Wheelock's Latin: ChaPter 3

been reached. Remembeq too, that adjectives and genitive nouns commonly
follow the words they modify. However, although the patterns described
above should be kept in mind, the Romans themselves made many
excep-

tions to these rules for the purposes of variety and emphasis. In fact, in
highly inflected languages liki Latin, the order of the words can be relatively
un-important to the sense, thanks to the inflectional endings, which
tell so
much about the interrelationship of the words in a sentence. on the other
hand, in English, where the inflections are relatively few, the sense com-
monly depends on stricter conventions of word order'
For example, study the following idea as expressed in the one English
sentence and the four Latin versions, which all mean essentially
the same
despite the differences of word order.

(l) The boy is giving the pretty girl a rose'

(2) Puer Puellae bellae rosam dat'
(3) Bellae Puellae Puer rosam dat'
(4) Bellae puellae rosaln dat puer'
(5) Rosam Puer Puellae bellae dat'

Whatever the order of the words in the Latin sentence, the sense remains
the same (though the emphasis does vary). Note also that according
to its
these words stand. But
ending, bellae must modify puellae no matter where
if you change the order of the words in the English sentence, you change

the sense:
(l) The boy is giving the pretty girl a rose'
(2) The pretty girl is giving the boy a rose'
(3) The girl is giving the boy a pretty rose'
(4) The girl is giving the pretty boy a rose'
(5;) The rose is giving the bo1' a pretty Sirl'

In all these sentences the same words are used with the same spellings, but
the sense of each sentence is different in accordance with the conventions
of English word order. Furthermore, where the fifth English sentence is
senseless, the fifth Latin sentence, though in much the same order,
makes
perfectly good sense.

VOCABUTARY
iger. 6gri, m.,field, farm (agrarian, agriculture, agronomy; cp' agricola)
agricola, -ae, m., farmer
u,,i.r. -ae, f., and amicus, amicl, m., fi"iend (amicable, amiable' amity;
cp. amO)
Gmina, -ae, f., woman (feminine, femininity)
filia, -ae, f., daughter (filiation, affiliation, affiliate, filial)
 'solrlua 'quco1 luenbasqns ur (t) s1qt qlr^r petesrpul aq
m/r\ utn1E-[ E_
arr-4,- urelled eqiEurmollog sged ledrcuFd qtr,r,r sqrel uorle8nluoc lsrg repEapr.
'firaugu .suerunu : r- (snrerunu ..a.r) serrlua .qecon
:uanbasqns ur,(eaa srql peler^oJqqe oq lpt\ sunou sn- uorsueJcap puocos reln8aA,
i,ftrue 'ale.i'.r--l

('1- rsnlsn8ny (ulocyBu 'd: :;

Surpuer I 'qC ees l'3s 'ruou ur oureu u .suugceutr4i-.ece
-'e8ussed
-roH) ']oqEq tunJgolluB qrounu ur qu ,11snEnv sncguB ,sgupcee141 .7
('orecl3) 'erglrEgc gugrug1 qlndod qp ,eecgue te IrIruB ,sll?q?O .I
IVnblrNV MINIIN:IS se{€ru 'raP-. ;
sr ecuelu.'s ;'i
dauour prE,{ru pue foq,(tu salr8 s,(elr1e eH .0I
'puel{ suolJua.\uc-1 ;.
,(ur 'sea.r1 ,srelqtnep rno( ur eungoJ leerE ees a71 .6
'fulunoc rno,{ ur oureJ qonru eneq no,( ,(epol .g lnq's8urlt:;s ;
'Euorls lou sr aJrI spuer{ A\eJ u lnoq}r .l
11

'snu?p ssuood r. **rjffi ;rtJ1ff;t:ilJ::ilt .?

'tuepnel ruenbpue ueqdosolqd eeururg ]a
lrl^ Ittn11 .,
'lepn?l redrues 'ao{u Brlg ,urnrgllend uru4uerdeg .g
'Jus3ol grpoq sgllend pan4 .7
'snrugprl sg8e ur e?lnuu tunlll.:I .I
a8ueqc noi '::
A ITAIU ONV Sftrfvud lng "puEts si-:,

(uorlcugsrles ',(1er1us 'alqerlesur 'e1er1es) a1os ,[tst1os ol

s1r o1 Surp:o::
s,(I) gpgs SUISIUEJ TSU.T
(letlqeq 'lyqeq l..qlrog ploq,, 'llqlq-xe l.,ur p1oq,, ,]1qeq
-ur) pto8at ,aprcun 'ssassod 'ruoq ,a^Dq o/ surnlJqgq .elgquq .gaqgrl
lnqgrl
(leurelrdruas) sbulo' npe ."radues
topoy ''trpe.?1pgq
uo 'u! "lge 1 'derd 6u;
(ge,rotu
€p uro{ 'eloutap)[o 'ruo 'aprsD .[ouo ,uuop se s8ulueatu qons q]rt\
-gp xgud e se osle :ruoqo 'Smutatuoc lwott ,uto,rt uaop ,.Iqe a .dard .gp
(urueurnog'enbsaueuroA'ursrorlueuror eures eqt .iy1rl:
'JtluuuroJ 'eouuuroJ 'ecueuoy) uDutoy,.lpe .(l) BuEtugU ,(.ru) snugrugg qsq8ug auo .;
(,{llcned) ualo'uat,.1d ur .nsn ,.fpe ,(l) aecnud,(.ur) 1c4ud
(ecuene) snonuD^D ,tpaat3,.fpe ,(l) urgau .(.ur) snrglu -tuoc esues ;q:
(lue1nru, |ou leltxtr 'en1rm) oaq 'uoru ''u .g!,r ,4r roglo eql uo ;
(lueles 'luardes) ruopstdr'J .eB- tpueldus os [el qsrq \\ "s

(,(lquand'eprand) uarpfq),srtoq .1d ltoq,.ut,lmgd 6.regd ,(1e,rt1eya: eq ue

(snopdod ur 'lceg uI 'srs:

ituelndod 'uorlelndod) uoruou o 'apoad o ,apoad atp ,.rlu.1- .sqndgd -decxo ,(ueru ::
(alerournue'olqerorunuur,lererunu) D qwnu ..* r? ssnlournu peqrJssep sujsl
(u1g aes) uos ''vr,ggl.snl$ ,(pounuoc suni

lZ DptO p.,o/y luotgrsoddy lsetpcalpy pue sunoN autpJsew:uolsuape1 puoJas

22 Wheelock's Latin: ChaPter 3

3. Libellus meus et sententiae meae vrtds vir6rum monent. (Phae-

drus.-libellus, i, little book.)
4. PaucI virl sapientiae student. (Cicero.-stud6re * dat., to be eager
for.)
5. Forttrna adversa virum magnae sapientiae ndn terret. (Horace.-
adversus, adversa, adj. :
English.)
6. Cimdn, vir magnae fEmae, magnam benevolentiam habet. (Ne-
pos.-Cim6n' proper name nom. sg.-benevolentia, -ae : Eng.)
7. Semper avdrus eget. (xHor3ss.-nvfl1us : aviirus vr.-egite, to be
in need.)
8. Ntrlla cdpia pec[niae avdrum virum satiat. (Seneca.-cdpia, -ae,
abundance.)
9. Pecflnia avdrum irrltat, ndn satiat. (Publilius Syrus.-irritire, to ex-
cite, exasperate.)
10. SecrEte amicos admonE; laud6 palam. (xPublilius Syrus.-s6cr6t6,
adv., in secret.-tdmonE :
monE.-palam, adv., openly.)
11. Modum tenere dEb€mus. (*Seneca.-modus, 4, moderation.-te-
nEre, lo have, observe.)

THE GRASS IS ALWAYS GREENER

Agricola et vltam et fortiinam nautae saepe laudat; nauta magnam for-
tflnam et vltam poEtae saepe laudat; et poEta vltam et agrds agricolae laudat.
Sine philosophia avdri viri de peciiniS semper cdgitant: multam pectiniam
habent, sed pecflnia multa virum avdrum n6n satiat.

(Horace, Sermdn€s 1.1; free prose adaptation.)

ETYMOLOGY
The following are some of the Romance words which you can recognize
on the basis of the vocabulary of this chapter.
Latin Italian Spanish French

amicus amico amigo ami

Irllus flglio hrjo flls
numerus numero nrimero num6ro
populus popolo pueblo peuple
pauci poco poco peu
semper sempre siempre
habEre avere haber avoir
de di de de
 ap
JIO.\E

nad
eldned
oJeulnu
SIU

Itue
rIJuau

ezruSo:or ur

ureru[cad i;i
'lepnel 0€J11,1-
--to3 ruuu8r'..i:

-el-'uotlDl??
tl,
'qlqrcgs- sn_l

-xa ol ,etgllt4

6aB- tBtdoo-'r

aQ 01 'at?fla-'
('3ug : ar.
itusuoq urBuuuoJ al?qBq la aloIBA'suorlBzrusSJo pue suortnl4sur -e$ '1eqeq u
tuepotu Jo e8ueJ epr,r p SurlueserdeJ seolloru urle.I ssellunoc Jo ('qecon
s,reldeqc srqt ,(q pe1sa83ns) o,r,rl lsnl eJE eseql '(punoq ,tlsrul rno,( ,,'opld,,
'la
sB loor urle'I eurus eql uo4) ruhlpl s{o*tyt ,sllEpu radruas s,lr 'euu€y41 -'eceJoH)
'S'n e er.no,( y n 'patndatd stoulo.snlg.lud ladruas ere no,{ 'pmng lseo3
.ta8na aq ot ..lu
eqt ut are no,( JI 'lle \ eqlpoq srlr8e prn$ itrlruu la aBUruB 6a1qlp5
isrlrr0 rl-wnronv9 rsl vNlrvl -eeqd) 'JUeuL-rr

tz toPto ptolyl luorlrsoddy lse,tgcalpy pue sunoN eutrusew :uolsuapao puo)es

{
Seco

4
Second Declension Neuf ers;
E
Adjectives; Present
Indicative of Sum; Predicate
Nouns and Adjectivesl
Substantive Adiectives

SECON D D ECLENS'ON-NEUTERS
declension there are no nouns of neuter gender but in the
In the flrst
second declension there are many. They are declined as follows, again by
adding endings to a base:
d6num, cdnsilium, magnum'
Srft plan greqt
Base: ddn- cdnsili- magn- Endings

Singular
l{otrt. d6num constltum magnum -um
Gen. donl consllll' m6gnI -i
Dat. dono conslllo mrlgnd -d
Acc. donum conslllum m5gnum -um
Abl. dono conslllo m6gnd -6
!The gen. sg. ol second declension nouns ending in -ius or -ium was spelled with a
single -i (filius, gen. IiE; c6nsilium, gen. c6nsiFr) through the Ciceronian Period. Howeveq
 '1x01 sl[{l ur pe.(oldluo eq ilrA\
'rj r\ urroJ er{l sr sql '(nullxa 'ueE 'snrurxa) so.rrlcalpe ur olnJ eql s,{€1!\le seld II- ecurs pue te,ta.to11 : - .

ruad uelsn8nv eqt Suunp peqsrlq€lse au?ceq (rqrsuoJ ,Ug) g- urog elr1rue8 eql ocurs e qlr.r pa:':,:.

runu8eur eu?eut eu8eru 2or7

s-
quSgu gu8eu gu39ur 'lqY un-
q-
runu8etu rueuBuru runu8uru 2)Y
ouBeu eeuBzru gu?gur .10(I r
pSgu 'ua9 un-
1u3gru eeuBeru
unuBeur euBeru snu8gru 'ruoN
rupBug5 s8urpuf
'lneN 'uel 'Js8W
.SUOIS

-uolcop o,4 l lsJU eq] Jo ,\\ar.\a: poo3 e seprlord .4aoleq snu8uur Jo uorsuelcep
(q urz6r "sr
IInJ oqJ 'esec pu8 Jequnu ur unou sll qll,!\ seerSe esr.4Ae{rl }l pue 'pesn sr 11
qolq^\ qll.4 unou eqt Jo Japua3 eql ot Surprocce s8urpue JeJneu ;o 'eururrue3 aql ur t:..r i
'euryncsuru seq a,r,ncaip€ eqt 'luulsuoJ surerrroJ es€q eql elq. a ,]eq] lurod
eq] pel€Jlsnllr e\eq 1. a 'sq) ur peluese-rd snu8uru go sur8rpe.red
"rlJ

sl\tt)]lov to
lN lwllv 9V O NV NOISNJT)1 0

'u '(Iugp'unupp :) 1- 6urnugp

:IuroJ polur,\a;qqu 3ur,la.olloJ eq] ur sorJ"lnqeco^ eql ul peluase;d eq IIr^r sJal
-neu uorsuelJep puoces ;eln8eg 'sunou 3o ;epua8 eql Sulpnlcur tleleldruoc
sarJlue ,(relngeco.t IIe ezrJorueu ol sr ll lueuodur .toq ure?e ees uec no,(
os TelnSurs elrleurruou uorsuolcop lsJU € JoJ ue{e}sru aq iqSnu Surpue u-
1e:n1d eq1 '(seruuroc ,(q ecualues eql Jo lsor er{} uro{ Jo los ,(1-rep8e"r ere
feql se 'esJnoc go 'peqsrn8ullslp ,(psea eJoru uele eJ€ selrlero.t) lcaiqo ue
apr!
sE pesn euo pue lcelqns e se pesn unou Jelneu E uee.taleq qsrn8urlsrp o1 no.(
elqeuo uouo IIr.4a ]xeluor pue ropro pro & 'lernld eq1 ur u- telnBurs eql ur
un- :(suorsuelcep IIB Jo srolnou IIe Jo enrl sl slq]) reqloue euo o] I€Jrluopr
aJe alrleoon pue 'e,trlesncce 'e,rrleunuou eql ]eq] ]decxe 's8urpue eurlncseru
aql se orues eql ere sSurpue Jelnou uorsuelcap puoces aql ]eq] acrloN
!sta1t
sI- s1u39u SIIIISUOO SIUOD 'lqY
e- euBeur PIIISUOJ euoD '))v
sF sluBeur SIIIISUOS SIUOD 'IDCI
rrrnJg- unrguBeru IUNJOIIISUO3 runJouot) 'ua9
E. eu8eru 8rTlsu93 Bu9P 'ruoN
IErnld

SZ sat4cefpy puP sunoN ap4paq luu,ns lo eNy),pul lueserd lsaa4calpy lstalnaN uo$uapa1 puo)es

FT
 9ecotil,
26 Wheelock's Latin: ChaPter "

Plural
m6gnI mSgnae migna
Nom.
magnorum magnarum magn6rum
Gen.
m6gnls m6gnIs
Dat. m6gnls
m6gnds m6gna
Acc. m6gn6s
m6gnIs mSgnls
Abl. m6gnTs
m6gnae m6gna
Voc. m6gnl
will appear thus in
Henceforth, such first and second declension adjectives
the vocabularies:
mgus, -a, -um multus, -a, -um paucI, -ae, -L (pl' only)

Sum: PRESENI TNFTNITIVE AND

PRESENT INDICATIVE

AstheEnglishverb,obeisirregular,soistheLatinsum.Althoughthe
personalendingscanbedistinguished,thestemvariessomuchthatthebest
as they are given' No-
procedure is to memorize these very common forms
ticethat,becausesumisanintransitivelinkingverb,wedonotrefertoits
voice as either active or Passive'

PRESENT INFINITIVE OF Sum: esse, to be

PRESENT INDICATM OF Sum

Singular
Plural
sirmus, we are
l. svm, I am
6stis, you are
2. es, you are
swt, theY are, there are
3. est, he (she, it) is, there is

PREDICATE NOUNS AND ADIECTIVES

like a
.\s an intransitive verb, sum cannot take a direct object. Instead,
(and other linking verbs
couphng rvhich connects two cars in a train, sum
with a noun or
to be learned later) serves to connect the subject of a clause
adjectives-or "predi-
adjecrir e in the predicate2. Such predicate nouns and

predicate. The predi-

The r*.o main divisions of a sentence are the subject an-d the
:
and all its dependent words and phrases'
cate is-composed olthe verb
 (gp 'dc ieuopuoc 'uorleuop) tuasa.td '{13 ''u o1-'urnugp
(a8ellernc'orrnc tlrso -rpe:d:u1 :
-rnJ'snorJnc Iole:nc 'etnc) [latxuD'uotlnD) 'uottualf) 'a.toc ''16e8-,B.rpJ
(rolesunoc'1es -rpe.td...4q-
-unoc) utopsltt '1uaru8pnf'nt^pD 'lasuno) 'asodnd 'uo1d ''u.4- ,ulnlgsugr
JO unou P .

(tua:a3r11aq 'esocqleq) tDA\ ''u'I- 'run11?q

sq:a.r 3ur1"
ss.lry ''u '(gsgq :) n- ,urnlsgq
3 e{rl 'pE:l
AUvlNSVf,OA

:raBuop aW moE) 8utt1uryt ato (uaru) nat,luetl.Sec glnclred ?p Icn?d

'sButqt pvq arcl tou op stoq ary'luerue ugu ?leru
IJend
't1sr1oot a.n (uatu) tuotu'IlFls
luns 111nr{
'uaruo:lt poo? aql asrutd ua{o [aqt ']uepnel adees sEuog atD ata!,: ?.
:
:seldruexe 3urzuo11o3
eql tn po]erlsnJlr se lapue8 pue roqrunu sll qll^\ ocueproccu ut'sBmqt rc
Sutql 'uatuott Jo LtDLuotr 'uata Jo uoru Surr(1ddns ,(q uelgo 'unou e se pelel
-sueJl eq .(ylereue8 ppoqs a,,r1ce[pe olr]ue]sqns € qcns '(,,a1doad {eeru oq},,
''e'l o,I{Ueo oql }rJer{ul ileqs leetu eq1,,) qsq8ug q op e,u se 1sn[ounou e
go eceld ul ''e'l ,,'s,Lr1uelsqns,, e se e.trlcelpe uB pesn uelJo suetuog oql

sll ol Je-l.i :
SIAI T)1 IOV IAITNVTSq NS -oN 'U:\l:- :
lseq aqt tf _-t
eq1 qSno;:'1

'Ltataot uDu.toy a.tD afi'eeugrugll sil[ns

'(uaw uotuoy) sunruoy ato aM'Iugurql{ snruns
'a3.m1 ato s{tB ary'?u8eru }uns €ugCI
'aZ.q s1{!3 aW'urnuSeru }se tunue6l
'poo8 aq o1 lq?no stoq aqt'1uoq esse
]uoqQp rrend
'poo8 an qn8 aqt'eeuoq luns eellond
'yta.tB st (fyuo
113t1r1lo awol aql'BuEeru 1sa gp8ren eupg 1i
Toat8 s't lt8ttrl 'snu?eru 1se snqt8ren
'pod n s1 p8t11 'elQod 1se snqr8ren
ur snql :zed,J
sn4snBny lo puaul ary s1 yZt11 '11sn8ny snc1rue 1se snrl6ran
eu3eru
'e8essed Surpeer pue soc slu8eu
-ueluos s,;eldeqc eq] ur solr]oafpe pue sunou elecrperd eql .{gquepr o1 pared euBeru
-erd eq pue 'selduexe 3uruo11o; eq1 .{pn1g 'ilo,tA se repua? ul ,elqrssod rela slu8eru
-req,u 'pue (esrnoc 3o 'e,trleururou aql ,(gensn) asec pue Jequrnu ul lceiqns unrgu8eu
eq] qll,ll eer8e ,(11e.ln1eu .(eql os pue 'qre.r. Sullurl orll [q lcelqns oq] q]r.a{ euBeu
pelenbe uelo Jo pelreuuoo eJs-palluc ueryo eJ€ ,(eql se ,,'se,Lrleurruou elec

/,2 sat4nlpy pue sunoN ap),paU luns lo a^,le)tpul luasatd lsatl\cetpy lstdlneN uo$uapal puo)ds
 Second D*
28 llheelock's Latin: ChaPter 4

exitium, -fr, fl., destruction, ruin

magister, magistri' m., and magistra' -ae, f', schoolmaster or school-
iirtrrrr, teacher, master or mistress (magistrate, magisterial' maestro'
mister, miss)
m6ra, -ae, f., delqt (moratorium)
nihil, indeclinable, n., nothing (see Ch' l)
6culus, -i, ffi., eye (oatlar, oculist, binoculars)
officium, -II, n., duty, service (office, officer, offfrcial' officious)
6tium, -fr, fl., leisure, peace (otiose, negotiate)
periculum, -i, n., dangea risk (pert| perilous, imperil)
iem6dium, -fr, o', cure, remedy (remedial, irremediable)
b6llus, -a, -um, pretty, handsonte, charming (belle, beau'
beauty' embel-
war
lish, belladonna, belles-lettres)' Do not confuse with bellum'
fide)
b6nus, -4, -um' good, kind (bonus, bonny, bounty, bona
hfiminus, -a, -um' pertaining to man (homd), human' humane' kind' re-
fined,cultivated^(htmanity,humanism,thehumanities'humanist'in-
human, suPerhuman)
malady' male-
miluso -a' -um, bad, wicked, evil (malice, malign, malaria'
factor, malfeasance, malevolent; mal-, a prefix as in maladjustment'
maltreat, malaProPos)
pirvus, -a' -um, small, little (parvovirus, parvule, parvicellular)
stiltus, 'ar'tm,foolisfr; stfiltus, -i m', a fool (stultify)
v6rus, -a, -um) trlte, real, proper (verify, verisimilitude'
very' veracity)
(adjutant,
ifvd ior 6diuv6), iuvire, i[rr-, i[tum, to help, aid, assist, please
coadiutant, aid)
sum, 6sse, ffii, futiirum, to be, errsr (essential, future' futurity)

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

1. Otium est bonum, sed Stium multdrum vir6rum est parvum'
2.Bella(frombellum,-i,n.)suntmalaetmultapericulahabent.
3. Officium mE dE 6ti6 hodi6 vocat'
4'Paucivirlav6rimultdsfbrmdsperlcuhinpectrnidvident.
5. Si multam pectiniam habEtis, saepe ndn estis sine ciirls'
6. Puellae magistram dE perlculis sine mord monent'
-. 0 magne
PoEta, sumus vEri amicl'
S. .\mTca agricolae Portam videt.
9. \bu (sg.) are in great danger.
10. \{r son's cares are often foolish'
1 1 The daughters and sons of great men and
women are not alwaYs
great.
t:. iVittrout wisdom the sailors' good fortune is nothing'
 I!J?d or8qod olocued urnpclred
: ]E,\ISIO oI30 OIZO runrl9
IIO o[o orrlsso snInco s,{e,r1z to: ;

qruord qquudg UBIIBII ullEf

:se^rle^rJep acuB(uou eruos

A90rowAI]
('Eug:um- 'B- 'sntgt-'a1qo)ltDuar 'p1pua1ds 5run- 6u- 'smuloaurd-'(s?ulql)
yo'eruuto-'Sw tta s ap',(qu o n'um- (B-,snu81p-' g g * 6 L' lZ gt tpluty 2 q' otrora)
1T

'FIru 1S0 ]a sruugls^ ugu grlrcltu? eurs pes 'lu{a.

"]IA pes lslcgre qp gcnud
'EIuBced Bllntu eurs aJOI€^. snunssod :luBJJo 'LU:..'-
'1ue1tEgc
radrues 'pruBced ?p ttlnls Irl^ ll1nl4tr '"JpJ ]uns e:plceurd eruruo 1e 'erglceerd
]se uJ?A Bnrc1urv 'tu8rp luns lcned 1e 'lueqeq sgc1tue sgJQ^ rJrA Icned
dIHSCINilUJ IO AilAVA lHI
r 1-- *
('no
'grlsou-'orocr3)'urnugug11 runpdod elg,rrasugc lelgnnrpz sguog '1ue1nipe r :i:
'lueltEgc runJgJrA runrguoq glllxe ep ]e gJerunu qrlsou ur ]uns IIBIAtr .,1 (.,(1rce:: r '
('snrsre4)'leool tunrcgo 'tl
('Eua (IPIN
6u- 6sn1grgu1-'se]S3lselccg) 'urnrgllnls snJorrrnu lso snlluuul 'ZI
= urr-
.('aut 'luerulsnlpeXr
ot ''Jep'1q.ru-'sngn1e3) ;e11and e11eq eeru 'erspq ellnrr 1qlur gCI'll -o1eru',{pe1eu
('uoql atoru'urunb
q8uru-'ecuera;) 'gure seeru sglnco uunb s6eru rueeru tu?cguv'01 -u1 'lsruurunq
('aqooc.1- -at'puq 'aum
6urnplspre-'ecero11) '1uep edaes ulnlslLJc sgend slrred u1sr8e141 '6
tel
('repereqc lurolsed e tr,11 ,un[i
sr sruqdeg-'llErlD 'luur€ eulocrr8e urelyr le umllg sruqdzq snuog '8 -lequro dlnpa,
('eceueg) 'eroru lso oe{ runrpeue5 .L
(a1nun4tol'tddoq .urn-,s-
'snlgeq- i(77 ot1u ''l'pe 'ou!uruo-e3e.rog) 'run]goq gulutuo ]sa FIIN '9
('qre,r e go 1cefqns eq] oq uec elrtrrugur u? 'unou
Ieqra^ JoJnou olqeurlcepu ue sv-'Bceueg) 'unugru0q lsa oJEJJg'S
('ecerog) '1n] IIU etuql ]se elleq uqN',
('acuerel) 'se snuog rrn'ecgue g'g
('a1ounlrclun \un-
'z- 6snlguplroJu!-'aouoral) 'so snlguugoJul 'elq,t luns elnclred gg '7 'orlseztu'1eu:
('puUq'um- 58- rsn33s3-'s1eclf,,.) 'elee) ]se uuBUoC 'I looqJs to )?:!
lYnolrNv rvrrNrlNts

GZ seaqcelpy pue sunoN ey)tpo.,d lung p e^lplpul Nesatd lsetpcalpy lstelneN uopuspeq puo)as
30 Wheelock's Latin: Chapter 4

officium officio oficio office

bonus buono bueno bon
vErus vero verdadero vrai
magister maestro maestro maitre
bellus bello bello belle
hiiminus umano humano humain
bedtus beato beato b6at
bdsium bacio beso baiser
rdrus raro raro rare

TATTNA EST GAUDIUM_ET UTIUSI

Salv6, am-rce! There are countless Latin expressions in current English
usage (remember sub rosi?); one of them, related to an adjective encoun-
tered in this chapter, is rira avis, lit. a rare bird, but used for an exceptional
or unusual individual or a rarity. The student of Latin in the United States
was becoming a rira avis in the 1960s and early 70s, but there has been a
remarkable resurgence of interest since then. &t96, thereforq is another
Latin word that has come straight into English; ergo, you now know what
Descartes meant when he said c6git6 ergd sum. Semper c6giti, arnice, et valE!
 'c1a 'Sutstotd atana, taql ,lueqgpnel asmrd il1A4, [aql '1uaqppne1.g
'c1e 'Sutsntd atan no{'srlgqgpnul anotd 11ru no[ 'sr1tggpne1.7
'
c1e'Sutstotd aDM alfi 'snrugqppnel axotd pnqs ad{ 'snturqgpnel .I
JBrnId
asmtd
'c1e 'Sutnntd so$ aq'1-eq-9pne1 ,aqs ,aq ,ytq-Epflel.E
il!fii U
'c1a 'Sursrotd ataa nol's-Eq-Epn€l anrud yru not ,s-tq-gpne1 .7
asmtd oj pasn
'Sutnotd fiat1 'Sursrotd sou / 'ur-€q-Bpnel aruud 11nqs 1'qq-gpnel 'I
rupBugg
pagradurl amlnd
gauow oNv gpnet Jo l^trlv:t^llvfloNt lflJuldh/t oNv lunlnl

:sru8rpered 3ur,r,ro11og eql ut uaos ere s8urpue

lcegrodul pue ernlnJ esaq] Jo stuJoJ oqJ 'elrsser8ord lsed qsq8ug eql ol
1uele.r'mba ,(11ereuo3 esuel lsed e 'esuo1 lcaS.redrur eql JoJ (suorleEnluoc JnoJ
ge ur) pe(o1drue.{pepurs se^{ -gq- uErs osue} eqJ .sSurpue puosred eq} pue
ruels luaserd eql uea^\]eq (suroJ lsoru ur -rq-) uSrs esuel oJnlnJ 3ql ?urues
-q ,(q suorluEnluoo o.{al lsrg eq} ur etur} ernlnJ pa}Bcrpur sueue{ er{I

SJSNJJ I)IJAilWI ONV ilNINI lHT

.ao1mr
i?Js,r le
l"qa .r.,
^\ou{
JaTJJOUe sr ,,
? ueeq sEq a-r

u saA\pa[pv llcailadwt pallu-l

sa13]S

ta- leuorldecxa ul
-UflOCUA e.ltl_:1i

pue atnw:suoqetn{uo) rlsqEug luarri.l

puo)as pue Ntry OJSJ

Jesreq
l3?q
urBurnq
0IIeq
eJlJ"ru
IBJA
uoq
ecuo

.s
E*
32 Wheelock's Latin: Chapter 5

Singular
1. monc-b6, I shall advise monc-ba-m, I advised, was advising, kept
advising, used to advise
2. mon€-bi-s, you will advise monC-b5-s, you advised, were advising etc.
3. mon6-bi-t, he, she, it will mone.ba-t, he advised, was advising, etc.
advise

Plural
l. mon6bimus, v,e shall advise mon6bimus, we advised, were advising
2. mon6bitis, you will advise mon€b6tis, you adttised, were advising etc.
3. rnonebunt, they v,ill advise monebant, they advised, were advising, etc.

Notice the vowel change in the flrst person singular and third plural future
endings (remember b6/bi/bilbvbi/bu-sounds like baby talk!), and the short-
ened -a- in the first and third singular and third plural of the imperfect
(remember that vowels which are normally long are regularly shortened be-
fore -m, -r, and -t at the end of a word, and before nt or another vowel in
any position).
The "infixes" -bi- and -b[- (with the distinctive -i- and -[-) can be easily
remembered as signs of the future and imperfect tenses, respectively, if they
are associated with the English auxiliary verbs "will" and "was" (also
spelled with -z- and -a-), which are generally used to translate those two
tenses. Note that, where English requires three separate words for the ideas
he will praise or he was praising, Latin requires only a single word with the
three components of stem + tense sign * personal ending (laudi + bi +
1: praise-will-he or laud6-ba-t : praising-was-he).
TRANSLATION
Tianslation of the future tense, usually with shall in the first person and
v,ill in the second and third, should present no difficulty: d€ amicd cdgitibd,
I shall think about my friend; multam sapientiam habEbunt, they will have
nutch wisdom.
The imperfect tense commonly indicates an action that was continuing
or progressive in the past, as suggested by the term "imperfect" (from imper-
fectum, not completed), including actions that were going on, repeated, habit-
:tLil, artempted, or iust beginning. All the following translations are possible,
deperding upon the context in which the sentence appears:

\autam monEbam, I was warning (kept warning, used to warn, tried to

\tarn, was beginning to warn) the sailor.
PoEtae vrtam agricolae laud6bant, poets used to praise the farmer's life.
\lagrster puer6s vocdbat, the teacher kept calling (was calling) the boys.
r'-

(qrerrord 'e8elq;el '1eqre,r 'q:s,Lpe 'qtatt) p.tou ''u 61- 5urnqro,r 's1.oq .:,: I

(snouolSul'snor:o13 t3uo13) auol'tto13 oJ'eB-'ugg13 'aJt1 sta'u

(eledpcur
'aledlncxe '1ud1nc 'e1qed1nc i,nroleq gdg,rldc) aruDlq 'UnDl ''J 5eu- 'ed1nc ol pa!il L,.
'[4s ''u
(e1ss1e3 '1er1se1ac 'Suqrec) ua^Daq 61- 6run1eec

(snouruellrsnd'snorurueun',(lrsoulue'snunue)
aSo.mot 'apud 'slr"uds q8ry'unry-'1u1nru ;puuu 'ltttds '1nos ''Lrt '1- 6snruluu 'elqrssod ::
(tuecsalope'aJuaoselope) qruot'J'aB- 6u4uecsappu -l!QDt1 '7t;;7.
-radtut tu..:l
AUV]NSV)OA 8ulnut1g.-,,. ,

'suorle8nluoc pue suorsueycep Suunevr.er

...
uaq,rrr 'srseq rep8er e uo ,(reruruns sHt ol JeJeJ ol Jeqruouot pue '6Ey 'd
a4,0ll llt t,.
'suuog go .(rerurung eq] oas 'pourTcop ,(11n9 seldues esoql Jo rep8urs eql JoC '9QgtJ8gr ort
pue uosr:J :
('cte) ('cie)
g:qcgd ee;qcp.ld 9rqc14d greqll o€reqlr groqll '|Do
gqc14d aerqclgd gqc14d Ireqll aBreqII Iroqll 'uaD
run;qc1qd erqclqd raqclqd urnreqll €JeqII roqll 'LuoN
'lneN 1uad 'JSBW 'lnaN 'tuod 'JSBW + Iq - EpnE
oql qlr.\\ Dr-l
:sBurpue seepr 3r.{t jo-r
JelnSor oql pu? esBq oql qlr./l\ sonurluoc ru8rpzred oql Jo ]ser oqJ o,ru esoqt :tl
ptllnnaq un-rqclnd e-rqclnd reqclnd osJz) ,,se rr..
n{ (eqt
run-reqll B-r0qII re(ul JI :(1:..i.:
'('cte tresJur 5reqJlnd uror3
.(psee aq ur:
ruo{ ..elqeJosrru,,
sraqq ruo{
,,apn1rrqc1nd,, ..leJoqrl,,) eseq sq} SuuequatueJ oJ pr€ uB oq uec uI Jo,tlo^ lalri.
solr]Br.rJep qsq8ug qllr,r ,(]uerpue3 rno,( 'sunou Jo- eq] qlr.4A se lsnl'esr,ttory1 -09 peueurrL;s
lsalduexe Sultrogog eql ur uoes se 'sruro3 Jelneu eql pue eururueJ eql ur
1ce;;adur :::
sreedde (-e- eql lnoqlr.tA Jo qlr.4a Jeqleq,r 'eseq aql acurs '(relneu 'ourunuog -uoqs aql prE
'eurlncseru e,trleururou) serJ"lnqsool eq1 ur uarrf se sa,r.rlcelpe ar{l Jo sruJoJ ernlnJ 1e:n1j r
erl] ozrroruoru no.{ y euo leer8 ou sr {uelqord ,lql '(g 'qC) re8u pue rend s>p1
sunou uI se II3./r\ se se,.r1ce[pe ur s:eedde J eJoJog a q]r^\ urelqo"rd aq1 ')1e'?utst.r7,1- .
')la'8ulst.1r- .

Stustlpr: .,
NI NOTSNJI)IO A-
ONO)15 ONV J.SAH lHI JO SIAII)]IOV
')1e '3utst ty.y
'c1e 'Sutstlpr; a.
'Jolms aql paufior uat[o I'ruuqpuoru edeus
ruelnuu :uorlce Surnurluoc seleorpu Jloslr ut l"ql qJe^pe uE qlr^\ ,(gercedse 7dat1 'Stustutr
'asue1 lsud aldrurs e sB pelelsueJl eq ,(eur 1ce;rsdrul eql ,(lleuorseccg

tt n- ut sattlcalpy !4ca1todru1 pue anrn! :suo4e8n{uo2 puo)es pue Dt!!

s
7

34 Wheelock's Latin: Chapter 5

tE, abl. and acc. sg., you; yoursef; cp. mE

liber, libera, liberulm, free (liberal, liberality, libertine; cp. Iibertis, fiberd)
n6ster, n6stra, n6strum, our, ours (nostrum)
pflcher, prilchra, prilchrum, b eaut iful, hands ome ; fiire (pulchritude)
sinus, -a, -um, sound, healthy, sane (sanity, sanitary, sanitation, sanito-
rium, insane)
igitur, conj., postpositive,r therefore, consequently
-ne, enclitic or suffix added to the emphatic word placed at the beginning
of a sentence to indicate a question the answer to which is uncertain.
(For other types of direct questions, see ndnne and num in Ch. 40.)
pr6pter, prep. + acc., on account of, because of
quind6, interrogative and relative adv. and coni.,when; srquindd, ifever
s6tiso indecl. noun, adj., and adv., enough, sufficient C/y) (cp. s6ti6; sat-
isfy, satiate, insatiable, sate; assets, from ad, up to * sttis)
tum, adv., then, at that time; thereupon, in the next place
cond (l), to dine (cenacle)
cflp6 (l), to blame, censure (cp. culpa above)
remine6, remanore, reminsi, reminsum, or mined, mancre, minsi, min-
sum, /o remain, stay, stay behind, abide, continue (petmanent, rem-
nant, mansion, manor)
sfperd (l), to be above (cp. sfiper, adv. and prep. + abl. or acc., above),
have the upper hand, surpass; overcome, conquer (superable, insu-
perable)

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

1. Officium llberds vir6s semper vocdbat.
2. HabEbimusne mult6s vir6s et fEminds magndrum anim6rum?
3. Perlcula belh ndn sunt parva, sed patria tua tE vocdbit et agricolae
adiuvdbunt.
4. Propter culpds mal6rum patria nostra n6n valEbit.
5. Mora anim6s nostrSs suPeribat.
6. Multi in agrls manEbant et Rdmdnds iuvdbant'
7. Paucl virl dE ciird animl c6gitdbant.
8. Propter lram in culpd estis et poends dabitis.
9. Verum otium non habes, vir stulte!
10. Nihil est sine culpd; sumus boni, si paucds habEmus.
I 1. PoEta amlcae multAs rosds, ddna, et bdsia dabat.
12. will war always remain in our land?
l-1. Does money satisfy the greedy man?

rA postpositive word is one which does not appear as the first word ofa sentence;
it is put alter (post-p6nd) the first word.
 ..isnurqgugc 0ss3l
-loJ sgJqrun pnd? ?rpoq lguoureepecel 'sguruu urnc olBuEnd,, :Jeruglcxo lecuelux e :r.
'urrugruoruoepece'I xgr'sgpruqeT ]E,,isnurrqguEnd ln1r8r'grqurn uL, :lop
-uodsar snruoureepooe.I tunl ..isllrq?pr^ ugu tunloec runJgJlsou unrg116es
turuorunu reldord lo,, 'llnbul snorsJed ,.'snu8eur lso Jalsou snllcJoxg,,
dow n H s,ailolos v :lv'tAdowtlHt

('tsan3-nuurp
'sunou 'pep lsJg 'ossru A\eJ BJo auo 'aB- 'B,r1,ruoc-'3td 1ooq.gtda,mdu-'ur1l
-crl slr lou lnq 'eassoJppe s,ruaod aql .sqlI-'snuerlrceu) uollngE agl oJeq Tol
-c"Jeqc 'snorlllcg flensn 1nq 'cgrcads u 1u paleErel pu? 'lecurles '1eldnoc ce6a1e
esJo^-o.rq slql a)H 'goqs alrnb ,{11erauaE are sruaod asoql :'poJluJ erll ur passnc
-stp ,{geuq ''q'y 'uac lsl olul aql go lood repdod B 'lurUeI I 1o sutotZdg eql
tuo{ Iooq srql ut popnl3ur suorlcelas IBJaAos Jo lsJU arll $ sqI '69'4 lurpetr41*)
aelocu8e l: I
ileq?g snuEllrcosJ rus^I^uoc ulnlloq i{.uruqr
:snugrlrcae3 'a1r1 le1sou grde eurs leu?c ugN

iavog 7v1u v svlA $1n9 ATNo stH

t'runredsu .uredsu, ndse 1nt11J7s .run- .u- 6snluod

(' t7 s.rot1' q Bno
- snllred le snuoq rl1'gI
'tlggdlnc urnrglgod uqrezr eredse
-'acerog) ('UBrn) ']unqQu?ru ent BruqJ 1e errgp rsdureg'71
-nsur 'a;qaad
'(ad.oqo ,.JJe
('esec'ueE'euppced-'eceueg)'qqep -r,

eeqdosolqd le grlrsugc Qru runl 'gqQquq seruBced srl?s gpuenb fS 'tt

-ure: 'luoueur
('ecuerel) eso snugs eusrtus '01
-ugru .lsugru -a
(' ruauqnund'g-'uqclddns-'aceues)'runrcrlddns lse e]!\'6
(to atoc
aiq q 6e.rgrgr- asnap rc1 uorsserdxe clleqdura ue s" pesn eq ue,
srr{l ureldxe :?l gqguru-'orecr3) 'rueeru ruerllJ pr4c 'Ql gqpruv .g
^\oq 'sl]gqgpll (spl
('ecueral) ueu oB}1A epur '1eur g1g 'uelluacs?lnpe reldor4 '1
-1es lgpus .dl
('uoptod'totot'ae- rg1s31-'s3gerel) 'q4sou ellU Lueuo^ EC '9
ntatt,gpuenb
('o;ecr3) 'eeru ]se edp3'g r

('py'O) 'ruentr {ue{ te sgturue gredng 'p

('Ot'qJ ut ru
(aotnu 'uleuacun
5urn- 68- sr q-.
'sn3sn8uu-'orecr3) 'lerue tu"tulced snunue snlsnEuy.g
EutuutEeq aqr tr
('orecr3) l]eqgueruer rn1l8r euunpclred 'Z
(' uto1sns'atnpua ol 6ar?u$sns
-srp'ee-'ugp.r,rul-'orecr3)'srqqurlsns ugu Iugtug5 qndod tuerpr^ul-'il11 .I
-olru?s ,uorlelrr
rvnolrNv lvtrNllNrs (epntHri{
'ueur pooE e Jo Inos aql ?uuenbuoc oJe/h ftop pue ,{euoli .g1
(graqg.sgpaqg .

's,{oq qsrloog rno

Jo uoqelnder eq} o^es 1pm ('Es) no^(
,ero3areql .rl

9€ n- ut seagcelpy lpayadu4 pue enln! :suotytn[uo2 puo)es pue $try

:!l
36 Wheelock's Latin: ChaPter 5

Ther-
| anecdote from the battle of
(Cicero, Tusculdnae DisputdtiAn€s '42'101;an defeated the Spar-
mopylae, 480 B.C', i' ;il;
;ht Persians under king Xerxes
says'-
rcitus' army'-Persicus' i' a
Persian'-inquit'
tans under L"o,tiaas'-ex"
-I' a Spartan'-respond6re
: Eng'-um-
sagitta, ':ae' arrow'-'u"tOu"*onius' to
to Jight'-rEx' king'-excldmdreo
bra, -ae, shaele, shadow; ghost'-pugndre' perhaps')
o*ing'-to'tasse' adv''
shout.-c\m* abl', tuith'--aprrd+ acc''

ETYMOLOGY ani-
-ae' the breath of lfe;hence: animal'
Related to animus is anima'
mated, inanimate' f
r, :--rr-^^rl.r rh"nrroh French; "in-
,,Envy,, came to us from invidia (sent. 1) indirectly through
from Latin'
vidious" we borrowed directly The ex here
both related to peritus (13)'
"Expert" ura ""ipLi""#iare o/ What'
andthe stem.peri- -"u" r'y' lnake.trial
is intensive (: thoroughly) without some
there is no experiment
then, is u, ".^p"'i"*u';'1? ;;;";*tly
.tto.(x::;tJ'l;)urp..i,, rn "Thermopvlae":
exasperate (ex.again intensive).
wittr diminutive ending), umbrage, ad-
sagiuate; umbrelta (;il;;;;"i;ian,'
umbrate; Pugnacious, Pugilist'

LATINA EST GAUDIUM-ET UTIIISI

meae! Quid agitis horliE?
In fact' I hope you
Salv6te, et amlci et amicae so' you have attained
physically and if
are sdni et s[nae, both
"riil;; 'p"it-rruftY; the highest
satirist-iuvenal-suggested was
what the lst cen. ffi in a healthy body
san6' a healthy- mind
goo'd in life, mEns s[na in corpore
(you'llencounterttttt*othirddecl'"o""mOnsandcorpuslateron'butin
themeantim.yo""u"keepthisfu*o"'q"otation-inmente)'It'srumored'
ASICS is an acronym for
g"ar U'and-name
by the way, that tf'" att'feirc you can flgure
witha-glance back at the Vocab'
animus sdnus in corpore sdn6; from the
that one out too' i'{iKE' an ASICS Pryt
"o*poitot' -f::me
Greekwordfor'ovictory"'whichinLatinisvict6ria'awinningnamefora
might well be dubbed
queen or urry no*"''-fJiuO,1*t'ott "tult "o"'ttrpart
'lyictor," from Lat' victor)'
\bumayhuutt'"oo'teredtheexpressionsverbumsapandmeaculpa
of verhum satis sapienti
r3iore: if not, vo., *iii. The former is an abbreviation
wrse' used'here as a noun
est: sapienti i, Aut.' of tf" if ita decl' adj sapiEns' sh;uJd have de-
yot'
{re::ember ruU.tu.iir" uO1r. fro- Ch'4''!), *o fready
If vou couldn',t
a word to the wisl is sfficient-
duceJ rhat the p;;;;. ;"; ns o'rn"u culpa!; and (here's a verbum sap) go back
flgure that out, j;'; th;'
ValEte!
and rerieri'the vocabulary in Chs' 1-5'
 .4?\ (aoqt) [at1t'1uen (ataqt) [aqt'1untg'E
aq ilA
atan no.( 'sr1g.re aq ru$ no{'srlttg '7 'Id
0lO0l ?tlt 'SflUIEJO aq ilDqs a,n 'snurue 'I
so.t (ataql 'U 'aqs) aq'letg aq llt.t (a.taql 'U 'aqs) aq'lF? '€
aDil no[ aq il!il no['s1ta '7 '39
lceq oi r c
'spJa
l.uplnor ::\
sDil J 'UJaJA aq llDtls /'gr?'l -ap areu ,.
e^IlBJrpuI lJoJredul o llBclpq amlnd UNOU E Str
guardes qtr
'(lu- 6s!l-'snru-'1-'s-'ur-/g-) s8urpue puosJod
udpc eau
ue1s,(s luesa.td JBTTnUBJ aql qtn\ pue -Ja uiols eql uo peruJoJ qcee le.r,ezuoq
'asue1 luoso:d eq1 rog asoql ueqt :e1n3e; eJoru eJ€ sruJoJ eseq] imoleq sur8rp
paqqnp 3;
-ered eqi ezrJorueur o1 (ldrurs ure8e sr sosual lce3redur pue eJnlnJ oqi 8ur
u JOJ au;!-j
-uJeel JoJ aJnpecoJd lsaq aql 5assa 6tuns qre.a, rep8erJr oql ol uJnJeJ e.r sV
oql uol-l ::
ernSg ur: :.
wns lo Jo3 Lu.tu..:,.,
'poJorInl
lAUV)tONt t)ltvruWt ONV lvntnJ
s.:
UI ]IlQ 'Urr li
f,poq .{ry I ,, r t;
lseq3rq :ui
pourellE 3.,E
no.( ador{ 1 '

a^luu !!u 1 lteluauapuro) -pe'oSplqu:

lan4e)rpul paltadwl :,oee1,(doru::;

pue 'aln7 nI 'luasatd

oIUOS lnoqt: 1.

']eq.&\ Jb 1r:,.
eJer{ xe rqf

:unssod !a Arler!pul -u1,, (.qtuuf l

paltadwl pue amlnJ:wns -Iue 'leurruE

('sdt:t1t t.
Oi .EIEUEIJ\E
-urn-.8u3 :
sfus ,1rnbm
--rudg eqr p::r
-JerIJJo el]]P(
38 Wheelock's Latin: Chapter 6 5um

IRREGULAR Possum, Posse, Potul: To Be Able,

Can, Could

The very common verb possum, posse, potui, is simply a compound of

pot-, from the irregular adjective potis (able, capable; cp. "potent," "poten-
tial") + sum. Before forms of sum beginning with s-, the -t- was altered or
"assimilated" to -s- (hence possum from *potsum); otherwise the -t- re-
mained unchanged. The irregular present infinitive posse developed from an
earlier form which followed this rule (potesse).
Present Indicative Future Indicative Imperfect Indicative
I am able, can I shall be able I was able, could
l. p6s-sum p6t-erd p6t-eram
Sg. 2. p6t-es p6t-eris p6t-erds
3. p6t-est p6t-erit p6t-erat

l. p6s-sumus pot-6rimus pot-er6mus

Pl. 2. pot-6stis pot-6ritis pot-er6tis
3. p6s-sunt p6t-erunt p6t-erant

For both sum and possum it may be helpful to note the similarity of the
future and imperfect endings, -6/-is/-it, etc., and -am/-iis/-at, etc., to the flrst
and second conjugation future and imperfect endings, -b6/-bis/-bit, etc.,
and -bam/-biis/-bat, etc., which were introduced in the previous chapter.

COMPLEMENTARY I N FI N ITIVE

Possum, exactly like the English to be able or can, regularly requires an

-:hnitive to complete its meaning. Hence we have the term "complemen-
::r " infinitive, which simply means "completing" inflnitive, a point that is
;::::asized by the spelling: complementary in contrast to complimentary.
\'-* :are already seen the complementary infinitive used with dEbed, and
1g. - ',i lll find it employed with other verbs.

r,t:", 'riends were able to oyercome (could overcome) many dangers.

A::.-;l nostrl poterant superdre multa perlcula.
-l!-, ',:ind is not able to remain (cannot remain).
-\:i---: meus n6n potest remanere.
)i:, . :"g,lt lo saye yOUr m,ney.
Dibes .-t-rnserv6.re peciiniam tuam.
 ']lqEco EJoru ours sgl€tx sqJand Jelsr8sw 's
'lrJelod eJQusrueJ rqr runJgceeJc snJelunu sn^Jed 'n
'eJpuoru runJenl runJgolrue Eueod ?p Q] lnir8l 'lue.re1od ug51 'c
'luelod ugu rrrnupru
-gg urnpdod a:gr1es snuuer,(l spqp sltlntu 1e pruELced gllnru eurs .Z
'snugrelod ugu eJQprA sgrqclnd sg:3e 1a '.]ueq?lul ugu IJlsou UncO .I
.-i-l
ir:),
A lt^lu cNV lfrlf,vud
(acuuralol puu ,geq?p
-ur 'e1qere1o1ur 'o1qere1o1 'uor1e:a1o1 'a1ere1o1) atnpua ,oaq q'(I) gJelgl drelueuuij:
(luessrnd'pt1ua1od'1ue1od sr lEql lutc\
'elqrssod 'essod) nuod afiq 'pfu 'um 'alqD aq o7'1n1od 'ossod 6urnssod -uatualdu.r:
fqu 'atotatatl.x '(2t gnb) 34qt qcryu lo asnD)aq 'U '^pe 'grgnb ue sa:rnb:.1
luasatd ru 'uou ''trpe'JUnu
('plql .to 'qr) ataqt'Apu 'Iq!
(snolmbtqn) iaoqw
''[uoc pue ,npe '3orra1ur (7) :uaqu 'a.taqot o'luoc pue npe '1er (1) :rqg
1nq ''tuoc'pes
'tto13 puo autol'onbeug18 urugg :peurol eq ol spro.rr
'relduq:
0.441 Jo puoces eql o1 pepuedde q lI 'puD 'uorlcunfuoc cr111cue 'enb-
,
''cle ,llq-/slq
smo[ '(uln- 6u- 'snnl 's,t 'uosted
lsJg 3r.11 o1 ..:
ouo ueql erour SursseJppe ur pesn ''e'r ''1d) tnot'runrlsa,r 5ur1sa,r '.ra1sa,r
(,{repuoces) a qo t o rol ! p u o ) a s' urn-'B- 6snpunJos
eql Jo Illrpll:
7

(en1es 'uorlerryes lge,rps 'dc) punos 'atns 'wn-'B- 'snAlus lUt

(,trel1 !I] E
-us1odrue1d 'qsruelder ,(1ue1d 'epnllueld treueld) 6u-
11nl'vn- 'snuqld sntuE
(,(1m1edred'e1e
1F
-n1ed.red) snonuuuo )' p a 1dn t t a rut un' 3 u td'utn-'u-'snnladrad
1 s o 1' pn1 a dta
o ''ur tI- tsncaurg Slaatg turn- tB- tsnceu.rg :8.
laa,tg
(esrea. ocrl. ur ecrl ]ou 1nq lsnorcrzr. 'eleqttt) att'arut,o 'qnol ''u'g-'run11g,l
*n-
plnu.aLl1
(eprcruuer.{1'snouuer(1) luo,r&'Drut a rulos qo'' ur'y'snuuur,tl
aatt'nqtlglrlv\ pesnJuoc eq o1 lou !(oilerqq ',fuerqq) qooq ''rn 'gqq'reqq a^!l8r!pul FeJ"
(snorprsur) {taqna.t1 '7o1d 'qsnqruD ''ld 'J'runrg- 'eugpysul
(S 'qC 'gcqp 'dc i(reuqdrcsrp
ue ruo{ padol;
'euqdrcsrp 'eldlcsrp) ydnd 'taunal ''ru oI-'snpdycsgp pue 'J (eu- 'ulndrcqp -oJ -l- eql 3\r
(,(tlep JO poJel[B sElr
t3tep 'nerpe'1 poB '(porte6 uulsn8ny eql 8ur:np uouruoc eueceq -ue1od,, ,.'1ualL-
sl?p puu 19p sp;n1d oq]) slp 'ld 'lqu pue 'tep '1p '1d 'ruou ''ur 61ep 6snep go punodruor r

AUflNSVfOA

'spuedep 1l qcH,{A uo qJeA oq} Jo leql se orrzs eq} sl 1celqns

sll lu,nro s1l 3o 1celqns elu.redas ou seq oAr]ruUU ,fueluouelduroc B ]?ql e]oN 'alqv ag
6€ a^lprlpq 1ca1tedu1 pue'etn1n1 '1uaset4:unssod !ea1yc1pu1 payedul pue any!:uns

F:\
4A Wheelock's Latin: Chapter 6

6. FIiae vestrae de libris magnl poEtae saepe c6git6bant.

7. Satisne sapientiae hab6bimus?
8. Multl librr antrqur propter sapientiam consiliumque erant magnI.
9. Gldria bonorum librdrum semper manebit.
10. Possuntne peciinia dtiumque ciiras vltae humdnae superdre?
ll. Therefore, we cannot always see the real vices of a tyrant.
12. Few free men will be able to tolerate an absolute ruler.
13. Many Romans used to praise the great books of the ancient Greeks.
14. Where can glory and (use -que) fame be perpetual?
ln the readit
SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Dionlsius tum erat tyrannus Syrdciisdndrum. (Cicero.-Dionfsius,

-iio a Greek name.-Syr5cfisinus, :to a Syracusan.)
2. Optdsne meam vltam fortiinamque gustdre? (Cicero.-optdre, to
v,ish. gustdre, to taste.)
3. Possumusne in malTs rnsidirs esse salvl? (Cicero.-Can you explain
why the norn. pl. salvi is used here?)
4. Propter ciiram meam in perpetuo perlculd n6n eritis. (Cicero.)
5. Propter vitia tua multl tC culpant et nihil te in patriS tu[ dElectdre
nunc potest. (Cicero.-d6lectflre, to delight.)
6. Fortiina POnicI belll secundl varia erat. (Livy.-Piinicus, -a, -umo
Punic, Carthaginian -a, -um, varied.)
-varius,
7 . Patria R6mdndrum erat plEna Graec6rum librdrum statudrumque

pulchrirum. (Cicero. statua, -ae, Eng.)

8. Sine drs in caelS animus ndn potest sdnus esse. (Seneca.)
9. Sr animus Infirmus est, ndn poterit bonam fortlnam tolerdre.
(Publilius Syrus.-infirmus, -a, -um, not strong, weak.)
Ubi lEgEs valent, ibi populus llber potest valEre. (Publilius Syrus.-
lEgEs, nom. pl.,laws.)

't Do NoT LOVE THEE, DOCTOR FELL"

N6n amo t6, SabidI, nec possum dlcere qudr6.
Hoc tantum possum dlcere: n6n amo tE.
r
*\{artial 1.32;meier: elegiac couplet. amo: flnal -6 was often shortened in Latin
p.-eir1.-Sabidius, -il.-nec : et n6n.-dicere, to say.-hoc tantum, this only,
acc. case.)

THE HISTORIAN LIVY LAMENTS THE DECLINE OF ROMAN MORALS

Populus Rdmdnus magnds anim6s et paucds culpds habebat. DE officiis
nostn-s cogrtdbdmus et gldriam belll semper lauddbdmus. Sed nunc multum
otium habemus, et mulU sunt avdrI. Nec vitia nostra nec remedia tolerdre
possumus.
 'pelecrpw soJueluos egl ur spro^l qtr.tr pelercoss? .(lJecrSolou,(1a spro,tr
-1: uorluall€ lcorrp ol posn oq r{lroJacueq III,{ aserqd srqi ,{}r^org Jo oIEs or{} roC I eJ?JoJOi Er3€
runlJnu lur:
(suos"iad snryo puo'av11e1glu le : 'le 1e
p) sIJcUo ac u
apuoxa -{o illDS aU nl'grlgt? qdruexe - '3'e s7wo,
afiduto) tgruduroc : 'dc
andwot'layugc : 3c
'Quo sult.wru
:sJaqlo auos eJ? ere11 'qsq8uE ur pe,{o1dure,(luouruoc suor}er^eJqqe peseq urlE-J ur p3i.l;_
-ulleT ,(ueu 3o euo lsnl 'paut anld awDS aLU ill ''plql sn se.trE 'ruaplql '(ruap
Jo esn relrturs e JoJ 11 'q3 aas) auDS aqt
6uep- xgns Eur.{ysuelur aql q}r^a
pelonrlsuoc Jellel eql Jo r.uroJ punoduror e lsro,rasue lql ieql uorlsenb eq1
$lse tr 'Iqn Jo Euqeeds puy (;qser slue,rerd puu euer8,(q poo5) ilqn qns lqn
radrues :elrJoAe3 plo sql 1e q8nul uec no,( 'os y lqtna 6BJJol eql Jepun ,,'uueu
-eJJelqns,, ut se 'tapun Surueeur uorlrsoderd e sr qns leql .taou{ no( oq
'erutuelrp sseledoq,(lSurruoes snrJI,
-'snr.{5
eluos luo{ encseJ Sutzeute ue sturoSred }eql rusrueqcoru Jo uosred ,(ue o1 I

(s1xe1uoc Jeqlo pue Bruerp ur) sra;er r{clq,$ 'amq)Dw rt ruotl poB 6gurqcuru xe 'eJBJoJol rxEUt
snap uolssaJdxe aql ur dn surnl snep uralrqeco1 eql ('o,,roqe Z 'V'S ees l P-1.
^\eu
'Euzt3o1oru,$e 3o 1rq ler{l passru no.( 3f 1,,o1sn3,, 1eer3 q1r,l ,(pn1s no,{ leqt
I 'eEenEuel eqi.roJ e}sel B pedolezrep o,t,no,( ieq} .{\oN '1ce[qns etrroneJ onbrunrEntets ;
^rou{
rnor( ,,'ur1e1,, lsnl Jo aSon7uol utlo.I aqt ' ' ' sueeru BullBT zn8uJl 1eq1 no.(
,urn- ,B- .snJtm
[o] gl.t\ esuas yucl?oloru,(ia rno,( leqi .,ra.ou ,(g ournss? I 'lle,41;guIlBT gn8ug
pp auspgl;8q) el{rrre 'q1$e ?1poq p1n} laupd;rqp 1a qndlcslp 5a1g,qug
orplceJQp Eni
Er
|SIIIIN I]-WNICNVD IS] VNIIV] (.oreci3 r s

ise]€crpm luoocu xogrunJJrc qcuerC eq1 qcq.u 3uq1 uleldxe no.i ue-
euo sr 'ueql 'lerry1 'arglsn8 - ralno8 .'re1sa. : er1gl 5a1sou - erlou lsuse
- sela :pe]?orput sB urleT ruo4 pe^rJop oJ? spJol( qcueJd 8ur.Lro11o; eq1 o/'ergldo-.o::
'Iql ruo{ soArrep,t ler{t.rtou4 no,{ uoq^{ elqe
-puelsJopun e-rou enord .{eru (s1 ataqt) e,( p se eserqd B qcns ur ,( qcuarg
'snrs{uorq-.ota
'1u,(o1'e1eur1t3e1'enr1e1
-sr8e1 'p8e1 '0I 'tq8qep 'elqelcolep 'g 'tsn8srp 'o1sn?-'ldope ,uoqdo .7 ,sturpeat aqt ut

'alqlg eqt.'d3 's{eeJ0

;1eorg ur lueoru so1q1q esoddns no,( op luerJuE;
'ueq1 '1ur1ry1 'pJo,tr Jno se Surq} orues eql ocuosse ur Surueeru ur8rro {eeJD
r=ltt
,se3un3
Jo pJolr\ urleT € 'ucgq1o11q1q uro{ lueleArnbo rreql e^rJep tanazlroq .lue:.it r
-ue1 ueadorng ,(u2141 'JoqlJ qlr.ry\ polceuuoc ,(pee1c sr ,,,(:erqr1,, 'Eug
le"rg;adns ,

ADOTOWAI]
'1u8eu
luzla -.ri
(tou' ''fiqlau ''fuoo.Jau... Jeu
ees :ptlpuo) aqtn qV'eruougo,ftolsrq srq ol ec€Jord aql ruor3 Knrl)
-'porlul

t? a^,yctpul payedul pue'atn1n7 jueset4:unssod !et1pc1pu1 peyadul pue ilnln! :wns

5.\
r
42 Wheelock's Latin: ChaPter 6

etc. : et cEtera, and others (of things)

i.e. : id est, that is
n.b. : ndt6 bene, note carefully (i.e., pay close attention)
v.i. and v.s. : vid6 infrii and vid6 supr6, see below and see above
semper ubi sub ubi AND the scholarly ibid. both in the same lesson?
Well, that's what the title means: Latina EST gaudium-et fitilis! Val6te!
 'uBIpolSnC :pnn8'smglsnt
6re11
\plsnJ:ierpJo) :uDaq,srproJ,roc l,(reraurtr ;.iauno[ 'slleup.I ''3_'e ieseq eql Suueg
-*a*ar iri jngdleq aq osle u?c so.\Ilelllap qsrpuS 'eroJoq tno pelurod ueeg s€q sY r

a- e- erod.toc euruoq olltul^ e-8ornv

ue- sndroc tl]eurluoq I'uollLlJl^ ue-3oJ ?)Y
I- !- lrod.toc tu}ugq IIBUI^ l-3?r 'IDCI
s!- sl- suodroc sruruoq sIlquIA sI-8QJ 'uag
snd:oc slugq sBuI^. (s-33r) xqr 'ruoN
.N d/.T\I -rodroo -uruoq .}BIII^ -3er asBg
sBupuE {poq UDru l!Dw Supt
asEJ 'u tsndror ru'guoq J.SBUI^ 'ur txeJ

NO'SNJ]pIO OAHI lHI JO SNNON

'sruStpered luenbesqns .(uu ut reedde ]ou ilLla.

11 '(spro,,rr snl-/sn- uolsualoep puoces 3o uotldecxa elos egl qlr.tr) e,ttleunuou
eql o1 Issrluopr s,(e,Lr1e sr e^Ileco^ er{} osnBcag 's?utpue 3qi pp? pue (,q-
rep8uls e.a.rlrue8 eq] Surddorp (q) eseq oqi pug :sunou uolsuelcep puo3as
pue lsru roJ peureel .(peerle seldtcuud oIuBS el{l Suua,ogo; telieu elduns e
sr Jlosir uorsuolcop eq1 '(selou eq1 ur ,(1uo pesn aq ilvY\ suoqeporqqs-urroJ
e,r.rlruefl pe]€L{oJqqeun 'elalduroc eq} opnlcu1 ilL A selJelnqsco,t reldeqc eq1 ut
qclq,!\),ft1ue.ftepqeco IInJ eI{} ezlJolueru o} }uelodun (lletcedse sr 1r'ru.ro;
e^rl€uluou pue repueS 3o ,(}sue,t sql Jo osn€caq iq- ur relnSurs e,tt1tue8 eq1
,(q pezuelceJBqJ IIe 1nq 's8ulpue repSuts o^IlBulruou Jo ,(leue,t lee;8 e qlrzvr
srepuaS eeJql II" Jo sunou suleluos suolsuelcep elg s.ulle'I Jo pJIq] oql

sunoN uolsuapao Hlql

ielgls^ islLrl! t+
.uossoJ oruss eql u

aloqD aas ?L
(uorlr

=
 ont.
-\ reg-es virtUtEs h6minEs c6rpora -6s -a
Gen. r6g-um virtUtum h6minum c6rporum -um -um
Dat. r6g-ibus virttrtibus hominibus corp6ribus -ibus -ibus
Acc. reg-es virtUtEs h6minEs c6rpora -Es -a
Abl. reg-ibus virtItibus hominibus corp6ribus -ibus -ibus

CENDER
Rules have been devised to assist you in remembering the gender of the
many third declension nouns, but, aside from the fact that those denoting
human beings are masculine or feminine according to sense, the exceptions
to most of the other rules are numerous.2 The safest procedure is to learn
the gender ofeach noun as you first encounter it.3

TRANSTATION
In translating (as well as declining), take very careful note of the fact
that a third declension noun may be modified by a first or second declension
adjective; e.9., great king in Latin is magnus rEx, magni rEgis, etc., true peace
is v6ra p6x, vErae piicis, etc. While an adjective and noun must agree in num-
ber, gender, and case, the spelling of their endings will not necessarily be
identical.
Because some of the endings of third declension nouns are identical to
the endings of different cases of nouns in other declensions (e.g., the dative
singular -i is the same as the genitive singular and the masculine nominative
plural in the second declension), it is absolutely essential when reading and
translating not only to pay attention to word order and context but also to

2However, the following rules have few or no exceptions:

Masculine
-oi;6-.;r,un or, -dris; labor, -dris; arbor, tree, is a principal exception)
-tor, -tdris (victor, -fdris; scr-rptor, -tdris, writer)
&*ltr"g (inciuding a large group of abstract nouns)
-t6s, -titis (vErites, -tdtis, truth; libertis, -tEtis)
-tiis, -tfitis (virtts, -t[tis; senectls, -tltis, old age)
-t[d6, -tfldinis (multitiid6, -tiidinis; pulchritiid6, -ttdinis)
-ti6, -ti6nis (ndti6, -ti6nis; 6riti6, -ti6nis)
Neuter
-us {corpus, corporis; tempus, temporis; genus, generis)
-e, -al, -ar (mare, maris, sea; animal, animilis)
The gender of nouns following these rules will not be given in the notes.
I A helpful
device is to learn the proper form of some adjective like magnus, -a, -um,
with each noun. This practice provides an easily remembered clue to the gender and is
comparable to learning the definite article with nouns in Romance languages. For ex-
ample: magna virtfls, magnum corpus, magnus labor.
 '(sor:1eu'19
:xo{ -oroeu pue arQJou ol peleleJ ieurcau:alur) 1yt1 'taptruu o/ '(I) gJgu -xo Jo3 S::-l-
(,(ltcepne 'snorcupnz) anp oj'runs snsng 6arqpnu 'gepBz sr pueral--:i
(urelsns 'urn-.8-'m6l
'l:oddns '1se33ns 'xgns 'poeccns 'qrnqns :spunoduroc ssallunoc ur
'-sns '-dns '-8ns '-gns '-cns uorleprursse ,(q ro -qns) ol asop '"tapun dn
'tapun'uotloruJo sqJen qll,tn, 'cre + ']seJJo sgJol qll^\ 'lqe a 'derd 6qns
('c1e'epny
-lsod'elenpe;81sod'xgerd e se -lsod'ruerpr:eru lsod :'1414'urepour
lsod 'snorunqlsod toualsod ',(]r:alsod) puryaq 'tatto ''cce 1 'derd '1sod
(ecltou (11alou'1e.tou) a?unqs !Mau'tiln- 'B- 6snaou
(4l'dc lpn1nt tlrsonpl.'osonplr.)
anut^ 'quott talconqt 'a)Ltaililxa 'aBntnoc 'ssauryuDw'3 6qlnppr 'slllJl
(etul8rrl ',(lrur3:r,r '1eu6;lt, 'ur8rln) ut&tu. 'uaprnar'3'srurfllr.n 6g3.ru.
(eptcuoxn osnouoxn 'yeuoxn) altti ''J 6srrgxn'lox4
([q:e,r e go] asuel 'erodruelxa 'ezuodruel 'lerodruel '.(re.r
-odrualuoc'fu eroduial) f, llunltoddo' uotsD) ) o : aruU'' u 6srrodugl,sndugl ol osJE lric :tr
(e11oc e;re1 'ueeuerrelqns '[qre,t] relur ',(rolu pue Surpr:, :
-re1 leuro1 'ece.rlo1 '1eu1serre1) (4unoc 'puo1 'punot? 'qtfia ''J,eB- 6aJJ?l e^rleurlUou :--
(qeferdc laprcr8er'1e(ot' er1e?o;'1e8er) 3ut4''an,sr8qr,xol o^rlupeqr.i;
(yeut8a't 'eur8e.r 'eut8eg) uaanb ''7 'au-'uu18pr o] Jecrluepr .--
(lsgrced 'cgrced ,(yced) atoad ''S 'srcgd'xgd
((ururou8r 'uolleurulouap ou,troueJ 'unouold 'unou '1?u eq .,(1uessa,r:u
-Iurou 'e,ttleurtuou 'eleunuou 'ernlelcueurou) aruou ''u 6slurtugu 6uatugru -urnu ur ae:Fr
(lerouur'leroru'seJour) lal atnad antt..:t:
,onq) 'sqqoq ''1d 5runrgur ssargtu ltauuout 'tuolsn) 'ryqDq ''uJ 5srlgtu 6sgru uorsuelf,ap pu.
(uorlere1q1e'elerelqp'seJllal-selleg'sre11e1'1ere1r1) a,tnruDill lcBJ oql Jo :lc
'(apsfid) Dilal o ''yd 'urn.rp- .auregq ltaqoqdp aql lo n71a1 o ''1.ar"-.ura;1q
(aieroqela'eizroqelloc Ioqe1
-eq ',(roleropl) uoumpotd 'q,tou D :llot ')ltov4, ,oqq ''u 6srrgqul 6roqu1
(rprdc :-ouroq xge:d eql lou ]nq
'sustdes ouoq ieSeuroq 'aprcluroq) uotu '?utaq unrunq ''ru ,slururoq ,gurgrl uJeeJ ol sr ajrli
(lesroc'elerodrocul'uor1e:odroc'yeerodroc suorldecxa aqt
'1erod-roc 'luelndroc 'elcsndroc 'asdroc 'sdroc) (poq ''u.sllodroc ,sndroc Surlouep esoql
(q,r1c 'dc iilrc) dtqsuazlU) 'aruts'3 .s11911.r1c .sg11,r1o eql;o repuai -.
(urreqc) utaod'8uos ''u ssrmuuuJ 6ueruruc
(sncpru oguru 'dc ipe;orueue 'snorotue) atol ''ttt 6srrgruu .roluz

AUV]nBV)OA snql- snql-

?-slE
snql- snq!-
Iun- um-
eqr Jo .(pnls snolncrleur'ure'y' uo,.,,",r"f iXil'r"1i,X1;H."iTrtffi"l B_ s+

9' sunoN uo$uapao Hlql

E1
46 Wheelock's Latin: Chapter 7

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

l. Tum secundds litterds magistrl vid6bds et de verbls cdgitdbds.
2. FEminae sine mora c1vitdtem dE insidils et exitiO mald monEbunt.
3. REx et rEgrna igitur ndn audEbunt ibi remanEre.
4. MdrEs Graecdrum ndn erant sine culpls vitilsque.
5. Quandd hominEs satis virtiitis semper habent?
6. Corpora vestra sunt sdtra et animl sunt plEnI sapientiae.
7. Propter mdrEs hflmdnds pdcem vEram n6n habEbimus.
8. Poteritne clvitas perlcula temporum nostrdrum superdre?
9. Post bellum multds librds dE pice et remedils belll vidEbant'
10. Officia sapientiamque oculls animt possumus vidEre.
11. Without sound character we cannot have peace.
12. Many students used to have small time for Greek literature.
13. After bad times true virtue and much labor will help the state.
14. The daughters of your friends were dining there.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAT
l. Homo sum. (*Terence.)
2. Nihil sub s6le novum (*Ecclesiastes.-sdl, sdlis, m., run.-novum:
sc. est.)
3. Carmina nova virginibus puerlsque nunc cant6. (Horace.-cant[re,
to sing.)
4. Laudds fortiinam et mdr6s antlquae plEbis. (*Horace.-pl6bs, plEbis,
f., the common people.)
5. Bonr propter amdrem virtiitis peccdre 6dErunt. (Horace.-peccf,re,
to sin.-6d6runt, defective vb., 3d per. pl., to hate.)
6. Sub prlncipe audEs esse bonus. (Mar-
diiro temporibusque malls
tial.-princepso -cipis, m., chief, prince; dfirus, -a, -um, hard, harsh.)
7. Populus stultus vins indignls hon6rEs saepe dat. (Horace.-honor,
-ndris, honor, ffice.-indignus, -a, -um, unworthy.)
8. Ndmina stult6rum in parietibus et porus semper vidEmus. (Cic-
ero.-The desire to scribble names and sentiments in public places
is as old as antiquity!-pari6s, -etis, m., wall of a building.)
9. Otium sine litterls mors est. (*Seneca.-mors, mortis,f., death.)
1r-r.Multae ndtidnEs servitfltem tolerdre possunt; nostra clvitds ndn
potest. PraeclSra est recuperltid l-rbertdtis. (Cicero.-nitid, -dnis :
Eng. -tiitis, s ervitude. -a, -um' noble, remark'
-servitfls, -praecldrus, -tdtis : Eng.)
rrD1e. --onis, r ec ov ery.
-recuper[ti6, -libertds,
1 1. \ihil sine magn6 lab6re vrta mortdlibus dat. (Horace.-mortdlis,

-is, a ntortal.)
7

'z 'u q ue^rS sexuns oql Jo eeJql

jo sluale^rnbe qsrlSug pu? aouuuroU aqllsll o1 1n3d1eq errord ,(uur 11 6sqggoru- ;
leelunlo^'€I'oleJnpqo'elnp .:--
I Lr!
-ua 'uorlsJnp tnop'9 'ollpeccod ^Jelunlo^.ul
'luecced 'g 'ellcsrqeyd 'eqeyd 'uereqeld'y -ltDua[ ?ia,.,l
roluece:d 'ellqeluec 'o1uec '1uzce: '1uec 'uor1elu"cur 'lueqcue 'lu"gc'€ : sluQF.gPgr
'elelouoJ 'olea,ouul 'e1er1r.r,ou 'a3r,r,ou ,{11e,rou '1enou-'acrls1os 1e1os'7 s&wpeu aq ut UQU SElr.\I:
('t1tnat, ' '

.r'11
'?ll' l
':g 'pupnglds 'pltlc '11 :,{1rc roJ spro/( ocueruo5 oq} Jo luered oql o{ueceq seceld crlqr-d
1I snql puB '21r1s u?r{} raqlEJ .r/Jr uBetx o} otusc sgtl IJ ur}eT e}81 uI
-cr3) 'snu.i;p
'q)Dus o/ 'runsuql 51pua1a1
'arepuel'gpual o] {ceq sao8 ,,1q3r} poqcleJ}s,, Eurueeu (.osuo},, 1nq !sue1 :g 'touoq- l:zu
p1o q8norql sndrual uro4 seruo) qJaA B Jo ,,ourl1,, eql Auruealu {.asuo1-, ('t1stot1 'ptr..L
-JBtr^tr) 'Sflutnc
ipe^rJep oJ? uo pu? atuttloq
'JC pue 'erquroq 'dg 'outon '11 asoddns no,{ op pJo^\ ur}e.I }Bq/v\ ruoJC
rgggx33{- ;-r1
ADOl0WAI:I
( tltoloqcs 'paufial 'slqqld ,sqgtd-
'run- 'B- 'snloop-'sode51 snrlsu.ro3 reqderSolq pu€ u?rJolsrq egl ol sruaod terglu8c-.:,,r
Jo {ooq tsrg srq peleorpep snllnle3'l 'I'.I ess iuorleldepe ssord'1 sn1p1e3)
'enladrad :ulnaou_ .r(//i_i

1r"rs (uuq; en1 1a) IJqll e{uq} :runeru ureJeq?l runlou tn1r3r 'gqe11 irunrgre}
-1ll snlcop ralsrEeru se 1a 'sgqgpnel redures see{u sgJqrl 'ecgure Iu 'II?u
-JoJ -urnlou unJqrl unrqcpd gqep 'eequerdes eeu8eur grp ,g11gu-ro3
xoog AaHod stH sltv)tolo snl1ntv)
('uroJ esuet tsed e 61r,lqcar-'l1astaq (1s-'padot.lrndu.r-'3'g 609
'e]Els :ul
ul rrlqndaA ueruo5 aql Jo luerugsrlqulso aql pue ',(qcreuoru 3o pua eqt ,,fiseu,(p
urnbrel ar{l Jo 'aJntPi:
er{l ol pol €rloJcn1 go ader aql 'pua8al o1 Surproc
^\oJrllJo^o
-cp :ueurelqou uetuog e snurlello3 '8uq lsq s.eruo5 se,tr. snqtsdng :gg'1 ,&rr1)

'lueqppnel redrues eerlQJcn1 onbsgurrue ue1 'tuEqiD.

-!gr,t pb11ue IUgurgU 'lrlgoeu gs 'sl1ggr,l, rueJgru€ tunu?eur teldord 'euoq
(.CJ i Jl
BUruqJ 1a '1mder '1uIlEIIoJ rueJexn 'ruellqrcnl snlxos '1uuer(1 snleru snrlu 's:.
1e.ie snrurnbJel snlxes 1e 'rumgugurgg xQJ lere snqredng snrumb.ru; e.:]

YLlt)nl JO ldvd lHt

( I t ! u'sltUl- 6sgtunlo,r-' r a q 3 ry aq t'' 1d' 1qe 6s1ur1ss111u-' e>1n1* )
'sllplunlo^ oeuoq snqmuoq xpd urot ur la qeq slturssrllu ur erJglD'EI 'lunqquoIu g[1
('u,oq.opout 'suqet16o-.
-gnb-'orecr3) isnurrrelod esse 1,t.Ies la ecgd gnledred ur oporuAnb .ZI

/,, sunoN uotsuaPea Hlql

4B Wheelock's Latin: Chapter 7

Latin Italian Spanish French English

-tds, -t5tis -td -dad -t6 -ty

verltas veritd verdad v6rit6 verity (truth)
antlquitds antichitd antigiiedad antiquit6 antiquity
-ti6, -ti6nis -zione -ci6n -tion -tion
nat10 nazione naci6n nation nation
rati6 razione raci6n ration ration
-tor, -t6ris -tore -tor -teur -tor
inventor inventore inventor inventeur inventor
actor attore actor acteur actor

LATINA EST GAUDIUM-ET OTIIISI

SaIvEte, et discipuli et discipulae! Quid nunc agitis? You are beginning to
see by now that Latin is living everywhere in our language; in fact, it's a riira
avis these days who considers Latin a dead language. To anyone who does,
you might quip, quot hominEs, tot sententia old proverb from the 2nd
cen. B.C. comic playwright Terence meaning, fteely, there are as many opin-
ions as there are men.
Notice terra in the Vocab.: we met "subterranean" in the last chapter,
now do you think of ET? In the 1980s the little guy was everybody's favorite
ExtraTerrestial (fromextrfi, prep. + acc., beyond, * terra). Until he became
familiar with the terrain, he was in a terra incognita; but once he'd learned
the territory he felt he was on terra firma (look all four of those up in your
Funk and Wagnall's-if you need to!). And, speaking of movies, Stephen
Spielberg's top-grossing Jurassic Park reminded us all that Tyrannosaurus
rex was truly both a "tyrant" and a "king" (though Spielbergt "velocirap-
tors" were certainly terrifying "swift-snatchers," from the Lat. adj. v6ldx,
_fast, as in "velocity," * raptor, a third decl. noun based on the verb rapere,
o s e iz e, snat ch, grab). Latinam semper amiibitis-valEte!
r
 1poa1 {at1t)
1pu }uecBp '€ (poa1 taqr) tuncr_Ip 'E
(pna111m no,i) sllQctp 'Z (pnal no[) sI]IogP 'Z 'Id
(pna1 pnls a:'l.) sniugclp 'l (poa1 au) snurloBp'I

\pDal ru44
y 'aqs 'aq) 1e-cgp 't Gpual U'aqs 'aq) 1l-cBP 't
(poa1 11tunot) s?-cBp 'Z (Poa1 no[) sl-cr]P 'Z '3S
(poal pqs 1) ru€-rgp 't (Poat D 9-3gP 'I

l^tr)v lAlrvf lcN I lu nlnl :lAlIfV lAlMIONI INlslud

'reldeqc luenbesqns .{reno ut spuopl^Ip qcrr sluJoJ

'(ed ilv( 'ttou
eseql Suuelseru ur palse^ur uoJe eJlxa el]lll 3 isuSrpered 3ulatoloJ el{l ezIJ
-oureru o1 st 's.terrr.p se 'alnpecold lserns eq1 'porred I€oIssBI3 eI{},(q se8uuqc taradsr
qJ:", ;
3ur11eds pue punos Jo Joqrunu e suoS;epun pe{ il '(sraJgp q}I^\ arlpnu pue ,xg1glipr lr
(puoces eql
6orquour'ergpnul
lc-gl 'qf ul pecnpoJlul'qlrno3 eql q -!- pue -derrcola r.. s.;
ur -e- '1srg eq] q -g-) suoqe8nluoc oerql Jeg]o eq] Jo sle"\aol uro]s 0g] oIII snrnesouur: i
-un 'peluecceun ,(1leraue8 pue (-a-) Uoqs s?,{a le^\o^ Iue}s eq} asneceg 'suoll
1

ueqdats .s:i.,,:
-eSnluoc urle.I JnoJ eq] Jo crleurelqord lsour eql sl '(lceJredut pue 'ern1nJ rno.( ur dn si
'1uase;d) sosuel uels^(s lueserd s1t ut .(pelnctued 'uotle8niuoc pJlql eql peul8eJ P.au ::
eruecaq 3rJ Irtrj
elrJoleJ s. ip.\
lsldeqc isEi ::
-utdo lunut sr t
puz orll uror-r q-

a^ltendwl tanllwlpul 'seop oq.tr aur.i

BJgr e q]LIJPI :
::;
paltadwl pue'atn1nJ
o1 Suruur8aq

ranfilullul luasatd JOlJP

'Tuasatd JOJUa.\ur

:uoltean[uo) ptrtl JOl_

UOI]E]

l
uorieu
uorl_
,(lJnbrtue
(qtn:l) .(rrra r
,{t_

qsg8ug

i:r
{

50 Wheelock's Latin: Chapter B Thin

IMPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE

1. dtrc-€bam (I was leading, used to lead, etc.)

sg. z. cluc-eDas (vou were leading, etc.)
J. duc-ebat (he, she, it was leading, etc.)
l. ducebamus (we were leading, etc.)
Pl. 2. dtrcEbStis (you were leading, etc.)
3. diic€bant (they were leading, etc.)

PRESENT IMPERATIVE ACTIVE

2. Sg. (duc-e) dnc (lead) 2. Pl. duc-ite (lead)

PRESENT INFINITIVE

As -[re and -Ere by this time immediately indicate to you the first and
the second conjugations respectively, so -ere will indicate the third. Once
again you can see the importance of meticulous vocabulary study, including
attention to macrons: you must be especially careful to distinguish between
second conjugation verbs in -6re and third conjugation verbs in -ere.

PRESENT STEM AND PRESENT INDICATIVE

According to the rule for flnding the present stem, you drop the inflni-
tive ending -re and have d[ce- as the present stem. To this you would natu-
rally expect to add the personal endings to form the present indicative. But
in fact the short, unaccented stem vowel disappears altogether in the first
person singular, and it was altered to -i- in the second and third persons
singular and the first and second persons plural, and appears as -u- in the
third plural. Consequently, the practical procedure is to memorize the
endings.l

FUTURE INDICATIVE
The striking difference of the future tense in the third conjugation (and
the fourth, as we shall see in Ch. l0) is the lack of the tense sign -bi-. Here
-6- is the sign of the future in all the forms except the first singular, and
by contraction the stem vowel itself has disappeared.

IMPERIECT INDICATIVE
The imperfect tense is formed precisely according to the rules learned
for the first two conjugations (present stem * -bam, -bds, etc.), except that
:This mnemonic device may help: (a) for the present use an IOU (i in 4 forms, o in
the first. u in the last); (b) for the future you have the remaining vowels, a and e. It may
also be helplul to note that the vowel alternation is exactly the same as that seen in the
future endrngs offirst and second conjugation verbs (-b6, -bis, -bit, -bimus, -bitis' -bunt).
 ('c1e ,ggcu;
'(lunq- .srrx
Iuo{ oraga 'sn1ua,r?'gogpg ,gldycxa
- xa ''3'e ilueuosuoc Euvrrollog oql ur ii::\..
aqt ol pele[rursse x eq] q]r^\ sorurleuos 'spunoduroc ur xgerd e se ,{eu 11 .a ::
pasn uauo s"1( ?/xo 'suorlrsodord :aqlo (ueur pue pB e4r1 ,(1uo sluzu ur o .sli--,__-
;
-osuoc oJoJoq g lsye,non Jo slueuosuoJ eJoJaq xe pesn sueruo5 eq,L)
to ieqi td:-.:,:
tunoJ)D uo 'lo uosnat {q lmqil,x tuo!' 'ttrott to \no .lqe + .derd ,g ro xo
'(g1cJds-pu :g;e;dse) -z ,(g11ed pouJssJ s:r
-pu:g11addu) -du'(glduc-pu:gldpcu; -JB se'ecuelsur roJ leedde feur
pB ler{l os }ueuosuoc 3uurro11o3 eqt ot pelzlrrursse serurlouos sr p eql
spunodruoc u1 'lcaiqo loeJrpul Jo 'lep or{l lseJ}uoc iuorlour Jo sqJe^
glll!\ ,,tl3lq,/r\ o1 ace1d,, Jo asuas aql uI 'ol tqau 'o1 dn 'o7 "cce -p 'dard tpu PU€ ler:'=--'-
plun ''fgns + :tDlll autlt aLuDS aqi w 'sD 3uo1 so 'a11qu ''fuoc.unp oJaH.-rq_ *:
(mo1eq gcur,r'dc
pue) uor:i.---
puz 'S 'q3 'unpnug ls1 BU9BT oes isnouolcrt) ttolna'J ,eB- 6ugrgppr
((irroros'epr Jr:olos'elurolos'leroros) n7 ns'' l,srlglos,.roros
(.uoyeq gqlrrs 'dc iunuoldrtcs) nqruo ,atuot..ru ,qrgldlrcs .roldgrcs
(uorleu or{l ozrJolr::
-IoorleJ '1euor1z:.rr '1euor1e: 'uorler 'or1er) poparu lauuDtu iua1s[s oIIl ur _n- sE i
;uo!ruDpwuoc 'luatuBpnf 'uosoil :runo))D '?utuot1ca.t ,3 5srugpur .gpgr suosted p::q:
(aatt o1 'argraq11 laatt.lp,q1'dc) [uaqu '3 .sglggaqg .sg]r?qll lsJU eql ur r;,
(epnel unc lng'o^rjE_-rrn*;
eu8eu trolepnel 'e1qepne1 'pne1) aruol '{top 'anotd ,3 6spnu1 6snr1 -nleu pJno11 :
(eptculer3 'aztutaletl ',Qrureierg 6qrlg.ry (nyg4 -lugq eql do;:
"taqlotq ''ur
'1uu-re1u.rg)
(,(doc'snordoc)
sattot'sdooty 'sa11ddns ''1d 'runrg- .euldgc itlddns 'iluDpunql,J .au- ,ugdgc
.eJa_
AUWNSVf,OA u: !
uoo,rlaq qsrns;
'pezrJoruoru eq,(ldrurs pFoqs 6re; pue ,cu;6cpp.c1p ,sre1 SurpnJcur:ipn:s
-n8err JnoJ eql leugd pue ap1ur,(q palerlsnllt se elnr oq] aolloJ uorle8nluoc asuo .prrijl 3il
pue lsJU eqt
slql Jo sqJel roqlo eqa'(toaq 6er.re;) JaJ pue '(op ,atatel) te1,(tos 5eraclp) c1p r.,:
:sqJel uorle8nluoc pJrql uoruruoc Jeq]o oeJg] Jo ser.rleredun oql ruo{ se^\
]1 sz 'ecgp ruorS peddo;p se.{\ e- eql te.ta.troq te1u1 'snlneld Je}rr.r\ ,(pee eq1
uI uaos uJoJ E 'ecpp ,(leufrJo se^t eJoJBp.;o e,uleredur ;eln8urs eq;
'(elaugd* ro alo$Frr* 1ou) alpgd pue
elplprr 'ecueq :-r- ol -e- peluecceun 'iloqs eq] Jo lJlqs eq1 uleEz ees ezn tone
-,toq 'elrle.redurr 1ern1d eql q '(lnd ol.araugd) eugd,(puas ol ,are$1ur ruorJ)
appu ''3'e iuels luesard eql ,tldurrs sr e.,\rleJodrur lueserd er{l Jo rep8urs
uosred puocos eql 'pouJeel ,{pee-l1e elnJ eq} q}l^a ecuepJocce ur oslv

IAIIVUIdWI IN:lSlUd

'suorleEnluoo puoces pue lsJU oq] ur

esoql o] snoSoyeue surro; ?urp1e{ ,-?- ot peueqfuel ueeq seq Ie.&rol rue}s eql

Ig anptadul 'an17e4pu1 payadul pue /atn1n7 juesatd .at111u11u1

ruesetd:uo11efln[uo2 pttql
52 Wheelock's Latin: Chapter I Thin

nfmquam, adv., never

timen, adv., nevertheless, still
hgd, Lgerc, cgi, ictum, to drive, lead, do, act; pass, spend (ltfe or time);
gritiis agere * dat., to thank someone,lit., to give thanks to (agent,
agenda, agile, agitate, actor, action)
dEm6nstrd (l), to point out, show, demonstrate (demonstration, demon-
strative; see the demonstrative pronouns in Ch. 9)
disc6, discere, didici, to learn (cp. discipulus, discipula)
d6ce6, doccre, d6cui, d6ctumo to teach (docile, document, doctor, doc-
trine, indoctrinate)
d0c6o d[cere, dflxio dtictum, to lead; consider, regard; prolong (ductile, ab-
duct, adduce, deduce, educe, induce, produce, reduce, seduce)
g6rd, g6rere, g6ssi, g6stum, to carry, carry on, manage, conduct, accom'
plish, perform (gerund, gesture, gesticulate, jest, congest, digest, sug-
gest, exaggerate)
scrib6, scribere, scripsi, scriptum, to write, compose (ascribe, circum-
scribe, conscript, describe, inscribe, proscribe, postscript, rescript,
subscribe, transcribe, scribble)
tr6h6, tr6here, trixio tr6ctum, to draw, drag, derive (attract, contract, re-
tract, subtract, tractor, etc.; see Etymology section below)
vinc6, vincere, vici, victum, to conquer, overcome (convince, convict,
evince, evict, invincible, Vincent, victor, vanquish)

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

l. Tempora nostra nunc sunt mala; vitia nostra, magna.
2. QuSrE soror mea scribit (scribet, scrlb6bat) dE officils?
3. Tyrannus populum stultum E terrd vestri dtrcet (dtrcit, dtrcEbat).
4. Ubi satis rati6nis anim6rumque in hominibus erit?
5. Cdpia vErae virtfrtis multds culpds superdre poterat.
6. In liberd clvitdte adulEscentiam ag6bdmus.
7. Regem malum tolerdre numquam dEbEmus.
8. Post parvam moran litterls de lnsidirs scrtpt6rum stultorum
scrrbBmus.
9. The body will remain there under the ground.
10. Write (sg. and pl.) many things about the glory of our state.
I l. Does reason always lead your (pl.) queen to virtue?
12. We shall always see many Greek names there.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE
vltam in 6ti6 semper aget. (Terence.)
1. Frdter meus
2. Age, age! Diic mE ad filium meum. (Terence.-age' age :
come!)
r
tu'
!,.iie^rrap qsqaua uE srso'Ens ,(1rsee p.ro,r urn, n'iffi?:l#i-'tl'r"#r:'r:#: 'ail.toc
- J3

(.au- .uguaurqlJ-.urn- oB- 6snrlgsseJ

-otr-'.ta^a$oq ''luoc (uralnu-.al3puaJ?p-.aB- .ssns;-.gs11u1depu rellnJ p JoJ
L 'v'-I oes puu 'SfnE ft't wqq1d av ?O pua gt-tt.ll.t stpgo 2g ,o:rlu3)
dltl)

'ureuolorz\ lsOd
tuellueruQlc rueu8eru le 'glleq ur tunrcgo unu8eru ,uoruel ,arprlsugrugp urlJQllnt. ::,_
snurQqQp;eduag 'unrrgsse3ou ]rJo tunlleq ,glloq eurs tueJlsou enbruelppeqq
rueulpd eJEAJes smuuelod ugu ,rualne .rs :snrurqQqgp eJplJesugc ruecgd
tunl 'snuruelod arepuagqp gllaq eurs Lrlsou lpdod enbsp1r.,r. sg:Be 1e sEuBuoJ
15 'leq?p ugu arere8 ruerl rsldord ine puoq ESne3 eurs urnfioq sp]l^D
'(leqoon.,.,.
tv/A 9N|)V/A tO S)tHtt lHt No oal)r) r- -r r,
-il
,-.:
(,trt! 'euluoJ uqu 'tar0p Qur erle5
.9I ?
('eceueg*) 'lunJsrp 'luacop runp ,sputuoH .SI
(poWS,au- 6uloqls-Sw .d,.g.g ees iesod:nd Burssardxe se,tr1
-ep sauloqrs pu€ euIll-'eceueg*) .snrurosrp ,eeloqcs pes ,ee11,r, ugN .rI
(' p o a t - a t o7'era8elor-'urn- 58- . snuptot .lcIAuoc
-ap ot 'arguuloap-'[l!t ''J .srqln 6sqrn-.ece:o11) .g8e1e.r grlg
1-' unz 1c ,aJuI.1gL.

( rrolrq
ul qloq IuElg{ ruergldgcs 'ocgrue 1ul ,sgruglcgp aqrn gu8eur ur runq .II -OJ 'I3?JJUOJ .]JPJ
('?uoruo ''oce a .de;d oralug-.ece
-ro11) 'urnssod ugu aJeqlJcs BurrrrJe3 enbsprgqel sEJn, splJnru Jelul .ZI 'ldrrcsst ,ldrrcstso
('srru- sruseu)-'tolt t -tuncJlc .eqr:cse
-nn'srtg1-'lolJnu-'s1ecr3) .lrqp,tJosugc Jesoe3 srcpd sqrglcnv.II 1

('o:ecr3) 'lrqerl sQuruor{ srpnel Jotuv .0I -8ns ,lse8rp ,lsa8uo

('quou- .uourueuru8y-.orecr3) .llqgceu seJr^ sgqruu -wo))D ,lCnpuot .ai
Iqn 'loolp ruelg{ pu goeBJC ErJe} O sgrdgc sgu8eru uouruerue?y.6 (ecnpes.a_.rnr
(' I t rt'r I I o' p uno fi u.tn I o I tAte1ta,tu63-' {tp utpt op x a .tun-,B- -qP'olllJnp)
"t 1
6s1111111v3-d.tl1) 'lrgerruoc Buolotc
runurruoq solnoo srur?ru. BruJqJ Brrurxa .g
( tZ'Lll..i{11nl ,JoT e s{ueqJ,, -cop tolcop ,luauln
3es-'snllnle3) '1r8u sprlgr8 sEu8eru IugrmrJ elllnJ gcrpl tr snlln]e] .l
(El
('Iou
'pDot ''u oqraurlr ,n11--7q8tt 6urn- .u- ssnlcqr-..srrgr- 6rorra_.ece -uoruep 'uorle.t1suou
l6i

-ueg) 'runssod e:g:lsugur?p roll unlJQJ snqruruor{ snqrJgJJo sletu xII .9

('sm.(g snqqqn4) 'snrxqourn glncged eurs tunlncrred urenbrunSl .E ')ua?E) ot s2luotlt
a,,,t8
('quot rcs ol 'ereugd :(ourrt Jo aJ\)
-xe-'oJoJrJ) 'g_roru euls ueuqdxe gugrugg qpdod epcged e^oN ., puadi r
('{otlsap o/ .eJepJed-.snrreqel) .snurrpred rue}guaqrl (Iclrue .f
O

t9 atpendul /at4e4pu1 |ce1tadu1 pue /atn\n7 '1uesat4

,an171ugu1
ruasatd:uot1e1ntuo2 p"ur11

-
54 Wheelock's Latin: Chapter B

ETYMOTOGY
Also connected with trahd are: abstract, detract, detraction, distract,
distraction, distraught, extract, protract, portray, portrait, retreat, trace,
tract, tractable, intractable, traction, contraction, retraction, trait, tteat,
treaty.

ln the readings 6. rectitude; cp. Eng. cognate "right."-itinerary, itinerant. 11. kaiser,
czar. 14. 'oSchool" comes through Lat. schola from Greek schol6, leisure.
"Waging War": causation; defense, defensive; necessary; clement, clemency.

TATINA EST GAUDIUM_ET UTITISI

SalvEte! With this chapter's copious new vocabulary, you can see again
what a veritable linguistic cornucopia (a "horn of plenty," from cdpia t
cornfl, horn, which is cognate with "cornet"!) you have in Latin. Scr-rptor is
one of alarge group of masc. third decl. nouns formed by replacing the -um
of a verb's fourth principal part with -or, a suffix meaning essentially one
who performs the action of the verb. So, a monitor, -6ris, is one who advises,
i.e., an adyisor; an amdtor is a lover; etc. what would be the similarly formed
nouns from docEre and ag6? Look at the other verbs introduced in this chap-
ter and at the vocabularies in the previous chapters; what other such -or
nouns can you form and recognize?
The point is that if you know one Latin root word, then you will often
discover and be able to deduce the meanings of whole families of words: the
verb discere, e.g., is related to discipulus and discipula, ofcourse, and also to
the noun disciplina. I like to point out that "discipline" is nal "punishment"
but "learning." If you saw the popular 1994 film Man Without a Face, you
heard lots of Latin, including a favorite old injunction, the motto of Ox-
ford's Winchester College: aut disce aut discEde, either learn or leave (I have
this posted on my office door). You'll be learning, not leaving, I have no
doubt, but for now, valEte, discipuli et discipulae!
Optional Self-Tutorial
Exercises

These optional exercises have been included in the hope of enriching

the potential of this book for its various types of users.
1. Repetitid mater memoriae. In language study the value of repetition
is indisputable. To the already large amount of repetition achieved in the
regular chapters these exercises add even more of this practice. The phrases
and sentences have deliberately been made simple so that the immediate
points in forms and syntax may stand out strikingly. The words are pur-
posely limited to those of the formal lesson vocabularies, which obviousl"
should be memorized before turning to these tutorial exercises. As a resul:
of their very nature and purpose, such sentences can make no claim to insp:-
ration. Some hints of the worthwhile reading matter for which one studie:
Latin are to be found in the sententiae Antlquae and the reading passass
Iiom the ancient authors, which are the heart of this book; but if one u'an:.
-rdditional repetitious drill by which to establish linguistic reflexes, one c.j':-
:nd tt here in these self-tutorial exercises. As has been suggested elseu'her;
13 sure always to read aloud every Latin word and sentence-carefullr. ::r
>---t a practice enables one to learn through the ear as well as the eye a:l:
.-.,:. provide many of the benefits of a language laboratory.
l. To students enrolled in a regular Latin course these.r,s1gi3s5 ri--l'
the:: iels can prove valuable for review and self-testing and can be helr:-,iL
in preparation for examinations.
,:. \lso to the private individual who wishes to learn or revieu' L"--:r
independentiy, these exercises are certain to be valuable, since they ca; :lc
used as self-tests which can be corrected via the key. Likewise, comple=r4:

E--
-e^ is'lI 9rr3 uQu IS ppnel aru'91 6sQpl^ prno 'gepr^ IqlN'sI 'luou 3ur1a1du:,
-ow(puo) la luef,o.\ edaes gI tr'tI 'tep Iqru edees,,,,[lep pm[,,'g1 '?ru eq uec .i:
erEpnel luaqep uaN'zi 'Qlu erE_\ras sllaqac'II 'Qru ar?uolu s?q?c'0t urJsJ \1:l
']eJJo IS Qru ei?uohtr '6 'lu€JJe IS Qur louol tr '8 'gJJa IS Qur lueuol tr 'l
'sApl^ (8I) 'luerue 0t) 'lep (gt) 1ryd1aq x
'snuE,\ras (gl) ']uBp (il) 'spr:a (91) 'spApl^ (ZI) '1eue (11) 'snruQp rJlL4,\ SaSr--

-l^ (01 ) 'srlg:re (6) 's91e.r, (g) 'snupqqp (l) 'luaprt (9) 'leplr (s) 'saqcp (f)
'lueurE (g) 'snuglr?Sc (Z') 't€ro.\ ( 1) :spro..l,r Sultrogog eqi elBISuB{ '9 pue air :i
'e1q1e.\ (6) ;o3 r(11n-1:;
'el?pl^ (g) 'elquou (1) 'elpure (9) 'e1ppne1(g) 's191r39c (y) 'et€p (t) 'eJeI{.1\rs I:
'a1ga.:as (7) 'elgcon (1) :qcea alBISu€J1 pue sruJoJ Suunolog eql errreN 'S ue3 3UO 'S

'?le^ (6) '?pl \ (8) 'quoru (L) 'pt:u,e (9) 'ppnel (9) 'frpOc 1y; sluE.\\ ruo
'Ep (E) 'puas (7) 'pco,t ( 1) :qcee olelsu?rt pue suno3 Sunr.olloJ eql eureN ', saSessed i
'orErra (1)'aryrsse (9) 'arppnel (E) 'erp1r39c (7) 'erep (g) sorpnls :il\
'eJeAJos (7) 'a:pco,t (1) :qcza elBISuBJl puu sruJoJ Surlrolog eql eureN'€ -rdsur o1 'l:
'er?qpp (7) 'erp1e.t (g) lJnsel E sY
'erpprn(6) 'erpuour (1) :qcee elulsueJ] pue sru.roJ 3ur.r,ro11o3 eql erueN'Z ilsnor rq..
'sp- (9) 's- (S) 'iu- (l) 'S- (g) 'snur- (Z) 'i- (t) :s8urpua leuosred -rnd a:B :=:
ur1e1 SultrolloJ eql Jo rloee o1 lueye,rmbe sunouord qsrlSug eq] e^rC'I alBlpsrurui
sasu:qd :u_
t ulrdvH) uol s.tslf,ulxl :r{1 ur p;.,;
uortrlaci:: -:
.,{: e
#:]ffi:, Tl'rhXl:"i};i:'"7
lnqe co.,' sq r qB n orqr,(1 psere c u o s s er
iurqrrru:
no,{ ler{} pue 'secuelues puu 'seserqd 'spro.tr ur}"'I oq} [€ pnole ,(es lsmu .;,
no,( en1e,t runrurxeru JoJ leql uru?e ecuo pazrseqdrue oq lr lol 'r(geurg '1
del aql o1 Sururnl aJoJeq sJe \sue or{} }no a}rJ,4A o} sr Jleseuo }so} o}
,{e,tr 1se;ns oq} leql pepps eq peeu .(ypreq }I 'seqsr^\ ro}cnrJsur eql uer{^{ ss"lc
ut acrlcerd JoJ pesn eq ,(eru sesrcJexe eql ]eql os puz 3ur1se1-j1es e]?lrTrceJ ol
sesrJJexa eql .ralJ? so^leslueql ,(q peceld ueoq o^er{ s,{e1 re,ttsue oql '9
'{ooq
slql uI sesrJrexo Jaglo aq] qlr^a uorlceuuoc ur pecrlcerd oq plnoqs pue elq"
-JISep lsoru sr uorlelsu"Jl ur uorsserdxe.(rera1r1 peqsrTod 'uorsserdxe ,fuere1q
ut acrrce:d ueql JegleJ ur1e1 SqpuelsJepun ur ecrlcerd ept.ord o] popuolur
aJe saJualuas ;elncrged eseql ,(prelJac pus !,(1aso1c eJoru ur]"T eql ./r,\olloJ
.,(e.u srql uI uec ,{aqt ieql sr uoseoJ eq} 'lBruJoJ }eq.retuos eJB suorl€lsueJ} eql
seull r€ JI 'a3uzlsut cgrceds .(ue ur pasn eq gm,&epqecol erll ur uont8 pro,u
u 3o s3uruueur snorJel aql Jo euo .(1uo ,(preurpro suorlelsueJl eq] q 'S
'sesr3Jaxa oq]
Jo sacuelues urleT Sulpuodse-rroc oql er,r {Jo^t sql
8ur>1ceqc pup urleT olur lceq ,(e4 aql Jo secuolues qsq8ug eql Suqelsuerl
.(q uorlrsodruoJ urleT aldrurs ur sellostuaq] ]soi uec sluopnls ilV ',
'Iooq eql Jo sasrcJexe ruln8e.r eql SurT{c€l ur
e3uapguoJ :alear3 apra,o:d 1y,r,r (a1 Jo ]Ueueq qlr&\ sesroJaxe ecrlcerd eseql

6rt ses,raxl PyontlPs puolldg

350 Wheelock's Latin

letis, valemus. 18. SI valet, vale6. 19" Sr mE amat, debet mE laudire.

20. Cdnservdte mE. 21. N6n dEbe6 errdre. 22. Quid dEbEmus lauddre?
23. Videt; cogitat; monet.

EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 2

1. Give the Latin for the deflnite article "the" and the indefinite article "a."
2. Name the Latin case for each of the following constructions or ideas:
(l) direct object of a verb; (2) possession; (3) subject of a verb;
(4) means; (5) direct address; (6) indirect object of a verb.
3. Name the case, number, and syntactical usage indicated by each of the
following endings of the first declension: (l) -as; (2) -a; (3) -am; (4) -ae
(pl.).
4. Name the case(s) and number indicated by the following endings, and
wherever possible name the English preposition(s) which can be associ-
ated with them: (l) -irum; (2) --a; (3) -ae; (4) -is.
5. Tianslate the following nouns and state the syntactical usage of each as
indicated by its ending: (1) puellam; (2) puella; (3) puellSs; (4) puellae
(plural form); (5) patrias; (6) patriam; (7) patria; (8) patriae (pl.); (9) pe-
ciiniam; (10) pectrnia; (11) poends; (12) poenam.
6. Translate the following nouns in accordance with their case endings:
(1) puellae (sg.); (2) puellSrum; (3) O patria; (4) patriae (sg.); (5) pecii-
nia; (6) pecuniae (sg.); (7) poents; (8) poend; (9) poen6rum.
7. Given the following nominative singular forms, write the Latin forms
requested in each instance: (1) multa pecfinia in the genitive and the ac-
cusative singular; (2) magna fdma in dat. and abl. sg.; (3) vita mea in gen.
sg. and nom. pl.; (4) forttna tua in acc. sg. and pl.; (5) magna patria in
gen. sg. and pl.; (6) fortfina mea in abl. sg. and pl.; (7) magna poena in
dat. sg. and pl.; (8) multa philosophia in dat. and abl. pl.
8. Translate each of the following phrases into Latin according to the case
either named or indicated by the English preposition in each instance:
(l) by much money; (2) of many girls; (3) to/fon my country; (4) great
life (as direct object of a verb); (5) by your penalties; (6) many countries
(subject of a verb); (7) toifor many girls; (8) of my life; (9) O fortune;
t10) girl's; (11) girls'; (12) girls (direct address); (13) the girls (direct ob-
rect of a verb); (14) the girls (subject of a verb).

9 \ ale. patria mea. 10. Fortiina puellae est magna. 11. Puella forttinam
pa::r.1e tuae laudat. 12. O puella. patriam tuam servd. 13. Multae puellae
pecu;::rrn amant. l4.Puellae nihil datis. l5.Peciiniam puellae videt,
16. Pe;uniam puellirum ndn vidEs. 17. Mon6re puellds dEbEmus. i8. Lau-
ddre puellam dEbent. 19. VIta multrs puellls fortiinam dat. 20. Vltam
meam pecrlnia tud c6nservds. 21. Fdma est nihil sine fortiind. 22.Wtam
 '--:_ \
- '4.' \
lu€Ilue
'sll?q?p aJgpnel 'lunJgJI^ LunJguSelu
lu€Ilue -:.fl i- i
'tZ i"Ou'as-t'qt' runrqrll urnrqu8eur
'rr',.rOpi
-rdes ,ruerqdosolrqd
.a..:
'1e1r39c red
uqu ultlu8eur snluc'zz
-ions'gz -r,r' ,nuaet''tsa redtuas sgclure sqcned lu8eur prn '97 's?q€q
-uros sneul snJluIV
'lZ ']ueqeq edaus _L__ :
'61 ']€p lrlsurBJ sfrp' splld elIA'8I
"rr'-__

ulnrgnl ulnrqJ$ue n"*o '- l}\

uI
sgllu snlu?q?cl '9I
'}op$
'erEpn€l urnnl unIIlJ ]ueq?c I t'iuo*
'tgp'n 'g',tu *.,i*y-?I 1'* 9r3e
uQu .,,nrgn] runrglM *"'i*t' ; i 11[J
-'gepln
-rlt-rlJll:l
ettu ;1 :aun1l.- cl
urselr^.ri ,pnp sq1,, eau
-3n* ls 1ugulQ5 qndod snr:un\'01'T^,X
P^ ruffililllH.tl"# :att1U:.i: ;
lr:ti r 1 :'
Jr^o'6'lepn?lin]!;uuetiu:rdessnu3luq)Isn1ndo4'g'ocruBlul'?l€A''
'aldoad uetuo1 aql .:f uPlsL. *
(g) :ueui teer8 :sEl :'q: i':
) ur''u :r::i
'fqns aq1 (6) S'toq '(uuur:oyo1
Jo (0I) i(q:e.r'3o luar8 u ( I ) :suos'(ur
tql tt' a I :( qrr^ 3o,f-ool'''q*nu ut euaod e
O ( L) :reqlunu le?lE- li
5 i i i,, q,. ^, " " .i:
: :i;l:'l :: l ljf::' ,x:,H"?,tJ il'i:i::lJ i:: ur ulued t
ua8 ul sx
i:il J: J: .i]l"i .i., ;;:.: ; il;;;"" "'*'io cq] elelsue,, e
'u*roso3'1d Pue '3s 'ue8 -rE :t{i f ;
sLulo,l'Jl-:
ursnalusn[[l(qr:i'1pue3s'co"rur4'lsnu8uul(9):'3s'lqepuE']€pul
'lep q sneur rand (g) :'td
'lq€ pu? 'cc€ uI
snu8uru r; r : [d Iqe pu€ -load i:
snreulnu
p;' iue8 ur.snuEruqu snpdod (1) :ecuelsul qtee
rp snuButu t;i : is lq; '3t '*oo 3ur"no11o; oqi ueAI? I :siutp;:
ar{} ellJ't.r 'surJoJ
ur patsanb:: slxiol uIlE-I
lslcned (6) -ad {6i:'
93$ue (g1)
sltlnur iit) :r'ist laru 1c1ue (1r) :slT
(f Irl^ (9) lsln't (9) iqupru
'slcgue aelland ';
:run:grned *nrr..,.i-n frJ :*"'o'fr ,:('S$ gllI-I (z) lrunrgaru tunrq s€ q3E; --
-q){ g1ndod,t, ,, 11'-'oodlg) :qetu
-Irr.r r
:s6urpua .*l*y;lll,:::;r;i;ff
"Jl'rulqu
'l""tif liJffiqi;Hfi[t',j ' -ISOSSP ?t
pue 'si':
:r.unrr.\(0t) ,0, itqa-1g) ='^11; :snpdod(9; ':olndod(9)
', (I) :Sulpue sr'(q pe1ec1pu1
irunlndod,v, '.rn'1['lii"tital Tru Al-ylu'l t (f r ';
eI{} e}e}s p"n tt"'tou tt'^":n;1;li;#}t:18
03-
se qrza lo aiBsn rnlrnrt'r' 3q1 Jo u:

pel€lcosse eq u€c qclq't.r

uotltsoderd qsq8ug
qll'^'\
iun:g- )
(a :q- ( I ) :q33a iq:a.r r
.qilirr; o;n ..;u,pr, 3.r,^o11o3 eq] Jo requnuJi:r96::"tXrifi$ ' :s€epl -li
3umro11o3 'P. :T-':',
seullncselu .}o s8urpue
y- (i) :un- (i ) :uolsualrep puz oql Jo
eql etueN'1
qlsa (q paieorput e8esn 1ecr1ce1u'(s'pue tequrnu'osec
eql Jo
t U:tIdVHf UOI S:lSlfUlX:l
, ereDnE

'soqip ugu argpnel un'rg11and ureq'fz

lprqdosoyqdauISB1IAlseprn)'17'snlu?l€^uqugrqdosolqdeutS'97 'eJ9pnf,
'snru9ur, sluaod euIS uIBIIA'sz lg' 'sllElu€ uqu glu[cod euts
'rol€^ ugu euled guouoJ }e EurEJ 'ot'

tgt sasrrrlxl P4ofit'llos Puoltdo

352 Wheelock's Latin

EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 4

l. A 2nd-declension neuter has the same forms as the regular

2nd-declension masculine except in three instances. Name these three
instances and give their neuter endings.
2. Name the case(s), number, and syntactical usage indicated by each of the
following endings of the 2nd-declension neuter nouns: (1) -a; (2) -um.
3. Name the case(s) and number of the following 2nd-declension neuter
endings and name the English preposition(s) which can be associated
with each: (l) -o; (2) -6rum; (3) -i; (4) -is.
4. Translate the following neuter nouns and state the syntactical usage of
each as indicated by its ending: (l) bella; (2) bellum; (3) officium;
(4) officia; (5) pencula.
5. Translate the following phrases in accordance with their case endings:
(1) bell6rum mal6rum; (2) belld mal6; (3) belli mah; (4) bellis mahs:
(5) officil magnl; (6) officiis magnls; (7) perlculd parvo'
6. Given the following nom. sg. forms, write the Latin forms requested in
each instance: (l) beltum parvum in nom. and acc. pl.; (2) 6tium bonum
in acc. sg. and p1.; (3) periculum magnum in gen. sg' and pl'; (4) officium
vErum in acc. and abl. sg.
7. Translate the following phrases into Latin in accordance with the case
named or indicated by the English preposition in each instance: (l) O
evil war; (2) to/for great duty; (3) by the great danger; (4) good leisure
(object of verb); (5) by many wars; (6) of good leisure; (7) by the dangers
of many wars; (8) small wars (subject of verb); (9) small wars (obj' of
verb); (10) O foolish wars; (11) the small war (subj')

8. otium est bonum. 9. Multa bella Stium n6n c6nservant' 10. Perlculum
est magnum. 11. In magn6 perlculd sumus. 12. Et 6tium perTcula saepe
habet. 13. VIta n6n est sine multTs per-rculIs. 14. BonI viri dtium amant.
15. Stultus vir perlcula belll laudat. 16. Otium bell6 saepe n6n c6nservS-
mus. 17. Populus RSmdnus 6tium bonum non semper habet. 18. Patriam
er otium belhs parvls saepe servant. 19. Multae puellae sunt bellae.
10. vErI amIcl sunt paucI. 21. Amlcus meus est vir magnl officii.
ll. officia magistrl sunt multa et magna. 23.Yt parvl 6til es. 24.Yir1
nitgnae ciirae estis. 25. Sine mora cflram officio dare dEbemus. 26' Sine
ocufis vrta est nihil.

EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 5

f. identily the personal endings of the future and imperfect tenses of the
hr.'. rrr o conjugations.
2. Are these the same as the endings of the present tense? If not, point out
the differences.
 'alqe se.^a t (f t) :eq ot (Ei)
lno ]urod '
iere ,(aql (a l ) :alqe aq III^\ ,(eqt (t I ) :alq€ a:u .(aq] (91) :a1qe ele.tr ,(eqr (6)
lelqu oq or (g) :alq€ sE,^A. ar{ (1) :a1qe eq III\\ aq (9) :e1qe sl aI{ (s) !e1qu eq
IIEqs o.tt (lt :aq Ilei{s a \ (g) iera..r,r a.r
(;} :3re a,lt (1) :ul}e1o}ul e}BISue{'S aq] Jo sasu
assod (1y) lesse (91) iluerelod (91)
ilun;alod (f l) :]unro (91) igrelod (at ) :qra (11) lruere (61) :urerelod (6)
lsnur:arod (g) lsnurprelod (1) :snunssod (9) isnurns (9) lluelod (7)
i1r:e (g) :tu:alod (7) iryrc (1) :su-ro-1 uopu€r 8ut.tro11oj eql olelsu€rJ',
lpa8ueqcun ur€tueJ 1I saop a:aq:\\ pue s ol pe8ueqc l eql sI sIuJoJ ouls'9a !
snorJel eq] Suoue oJoq,4d 'tuns rod 3o pesoduroc sI urnssod qJeA oql JI
- 't IJIA'" S,

'IIcUo
isp- (t) :ru- (q) :Q- (t) :1- tr) :s- (g):lu- (z) :snu- (1) :ueeu s8ut lr.Ii
-pue IeuosJed 8ur.r,ro11og aql op ieq.t spunodtuos sll pue IIIns qJo^ eql uI 'Z
'e€lloq lui
ieldrcurrd lzcttceru.is 3qt pue anilugfur t.to1uarua1d.uo, IuJol eq] uI
ru€rJled i l
Ltoluatualdruor3o 3ur11:ds ai{t uaa^\leq peoeJl eq uE3 uol}3euuoc }eq &'I -EAJeSugr :
'JUEIUP rur.
9 UlrdvHf uol slslfulxl adees e1n,..1
rrrnlnsgad
leetlustdes sIIBS snnl snrulue euleq
-eH'tZ'sr1rq9,\rasuer uqu EIUBced ruerluerdeg'77'snlulqpruu redruos
1o snupqpue :adru:s 'Eraqll er4ed I'Q,l'IZ 'rroqll luns I}lnlu sqrulu" serl ;o '[qo; s.rr
-sou ,ratdo.r4 gg srqp:adns 91 'srqpredns ruenl ruer1 IS '6I 'snrutqpradns sre8uep aur
Erlsou EIrlEd ur :nlrir sglehtr'8I ']u€qep ruern3 glcgo geqll glsr8ery 'lI oJnsral poo
'sr1rq?qeq ruz:qr1nd ueuted isrlse 1rp. IJeq'I'9I 'Broq11 ]se srlsou euled 6 (1) :arur
€rqJlnd 'c I 'iue:adns ugu sqrlsou selulu€ eu8eru epclred 'rI 'snqqaqeq oses eql q]:
:adruas la snuEqQqer{ sEllnru sgdp3 'g1 'l}qQueruor ugu lrrnrg}ln]s QJeIunu
ur r3tsou snrltuv 'al 'luerue sprqcpd splend Irlsou IIE{ 'If iueqgredns runlJuo 1i r

€rlsou e1nc1:ad llj\ IreqI'I '0I 'llqppnel ?l ]e lepnel QIU rolsou ;e1s€e11 '6 unuoq tuno
'seq oq (71) :e.r.eq IIP\ eq (11) :8ut
ur pelsanL,:
-^?r{ araA\ a^\ (01) :a^eq il€qs o^\ (6) lSuvres e.re,u.(eq} (3) iees il€qs I (t)
islleru s111a;
laas 1p,r ('1d) nof (9) iSuqlec se.4a er{ (g) :gec IIBqs o.tt (7) lees prt,(eql (€)
:s8urpua e.r
lSururerua: a:a,n ('3s) no,( (7) le.tt? geqs aA\ (I) :uIlB'I olul e]€lsuer1 '8
'luzq?q€q (7y) :slqpqeq (11) istqgcoa. (91) :lueqscor (6)
iurnlcgo r;
isnurqqpr,r (g) isrqppr.t (f) :rlqep (9) :s111qep (9) :ureqep (7) lsnutgqu
-Eru (t) :lrqqueur (7) ilueqpueu (1) :srrrroJ 3unno11o3 eqt eielsue{ '/
go e8esn 1r:

lsenrlceipe ur]ET Jo uorsueloep eq] palErcossE :

qtr,r dleq Lunusou pue 'apnil.qtpd 'fitaq11a{IT spro \ qsqEug op .^r\oH '9
Jelnou uors
ilsol sI Jo
'run- (;1 :r-
sLuJoJ Jeqlo aql uI seAIAJns a oql Jeqloq,^a 11a1 no,( u"c ,4aoq ta- ut Sutpue
aqlJo qrP: '

eurlnoserr eq] s€r{ suorsualcep puz pue }sI eql go e,ttlceipe ue uoQ,Y\'g
peq- (9) ilunq- (S) :sq- (7) :st11q- (S) :tlq- (Z)
eaJq] esaqi
lsnupq- (1) :pele1suer1aq s8glpue q.IeA 8uuro11og eql u€3'1cege ut ',u'og '7
'suorl .re1n3ar r'.1

-e8nluoc o,^d.l lsrg oql q su8rs esuel lcegtadrut pue eJn]ry eq1 ,(gtluep1 'E

€g€ sesDtexf p!rclntlps leuolldo

354 Wheelock's Latin

6. Patria vestra erat 7. Poteram esse tyrannus. 8. Amrcus vester erlt

hbera.
tyrannus. 9. Ubi tyrannus est, ibi virl n6n possunt esse lIberl. 10. In patriS
nostra ndn poterat remanEre. 11. Tyrannl multa vitia semper habEbunt.
12. Tyrannds superlre n6n poterdmus. 13. Tyrannum nostrum super5re
dEbEmus. 14. Tyrannus bon6s superdre poterat; sed ibi reman6re non po-
terit. 15. Poteritis perlcula tyrannl vidEre. 16. Vitia tyrann6rum tolerdre
n6n possumus. 17. Insidi5s tyrannl n6n tolerabds. 18. Otium in patria
vestra n6n potest esse perpetuum. 19. DEbEs virds liberos dE tyrannts mo-
nEre. 20. Magister vester librds pulchros semper amdbat. 21. Libri boni
v[rlque poterant patriam c6nservdre. 22.L1br7s bonls patriam vestram
c6nservare poteritis. 23.Tyranrn sapientiam bon6rum libr6rum superdre
ndn poterunt. 24.Malt librds bonds ndn possunt tolerdre.

EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 7

1. In the 3rd declension do the case endings of feminine nouns differ from
those of masculine nouns as they do in the lst and 2nd declensions
already learned?
2. Do neuter nouns of the 3rd declension have any case endings which
are identical with those of neuter nouns of the 2nd declension? If so.
name them.
3. Name the gender(s) and case(s) indicated by each of the following end-
ings in the 3rd declension: (1) -Es; (2) -a; (3) -em.
4. Name the case(s) and number of the following 3rd-declensional endings:
(1) -ibus; (2) -i; (3) -e; (4) -em; (5) -um; (6) -is; (7) -cs.
5. To indicate the gender of the following nouns give the proper nominative
singular form of magnus, -a, -um with each: (l) tempus; (2) virttrs; (3) la-
bor; (4) civit6s; (5) m6s; (6) pax; (7) rEx; (8) corpus; (9) vEritss:
(10) amor.
6. Tianslate the following phrases in accordance with their case endings
wherever possible; where they are nominative or accusative so state:
(l) labore multo; (2) labori multo; (3) labdris multT; (4) labdrEs multi:
(5) pacis perpetuae; (6) pace perpetud; (7) paci perpetuae; (8) clvitdtum
parvdrum; (9) civitdtem parvam; (10) cwititEs parvas; (l l) cwitdtEs par-
vae; (12) civitdte parvd; (13) tempora mala; (14) tempus malum:
(15) tempori mal6; (16) temporum mal6rum; (17) temporis mall:
(18) m6ri tu6; (19) mdre tu6; (20) m6ris tui; (21) mdrEs fin; Q2) m6rEs
tuos; (23) m6rum tu6rum.
-. Translate the following phrases into Latin in accordance with the case
named or indicated by the English preposition: (1) to/for great virtue:
r I t sreat virtue (subject); (3) great virtues (object of verb); (4) of great

rirrues; (5) with great courage; (6) our time (obj. of verb); (7) our times
(sub3.): (8)our times (obj.); (9)to/for our times; (10)to/for our time;
(11)of our time; (12)of our times; (13)my love (obj.); (14)my loves
I
iunu8eru unrqrl ZI 'll(ums ueur8Jr^ p€ sgJetlrl'II 'eJe8e Iqru sruuns
-sod ']rclp sprdgr snuuer,(] umq '01 'tue8e sgrlgr8 Iupuoq ]e 'gur pB rueu
6slto8e pm| l1unEe ppb'l
-Fuoq cBCI 6 'tuuqQcnp Qur p€ uraururoH'g
'1nd p.r,r oq (ZI)
iEurllnd a:u ('1d) no.( (11) :1nd er (0t) i('yd :edrur) ]nd (6) ilnd p.r,r ('1d)
no,( (g) iSurund ere.l.r ('3s) no,{ (r ) :tnd fieqs 1 @) :1nd p,vr feqt (g) :s1nd
eq (7) :('3s a,r,rleredurr) tnd (€) :lnd IFqs e,!\ (Z) lSurund ere.tt ,{eq1(1)
:uI1BT olur sesaqd 3ul.r,ro11o-1 aqi alelsuzJl 'fid 'elaugd 'gugd ue,r.rg'9
'aqlrcs (19) ilueqpcs (69) :srqrcs (67)
ilrqpcs (37) isnuqqrcs (tat :srlrqrrcs (97) :ueqgqrcs (SZ) iureqgcs (p7)
ilunqucs (67) lleqgcs (7;t :sn6e (17) is6e (97) :snuqEe (61) :ue8e (91)
ismupqgSu (t1) :srtQ3e (91) :run8e (91) ilue8e (71) :rt?e (91) isnupl
-lltu (ZI) jlel]rur (t I ) :srlut[u (91) lelr]1rru (6) lsq1ru (g) :sppqe]lltu (f)
isnrurllrur (9) :atrlur (S ) :rueltnx (7) ilunpnu (g) :tptlu (7) :1ueqqtiru (1)
:Surpue s1r o1 Surproloe sruJoJ Sur.ra.ogo; eql Jo qcee elulsuen'a4ill
'eraqlrcs'oqlrls .op 'a.re8u 'gfle lpuas'aleppu'gllFu sqJe^ eql uelrg'g
ielt- (€) ien- (7)
ie- (l) :etecrpur s8urpua 3ur.t,ro1o; eqlJo qoeo saop qrel eqlJo rrrroJ leq \ ',
'rueqa- t;t):rue- (Zt):sl- (11):sr1p-,0t1 :tI- (6):1ue- (S):s- (f)
:snrup- (9) :snr- (t) :ia- (y) :1un- (g) :sa- (7) lsnrur- (1) :s8urpue uorle?
-nluo: pg 8uruo11o1aqt,{q peleorpur esue} puz teqrunu'uosled eq} e}uls '€
iereq d1aq.{eu ecu.ep oruorueuru }Bq1y1 (Z)
;n 'q 'l s[:.\\o.\ aqr iq pa]ecrpw sr asuol leqzr uorle8nluoc pg eql uI (l) 'Z
ilulod luepodrut
srql raqueuar no,{ dlaq o1 ecr,{ep cruorueuru oruos Jo 4urq1 no,( ue) (Z)
ia la.r\o.\ tuels aql .{q peleclpur sr osuo} leq,l uorle8niuoc pg eq} uI(I)'I
B UlrdvH) uol ststfutxl
'leqQle^ 9rlsou
atEtr,\IJ ur aerrled rouJy'gZ
']ueqQpnu e:g.tedns sguue.lfi slllur^ eeu8eur
sgutuoH 'tZ 'leru€ runrguoq urnreru sgogue urqcpd g8rl1'tZ 'llqaqeq
Ilqru guroq ergqul gu?eur auls'ZZ 'er?le^ lerelod ugu xgd anbsprel snqrlg]
-I.\lr srqnu uI'lZ 'Bleru luns erodrual elleq el1nru lsod '02 ']unqQIB^ ugu
unrortsou uruodruel sglgll^Ic acgd Euoq ouls'6I 'enledred esse 1se1od
uqu xEd'gI ']rqep slllnru snqrururoq uecpd €Jlsou spll^11'tI 'luep
rueJBJ Ilr_rul^ s?urIuoq Icned'gI 'snurgq?p4 snqrururoq slllnru ur osrullc
-ed rua:guru urnu8ell '91 'snurErelod eJ?pr^ pu8eru o1?l1,t.lc ut sqllnru sQur
-ruoH 'il 'lunqBp sBreluIuruoH '€I 'Iuoq lunreluoq sruruoq sQrgl tr .zI
'aeuSuru luns tunJgllnur urnurruoq sAlnUIA 'I
I 'spoq snqrJeru eurs lqru lso
erulced '0I 'zu8eur lse en] s1ul1'6 'urn.r.rud lse gllq sndual uneIAI 'g -+r.!-g!
-

'seAol ;'l*:a: -T
,(tu3o (91) :e.to1 ,(rugo (11) ie,r.o1,(ru,(q (91) ie,noy (ur ro37o1(St) :('fqo)

99€ sasD.raxl pyonLlps puolydg

356 Wheelock's Latin

scrlbebds. 13. Libr6s bon6s scribEs. 14. Libr6s dC pdce scribdmr:-'-

15. Cdpiamne librdrum bondrum habEtis? 16. Magister multds puer6s cr
cet. 17. PuerI magistrO gr6ti[s n6n agunt. 18. PaucI clvitau nostrae _s-r:-
tids agEbant. 19. Tyrannus magnas copids ex clvitlte nostrS duce:
20.Magna cdpia pecflniae hominEs ad sapientiam ndn dflcit. 21. Libnn:
bonl multds ad rati6nem diicent? 22. Dtrcimusne saepe hominEs ad ratiG
nem? 23. Rati6 hominEs ad bonam vltam diicere potest. 24. Agitisne bc-
nam vttam? 25. Amlcd bon6 grdti[s semper agite.

EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 9

1. Explain the term demonstrative pronoun and adjective.

2. Translate each of the following according to case(s) and number, indicar-
ing also the gender(s) in each instance:
(1) illi (10) illis (19) huius (28) tua
(2) illa (11) il16 (20) hunc (29) toti
(3) ill-rus (12) illsrum (21) hos (30) tdtius
(4) ille (13) hdc (22)hdc (31) tdta
(, illa (14) hoc (23) horum (32) t6tum
(6) i1lud (15) haec (24) has (33) nullius
(7) illdrum (16) hae (25) his (34) niillT
(8) illae (17) hac (26) trnius (35) ntrlla
(9) ill6s (18) hanc (27) nnl (36) niillds

3. How can the presence of a noun be helpful in determining the form oi

a modifying demonstrative?
4. Translate the following phrases into Latin in the declensional forms indi-
cated:
(l) this girl (nom.)
(2) these girls (nom.)
(3) these times (acc. pl.)
(4) to/for this time
(5) tolfor this boy
(6) of this time
(7) of that time
(8) by this book
(9) by that book
t10) that girl (nom.)
t11) those times (nom.)
t1l)those times (acc.)
r 1-1i that time (nom.)
(1-lt to/for this state alone
( 15 t of this state alone
(16) to/for that boy alone
(17) to/for that girl alone
(18) of that girl alone
(19) oftyrants alone
(20) the whole state (acc.)
(21) of the whole country
(22) tolfor the whole country
(23) ofno reason
(24') no reason (acc.)
(25) no girls (nom.)
(26) tolfor no book
(27) no books (acc.)
(28) to/for one state
(29') tolfor one girl
(30) of one time
Key to Exercises

KEY FOR CHAPTER 1

1. (1) he, she, ( ) they; (5) you (sg.); (6) you (pl.)
it; (2) we; (3) r;
2. The forms are present active infinitives of the 2nd conjugation. (1) to advise/
warn; (2) to see; (3) to be strong; (4) to owe.
3. The forms are present active infinitives of the lst conjugation. (l) to call; (2) to
save; (3) to give; (4) to think; (5) to praise; (6) to love; (7) to err.
4. The forms are present active imperatives 2nd person singular of the 1st or the
2nd conjugations. (l) call; (2) save; (3) give; (4) think; (5) praise; (6) love; (1) ad-
vise/warn; (8) see; (9) be strong/good-bye.
5. The forms are present active imperatives 2nd person plural of the lst or the 2nd
conjugations. (1) call; (2) save; (3) give; (4) think; (5) praise; (6) love; (7) advise/
warn; (8) see; (9) be strong/good-bye.
6. (l) he/she/it calls, is calling, does call; (2) we think; (3) they love; (4) you (sg.)
owe/ought; (5) he sees; (6) they see; (7) we owe/ought; (8) you (sg.) are strong;
(9) you (pl.) errlare mistaken; (10) we see; (11) he/sheiit loves; (12) you (pl.) see;
(13) you (sg.) err; (14) they. give; (15) we save; (16) he gives; (17) they love;
(18) you (sg.) see.
r. They warn me if I err. 8. He warns me if they err. 9. Warn me if he errs.
10. You (sg.,) ought to warn mel tt.
You (pl.) ought to save me. 12. They ought
not to praise me. 13. "What does he give?" "He often gives nothing." 14. They
..ften call me and advise me. 15. I see nothing. What do you see? 16. Praise me if
I do not make amistake. 17. Ifyou (p1.) arewell, we are well. 18. If he is well, I
arn *e11. 19. If he (she) loves me, he (she) ought to praise me. 20. Save me. 2l.l
oushr not to err. 22.What ought we to praise? 23. He sees; he ponders; he advises.

KEY TOR CHAPTER 2

1. In ciassical Latin there was no regular definite or indefinite article. The words
the and a have to be added in the English translation according to the sense of
a Latin passage. Thus puella may mean the girl or a girl, and puellae may mean
 - -:- ;.. :.-- i) :ueruoqlJo (l) :uBIuoqlJo (9)iueuoql''clo'q]ltr7,(q
-
ueeu.Ltru at
-; * ;:. - . . : :.-..:d ueruou oql ''rto 'qll^\/,{q 'eldoed ueruou eqt ro37o1 (7) JO oSUaS eU: !
i - ;,: -'r-- ; : -: -.' ri) :uos .(ru ''cla 'qtltr7,(q 'uos .{ru roJ/ol (Z) isuos .(tu;o (1) '7 spJo,\\ eqI :
-. : -; -. : qt|spueu3 (g1) :sserppu lcerlp Jo '[qns 'spueu3 (71) lsserppu
- j-
- : -: -". iqo 'uutu (61) :sserppe lcerlp ro '[qns 'ueur (O) :'fqo 'ueur (g)
.:;--:i .ri- t -irillqns 'ueu (1) :'tqns 'eldoed (9) isserppe lcertp 'eldoed (g) 'sesr^pP au :sj

- : :.:,: r, : lqo 'uos (g) isserppe lJerlp ro '[qns 'suos (Z) :'!qo 'suos (1)'g | 'lz 'eLU :".:
'c]o'q1r.r,r7,tq ''ld 'lqB iro17o1 ''1d J 'llo,{\ sr .u _.
..: : .: ss ua8 (g) !o ''td 'wp (i'Z JI eru OsrPrd .
'ue? @ i'c1e'q1r,tn7fq ''3s '1qe lro.17o1 ''3s 'tt ..:
'ssorppe 1ce'rrp ''3s 'co.t l'[qo '1d 'cce (7) :'lqns {ot{t
'-
:. '---.u ri) :ssorppB lcorrp roJ '1d 'co,r ''[qns se '1d 'urou (z) :'lqo ''3s 'cce (1)'1 1{3no .ia'.11
'sJJe er.i
-Il :-j
I U]IdVH) UOJ A1)

;,(qdosopqd lnoqtl/r\ oJrl sI lBQ\[

'aZZ
,(qdosopqd le.r.o1 iaqt r_ .

.- --!r.\\ 3uor1s 1ou ore o .1 '92 'slueuqsrund lnoqlld oJII B e)il 011,1 'SZ 's1rf eq] lees ('1d1noi
.: ::iue aqt esre.rd o1 1ou lq8no ('3s) no1 '77 'ounuoJ puB elueJ 1noq1r.u 3uor1s lSuorls e:r r ':
: - '- sr (:1unoc y 'g7 deuoru lnoqll^d oJII o{ll lou op ('1d) no1 '77
'ounuoJ lnoqlllrr ('3s) no i r; r -
: :: qrou sr erued 'I Z deuoru rno,{ qlrrrt .io fq e;u .{tu 8ut.rcs ere ('Es) no '02 's1rt3
'.-:,.u or euntroJ (poo8) se.tr8 e.}r1 '61 'FrB eqt esturd o1 tq8no.(eq1 '31 'sFt8 eq1 /asrApe l_ ) :a,.
-jf !\ o1 t{8no e16'11 deuotu,spr8 eq} eos }ou op ('3s) no '9I deuour s.pt8 puz 0q1 ro 1>:

:':: .ro 'l:r8 oql Jo .{ouour eq} soos oH'SI '1:rB u o1 Surqlou e,rtE no,{ 'ro '1rt8 eq1
:. ;'urqlou 3ut,tr3 ere ('1d) no1 'y1 ,(euou ea.o1 s1r€ ,(ue11 'g1 ,ft1unoc rno.{ -pu (1) :a.roi ,

;.,rs 'yrr8 6'71 drlunoc ('3s) rno,(Jo ounlJoJ oqt EuISIBJd sr 1-rr8 eq1 '11 ']eer8 st oI{1 JO ts I ail:
:rnuoJ s 1:rB eqt) 1.uB eqt;o ountroJ oI11 '0I 'puBI e^Ileu,(tu'(e,(qpoo8) 11e.uereg '6
ot (Z) :ile-. 01
aelland (y1) issland (g1) ieellend (71) iunrplend (t t) ieellend (61) ieuglro;
O (6) :eptl^ eeeru (g) ls111end s111nu (1) '.eeu1ed oellnru (9) lspeod s1n1 (E) iutellt
/esIApEolrir
upu3eru lgruUced glpur (I) '8
(y) ieerrlud eeeur (g) irunrEllend Iunrgllnlu (7)
'syqdosopqd s11pur 'slrqdosopqd s111nu (3) :slueod slu8eur
':euaod aeu8eur (t) lsleru spllroJ '.Eoru guttroJ (9) iurnrprrled runrpu8eut 'eetrl
-ed aeu8eu (g) :spn1 spuluoJ 'tuenl lueu!]ro3 (7) leueul ee11,r 'eeeur ae11r (g)
:9ruq1 gu8uur 'eeuqJ eeu8eur (7) lurerunced uelpru 'eetulced ee11nu (1)'1
sarileued3o (6) 1,(lpuad e ''cle qlp\/,(q (g) iserlpued ''c1e'q1rtt7,(q;o ro37o1 (1)
:ieuoru roJ/ot ro yo (9) l,(euoru ''c1e 'q1ur7,(q G) :puelroqleJ oql roJ/ol ro 3o (7)
:puepaqlpJ g (g) :.spr8 'sprB eqt 3o (7) :pr8 oIIl roJ/ol ro 's.prE '1-nB eql Jo (I)'9
'tqo',(11eued (71) i'tqo'seu
-'ruad (11) i'co,r. ro 'lgns tauoru (Ot) :'fqo ',(ouoru (6) l'co,r ro '[qns 'seulunoc (3)
: rLr\ .ro '[qns trlunoc (1) :'tqo ',(rlunoc (q) :'fqo 'setllunoJ (9) i'co,r ro 'lqns
'si:16 i;1 :rrelqo's1rr8 (g) :alrlecol ro lcalqns'l.rF (Z) lqrea.3o 'lqo lce.ltp'lrla (I) 'S

'rlo 'Iuo{/qtl.,t7,(q ''1d 'lqe :roJ/ol ''ld 'lep (f) :'td 'co,r i'1d 'urou
:.:o,l or "3s 'lep :Jo ''3s 'ue8 (€) :'cto 'uro4/qtl&\/^g ''8s (Z) .-lo ''td 'ue8 (1)'7
'1qe
'ssorppe lcerlp
ici -1o\ :o 'lcelqns '1d 'urou (y) ltcatqo lcorlp se 'Es 'cce (g) isserppe lcorlp roJ
'is '-.or lo qro,\ e;o 1cefgns su'3s'{uou (7) iqre,te.;o 1celqo ]cerlp se'1d'cce (1)'g
iep (9) :'co,t (g) :'tqe (U) :esec 'urou (g) iesec 'ue8 (7) :osec onllusncre A)'Z
IIB l€ alclge ou sdeq.red ro ,{lqea8ueqcro}ul posn oq u€c , pue
'p3sn aq peou
,r1l a-lurluas pslelosr uE uI ueuo ']xoluoc uIlB'I eq1 O1 Surprocce s1"tt3 to s1,n3 aqt

6Bt sasataxl o1 lay

390 Wheelock's Latin

for or by/with, etc., a few friends; (10) to/for or byiwith, etc., my friend; (11) of
my friend; (12) tolfor or by/with, etc., many boys.
5. (1) populi R6mdni, populd Rdman6; (2) magnds virds, magnrs virls; (3) puerls
mers, pueris mels; (4) magnd numerd, magnd numer6; (5) magne viq magnl vin;
(6) fflii mer. llliSrum me6rum.
6. (1) multdrum puerdrum; (2) populd Roman6; (3) firlios meds; (4) O f ilir mei;
(5) magnum numerum; (6) magnd numer6; (7,; O vir magne; (8,1 multis pueris;
(9) vir magnus; (10) populT Romdnt.

7. Good-bye, my friend. 8. The Roman people praise your (sg.) son's wisdom.
9. O great man, save the Roman people. 10. The number of the Roman people is
great. I L Many boys love girls. 12. You (pl.) are giving nothing to my son. 1 3. I
see men in the field. 14. You (sg.) see the friend of my son. 15. He does not see
your (sg.) sons' friend. 16. We ought to warn my sons. 17. They ought to praise
your (sg.) son. 18. Life gives fame to few men. 19' You (sg.) consider me in the
number (circle) of your friends. 20. Great men often have few friends. 21' My
friend is always thinking. 22. The son of a great man is not always a great man.
23. We do not always see (understand) the wisdom of great men. 24. You (p1.)
ought to praise philosophy, the wisdom of great men.

KEY FOR CHAPTTR 4

1. Nom. sg. in -um; nom. and acc. pl. in -a. Actually the vocative should also be
added here; but henceforth, since aside from the singular of2nd-declension mas-
culines in -us the vocatives follow the rule of having the same form as the nomi-
native, little specific mention is made of the vocative.
2. (1) nom. pl. as subject; acc. pl. as obj.; (2) nom. sg. as subj.; acc. sg. as obj.
3. (l) dat. sg., tolfor; abl. sg., by/with, etc.; (2) gen. p1., of; (3) gen. sg., of; (4) dat'
pl., to/for; abl. pl., by/with, etc.
4. (l) wars, subj. or obj.; (2) war, subj. or obj.; (3) duty, subj. or obj.; (a) duties,
subj. or obj.; (5) dangers, subj. or obj. Of course any of these forms could also
be vocative.
5. (1) of evil wars; (2) to/for evil war, by/with, etc., evil war; (3) of evil war; (4) to/
for evil wars, by/with, etc., evil wars; (5) of great duty or service; (6) to/for great
duties, by/with, etc., great duties; (7)tolfor small danger, byiwith, etc', small
danger.
6. (l)
bella parva, bella parva; (2) 6tium bonum, 6tia bona; (3) perlculi magni, per-
rcul6rum magn6rum; (4) officium verum, officio vEr6.
r. (1) O bellum malum; (2) officid magno; (3) perTculd magno; (4) 6tium bonum;
(5) multis bellis; (6) 6tii boni; (7) perlculls multorum bellorum; (8) bella parva;
t9) bella parva; (10) O bella stulta; (l l) bellum parvum.

good. 9. Many wars do not preserve peace. 10. The danger is

E. Peace (leisure) is
greal. 11. We are in great danger. 12. And leisure often has dangers. 13. Life is
noi * ithout many dangers. 14. Good men love peace. 15. The foolish man praises
the dangers of 16. Often we do not preserve the peace by war. 17. The Ro-
war.
man people do not always have good peace. 18. They often save the fatherland and
peace b1 small wars. 19. Many girls are pretty. 20. True friends are few. 21. My
F

'urErolod (rI)
lesse(91) :1uns (al1 :1unre1od (11) itunssod 161) iluerelod (6) iessod (3) l1ae1
-od (f) ilr:arod (9) :lsotod (g) ismurrerod 1;1 :snutre (€) :snurgre (7) :snuns (1)'9
'olq? +q tl1(ll) :aq o1(91) ieyqe ere.tr,(eqt (St) il '

leyqe eq 11-t (aqr (tt):eq p,r.{eql (g1r :e1qe aq IIErts I (ZI):eq lpqs I (I1) isem
1(91) :a1qe set I (6) :elqu eq II€qs a.\\ (3t :ayqe oro,^d e,&\ (1) :a1qe er€ 3.t\ (9) isre
em (9) ialqe aq IIIII eq (p) :eq p^A eq (r ) :alqe se,r,r ''c1e 'eq (7) isem lt 'eqs 'oq (1) :7
'96 'd eeg 'g
'('1d) no,( (f) :r (S) 11 (9) :traqs ;3q (f) :('39 nod (5) :,ieq1(7) :ear (1) '7
'e-\rlrugul ,irelueruelduro3,, A's'8€'d'9 'I{l eos 'I

9 UlrdvH) uor Al)

iuopsr,^A q8noua ssassod lnos ('Es) rnod seoq

'97 deuoru3o sueeru,(q
uopsr^\ e,rreserd lou IIr,\\ ('ld)no1 77 '(no,! e,to1 leqs s,(em1e oA\ pu€ no,( e,ro1 o1
pesn s,(e,u1e e,tr '.puepaql€J atri 'iZ
'oo{ oJ€ ueru,(ueru e8ernoc JnoJo esneoofl '02
oruocrolo 1p.t no.i':edue rno.{ (euocrea.o m,!\ ''1ll) sruocroLo ('3s) noly '61
31esrno,(
frlunoc Jno ur uoru ll.ra eIUoJJOAo Ileqs 01( 'oJoJoJoqI '8I dlnp o1 uot1ue11e Sultt8
oro,r sroqceal eor{ 'LI 'urunoc InJrtnBOq B e^Eq
IILA no,( lueur eo4 ors ('1d) no1
'91
'eer3 sr ,{rlunoo InJrtneeq rno 'SI 'e8ernoc rno eurocJolo lou op sre8uep trBoJC 'tI
:- - ---
fleqs s.{u,n1e pue stlnpJ,(ueru e,rcq o] pesn 0,411 'EI
'e^eq 'slooJJo (;equmu),(ueduroc
eql ut .(ets tou IILI puauJ rno 'ZI 'ql8 .fi1erd olol suos rno 'I I 's;e8uep lno 8ut
-ruoorolo ere,r ueur aorJ '01 '('Es) no,( esrerd eq pu€ eru sesterd ror{ceol rno '6
lltr - a-- :?
-.--..-
'loq€q (zt) -!i; --- :-:'
:llqOqeq (t t) :snrupqqqeq (6y) isnurrqqq"q (6) ilueqp.tres (3) :SqCpp 0) :4. JS'i :'- -

isrirqpplr (9) :1eqpco.t (9) isnrurqgco.t (r):lunqOpu (g) ispqgueu (7) :sntutqep (1) 'g
'p€q'3ur,teq ere,tr.{eq1(71) :e,mq par ('8s)
no.{(11) i11ec 1p.ra. ('3s) no.((91):pe11ec'3u41ec e:e.ra..{eq}(6):ees 11eqs eu(g)
iees 1y,tr ('3s) no,( (1) lezrr8 Ip!\ oq (9) ie,tr8 IIp\ ('ld) no^ (S) ie,re8 1 '8ut,rtE se.t I ..Ilul L!'\ :-
1 (7) iureurer IIBr{s o,^d. (g) iurerusr ma oq (7) ipeureruer 'Sututeuror ere.tr feqt (I)
', uptu :t;-:- I
'runrqcpd'u.rqc1nd'.raqcpd'epn1r-rqclnd !unraq11 'ureq11 'req11 tuoqll iru8rpered .f._
'i \ r-
t-
or{l Jo lsor eql lnoq8norql selrlJns ro- ur ourlncs€Iu ? Jo e orll reqloq.& ,uoqs ,(eq1 '9 aql ul :-:' ,;:
'solllellrep qsrfug Sutu.reey .(q ua13o pue lurnrqclnd'urqrlnd lste:d ..: : -i
'raqcpd 'unraqg 'ureq11 'reqq :e,Lr1ce[pe eql Jo urroJ ,(re1nqeco,l. oqtr SuIuJ€ol ,{g 'S aas lLrU !: - :
'se^\ oq (S) :npa reqr (S) ipqs 1 (r) :Upn ('1d) no,{ (g) :nlatr eq (7) lere.ra o,r (I) ', I tl *'-' ''
'(1u- pue '1-'u- ero;eq pouauotls sr aldoac -;'.
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'Es 'sred lsrg
oql ur 9-Jo pBolsur u- sBrI lceJredurr ogl lnq'oJnlnJ orll uI oluBs ogl ore f,etlJ-'z
'lu- tsll-'snul- 61- 6s-'tu- :lcegtodun llu- tsp-'snut- ol- os- og-:oJnlnJ'I :suend s:-': -
llJtll lllll r r

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ir.rr.t 1u6r= ':
'se,(e 1noqlr.,rr Surqlou sl oJI'I '92 felep lnoqlr,t ,(1np o1 uolluolle e,Lt8 o1 lgEno suend t; '---

q!1 'gZ 'e:ec 1ee.rE3o uoru orz ('1d) no1 'y7 'ernslol olttllJo uelu e ore ('8s) no1 'g7
'1eer8 pue ,{ueur ers reqc?ol B
Jo sorlnp eql'ZZ 'ecrlres leer8 3o uBIu e sI puelr3 3o (11) :p:::-

t6t saslctaxl o7 lay

392 Wheelock's Latin

6. Your (pl.) country was free. 7. I was able to be a tyrant. 8. Your friend will be
a tyrant. 9. Where (there) is a tyrant, there men cannot be free. 10. He could not
remain in our country. 11. Tyrants will always have many faults. 12. We were not
able to overcome the tyrants. 13. We ought to overcome our tyrant. 14. The ty-
rant was able to overcome (the) good men; but he will not be able to remain there.
15. You (p1.) will be able to see the dangers of a tyrant. 16. We cannot tolerate the
faults of tyrants. 17. You (sg.) were not tolerating (did not tolerate) the treachery
of the tyrant. 18. The peace in your (p1.) country cannot be perpetual. 19. You
(sg.) ought to warn free men about tyrants. 20. Your (p1.) teacher always used to
like (liked) fine books. 21. Good and true books were able to save the country.
22.You (p1.) will be able to save your country with good books. 23. Tyrants will
not be able to overcome the wisdom of good books. 24.Bad men cannot tolerate
good books.

KIY FOR CHAPTER 7

1. No.
2. Yes: nominative and accusative plural.
3. (l) nom. and acc. pl. of masc. and fem.; (2) nom. and acc. pl. neut.; (3) acc. sg.
masc. and fem.
4. (l) dat. and abl. pl.;(2) dat. sg.;(3) abl. sC.;(4) acc. sg. masc. and fem.; (5) gen.
pl.; (6) gen. sg.; (7) nom. and acc. pl. masc. and fem.
5. (1) magnum tempus; (2) magna virtris; (3) magnus labor; (4) magna crvitds;
(5) magnus mds; (6) magna pax; (7) magnus rEx; (8) magnum corpus; (9) magna
veritas; (10) magnus amor.
6. (l) by/with much labor; (2) tolfct much labor; (3) of much labor; (4) many labors
(nom.); (5) of perpetual peace; (6) by/with perpetual peace; (7) to/for perpetual
peace; (8) of small states; (9) a small state (acc.); (10) small states (acc.);
(l l) small states (nom.); (12)by a small state; (13) bad rimes (nom. or acc. pl.);
(la) bad time (nom. or acc. se.); (15) to/for a bad time; (16) of bad times; (17) of
a bad time; (18) to/for your habit; (19) by your habit; (20) of your habit;
(21)yourcharacter(nom.); (22)your character (acc.);(23) of yourcharacter.
7. (l) magnae virtuti; (2) magna virttrs; (3) magnas virtritEs; (4) magndrum vir-
tritum; (5) magnd virttite; (6) tempus nostrum; (7) tempora nostra; (8) tempora
nostra; (9) temporibus nostns; (10) tempori nostr6; (l l) temporis nostri;
(12) temporum nostrdrum; (13) amdrem meum; (14) am6r6s me6s; (15) am6rI
me6; (16) amdre med; (17) am6ris mei; (18) amdrum me6rum.
!. My time for leisure is small. 9. Your (sg.) courage is great. 10. Money is noth-
:ns \,,,ithout good character. ll. The virtues of many human beings are great.
ll The character of a good man will be good. 13. They will give a letter to the
:ri.n. 14. We were able to see many men in the great state. 15. We used to see
(sa\\. \\ ere seeing) a great love of money in many men. 16. Few men give attention
to er--ellence. 17. our state will give peace to many men. 18. Peace cannot be
perpeiual. 19. Without good peace the states of our times will not be strong.
20. Tim:s are bad after many wars. 21. In many states and lands peace could not
be strong. 22. without great labor the man will have nothing. 23.The beautiful
 (l) sqt (rt) (3 'tuou) osoql (8)
^q ('u ''ur) esoqt 3o (1)
-: ruou) eseqt (91)
( u -1rE - - - :::;r :i3 'ruou) sqt (St) (.u .cce7'ruou; teUt (e)
u .oceT.ruou) sql (fl) 1.;; reqr .{O (S)
('u ''ru) stql,(q (tI) (.ru .uou) l€qt (r)
(3) esoqrgo (71) ('u 'J ''ru) l€ql Jo (€)
(.u ..tu) leqr [q (t t) ('u'cce7'ruou) osoql i(3 'tuou) teql (Z)
u 'J "uI) esogl ro37o1 (91) ('ru'ruou) osoql
('urcce) esoqt (6) l('u '1 ''tu) leql ro37o1 (1) 'Z
'99 'd eeg '1

6 UlrdvHf uol Al)

'puol{ poo8 e ('ld) {ueqi s,(e.u1y 'E7 1,eJrl poo8 u
iurpeal ( 1d) no,( etY '?Z 'e;rl poo8 e ol ueur psol uec uoseo5 '[Z 1,uoseo] ol uotu
;Eri ueuo eM IA'ZZ auoseeJ 01 uoru .(ueur peel s>1ooq poo8 ru,,11'IZ 'ruopslll
01 uotu puol lou seop .(euour Jo ocu€punq€ leer8 y'93 'olels Jno Jo lno secJoJ
rea.r3 peel llrr*r luer.(l oqJ,'6I 'olets Jno SuDIuBql oro^\ uolu 1rr0.{'8I leqcza}
aqi {u€ql }ou op s(oq eq1 .11 's.(oq .{ueu segs?el rellceel 0qI'9I is{ooq
pooE go ocuepunqe u€ ol€q ('1d) no,( 061
'rI
'SI 'ecead lnoqe s>looq ellJ'e\ fleqs 0l[ ' ..^i i:_

slooq poo8 ollrl( noa'g1

IILI\ ('3s) '1ooq leer8 u 3ut1tr'u' ere'na' ('3s) no1'ZI
.uaprgur oq] 01 rollol e flut1tr,tr sl eH'11 '8urqlou op uec e,tr'sdoorl oq] spsol
ruur,{} eqt olFI 11
:0I 'u€ru oq1 Iu€q} fl€qs 1 pue 'etu oJ uBIu aql ('3s) peo"I '6 'olu
01 ueru aq1 Surpeel eretr ,(eq1 'g eop ('ld) no,{ 1p,u 1uq11 l8urop '(eq1 ere l€qA&
'l
'i:.' -_ ,
'1euqd (71) lsrlrugd (11) isnurugd (61) ielruqd (6):suguOd (3):spqqu
'9
-ad (t) lueugd (9) ilueuqd (g) :1ruqd (7) :euqd (5) isnurquqd (7) :lueqqugd (1)
1e1rr.r,r (1g) :olu,la IILt\
feqr (Og) lSutlu'r'r eru ('8s) no'( (67)
lSurI:a,r sl oq (82) ieyr,r,r 11eqs o,r (tZ) isutlrrr* ere ('1d) no'( (97) i8urlrr'r'r se'u
1 (g7) lelrlr,rIleqs I (?Z) i8utlrr,u ere .(eql (g7) ielrr.u [l^a erl (77) :8urop ere ('1d)
no,( (17) lEurop ere ('3s) no,( (OZ) :op ["qs e.{\ (Ot) :op [eqs I (8I) lEutop ere't'r
erd (4) iop p,tr ('1d) no,( (91) lSurop eru,(aql (St) :op 1p,ra..(eq1 (71) iseop atl (€I)
:puos lleqs o,r (ZI) lpuas pm oq (ll) :pues ('1d) no,( (61) i('1d) pues (6) lSutpues
are ('3s) no,( (g) iSurpues era..lt ('1d) no,( (1) iSurpues ore o'^A (S) :('AO pues (9)
'9
ipuas 11eqs 1 (y) iSurpues ere .(eql (g) lSurpues sI eq (Z) l8urpues ere't '{eq1 (1)
'1d'redrur (g) ::ul'serd (7) l'3s redut (1)'7
'-- -': - i

pi i'1n;'3s lsl (ZI) i'serd'3s pu7 (11) :'1n3

ili

Sdurr'1d (€I) i'

'td puz (g1) :'serd'Ss pS (O) i'1n3 '1d pg (3) :'serd '3s 1s1 [) l'1n3'1d 1s1 (9) i'serd
'td puz (g) :'rn3 'Ss pS (t) i'serd '1d pg (t) :']nJ '3s pu7 (7) i'se:d '1d 'sred lsl (I)'€
'8 'qf, oos 13.1
'tuesera (t) 'Z
'sIuJoJ xIS

Suoue uorldacxe i(po eqt Sr uIsJEp uI -B- oIlI 'elJnlnJ :o- uI Spue ..ernlnJ,, pJo,^d
rno ]Eql lceJ oql ur punoJ sI osl^ep rouoq B sdeqre6 '8 'qf, oos (7)
'ernlng (1)'1

B U:lrdVHf UOI A1)

'o]els Jno ut 8uor1s se.Lr,(r1unoc3o e^o'I '92 's1ue'r'(1 eluoJJOAo
o1 Surrup e.re,u e8ernoc 1ee;3 ;o uew'vz
'relcererlc pooS 3o spuol{ se^ol uoplelu

t6t saslctaxl o1 ,(aY