Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DISUSUN OLEH :
KELOMPOK III
1. RINCE MARIPADANG
NIM. 9113129062111.035
2. HERLINA
NIM. 9113129062111.036
3. JAMALUDDIN
NIM. 9113129062111.045
4. SARMIA
NIM. 9113129062111.046
5. FRESTIANA
NIM. 9113129062111.057
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
High blood disease known as hypertension is a disease that gets attention
from all circles of society, considering its impact both short and long term and
thus require long-term response that fully. Hypertension cause morbidity
(illness) and mortality (death) is high.
Hypertension is a disease resulting from the interaction of various risk
factors a person has. Various studies have linked between the various risk
factors on the incidence of hypertension.
Based on the research that has been conducted poorer prevalence
(incidence) of hypertension increases with age.From various epidemiological
studies conducted in Indonesia showed 1.8 to 28.6% of the population aged over
20 years are hypertensive.
Hypertension, currently there is a trend that more urban than rural
communities suffer from hypertension. This is partly attributed to the urban lifestyle
associated with the risk of hypertension such as stress, obesity (overweight), lack of
exercise, smoking, alcohol, and eating foods high in fat content.
Along with age, almost everyone has experienced an increase in blood
pressure, systolic blood pressure continues to increase until the age of 80 years
and diastolic pressures continue to increase until the age of 55-60 years, then
decrease slowly or even decreased dramatically.
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
2.1 Definitions
Hypertension or high blood pressure, is increased blood pressure or force
of blood pressing on the walls of the cavity where the blood was. High Blood
Pressure (hypertension) is an increase in blood pressure in the arteries. (Hiper
means Overrated, tension means pressure / t egangan; j adi, hipertensi is p
system disorders that cause blood eredaran rise in blood pressure above
the normal value.
Blood pressure in a person's life varies naturally. Infants and children
normally have a blood pressure that is much lower than adults. Blood pressure
is also affected by physical activity, which will be higher at the time of the activity
and lower when resting. Blood pressure is also different in one day, the highest
in the morning and most re ndah during nighttime sleep.
2.4. Anatomy
a. Heart
Measuring about one fist and is located within the chest, the limit on the
right is right and apeksnya sternum in the fifth intercostalis space midclavicular
left linea.
Relation of heart is:
Above: large blood vessels
Bottom: diaphragm
Each side: lung - lung
Rear: the descending aorta, esophagus, vertebral Columna
b. Arteries
Is the tube through which the blood flow in tissues and organs.Consists
of layers of the arteries: a slippery layer, the middle layer of elastin tissue /
muscle: the aorta and major branches have laposan center consisting of a
network of elastin (to deliver blood to the organs), smaller arteries have a
muscular middle layer (regulating the amount of Blood delivered to an organ).
c. Arterioles
Are the blood vessels with smooth muscle wall is relatively thick. Arteriolar
wall muscles to contract. Contractions caused kontriksi diameter blood
vessels. When kontriksi localized, blood supply to the tissues/organs is
reduced. If there kontriksi general, blood pressure will increase.
d. Major blood vessels and capillaries
The main blood vessels are thin-walled vessels that run directly from
arterioles to venul. Capillaries are the network of small blood vessels open major
blood vessels.
e. Sinusoids
There are spleen, liver, bone marrow, and endocrine glands.Sinusoids
three to four times greater than in capillaries and partially coated with reticulo-
endothelial system cells. In places the sinusoid, having direct contact with the
blood cells and the exchange does not take place through the network space.
f. Vena and venul
Venul is a combination of small veins formed capillaries. Veins formed by
the combined venul. Veins have three walls that are not adjacent to each other
perfectly. (Gibson, John. Issue 2 2002, p 110)
2.5. Physiology
The heart has the function as a pump oxygenated blood in the arterial
system, which was brought into the cell and the entire body to collect blood
deoxygenation (blood oxygen levels less) of the vein system are delivered to the
lungs for reoksigenasi (Black, 1997)
Primary Prevention:
· Adequate sleep, between 6-8 hours per day.
· Reduce high cholesterol foods and multiply physical activity to lose weight.
· Reduce alcohol consumption.
· Consumption of fish oil.
· The supply of calcium, although only slightly lower blood pressure but calcium is
also quite helpful.
Secondary Prevention
· Pattern whice food healthy.
· Reduce salt and sodium in your diet.
· Physical active.
· Reduce intake Alcohol.
· Stop smoking.
Tertiary Prevention
· Control of blood on a regular basis.
· Sports regularly and adjusted to body condition.
How to set up a diet for people with hypertension is to improve the taste
by adding sugar fresh red / white onion (red / white), ginger, and other spices
kencur are not salted or salt contains less sodium.Food can be sauteed to
improve the taste. Put salt at the table above can be taken to avoid excessive use
of salt. It is recommended to always use iodized salt and salt use no more than
1 teaspoon per day.
Increasing potassium intake (4.5 grams or 120-175 mEq / day) can give
the effect of a mild decrease in blood pressure. In addition, administration of
potassium also helps to replace lost sodium and low potassium result. Can
generally used medium size (50 grams) of apples (159 mg potassium), orange
(250 mg potassium), tomato (366 mg potassium), banana (451 mg potassium)
baked potato (503 mg potassium) and 1 cup skim milk (406 mg
potassium). Adequacy of calcium is important to prevent and treat hypertension:
2-3 glasses of skim milk or 40 mg / day, 115 grams of low-sodium cheese to
meet the needs of calcium 250 mg / day. While the needs of the average daily
calcium 808 mg.
In pregnant women food enough protein, calories, calcium and sodium are
associated with a lower incidence of hypertension of pregnancy. However,
pregnant women are especially hypertension accompanied by swelling and
urinary protein (pre-eclampsia), other than medicines recommended to reduce
salt intake and increase food sources of Mg (vegetables and fruits).
b. SUPPLEMENTATION anti oxidant
Despite antioxidant supplementation still require further research, but
today many supplements are sold and consumed by the public. As medical
personnel should be careful giving advice supplement drink to avoid overdose.
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
3.1 Conclusion
Hypertension or high blood pressure, is increased blood pressure or force
of blood pressing on the walls of the cavity where the blood was.
Blood pressure in a person's life varies naturally. Infants and children
normally have a blood pressure that is much lower than adults. Blood pressure
is also affected by physical activity, which will be higher at the time of the activity
and lower when resting. Blood pressure is also different in one day, the highest
in the morning and lowest at night during sleep.
3.2. Suggestion
How to set up a diet for people with hypertension is to improve the taste
by adding sugar fresh red / white onion (red / white), ginger, and other spices
kencur are not salted or salt contains less sodium. Food can be sauteed to
improve the taste. Put salt at the table above can be taken to avoid excessive use
of salt. It is recommended to always use iodized salt and salt use no more than
1 teaspoon per day.