Q1

1)Define propagation and 3 components required for propagation?

-Propagation:

* Spreading out

* Ever EXPANDING SPHERES.

* Small PORTION IS WAVE FRONT.

* TRAVEL AT SPEED OF LIGHT (300,000,000 M/SEC). VELOCITY CHANGS IN DIFFERENT

MEDUMS.

-3 components:

* Source

* Medium

* Detector

2)List RF bands?

# of usable frequencies increases by a factor of 10 as you increase each band.

Therefore the higher frequency range you select, the more bandwidth is available to use.

DESCRIPTION ABBREVIATION FREQUENCY

Very low frequency VLF 3 to 30 kHz

Low frequency LF 30 to 300 kHz

Medium frequency MF 300 to 3,000 kHz
High frequency HF 3 to 30 MHz
Very High frequency VHF 30 to 300 MHz
Ultra High frequency UHF 300 to 3000 MHz
Super High frequency SHF 3 to 30 GHz
Extremely high frequency EHF 30 to 300 GHz

The lower the frequency the more power output is required to transmit the signal.

BAND RANGE (km) POWER REQUIRED (kW)

LF 0-1609 above 50
MF 0-161 .5 to 50
 HF 0-83 .5 to 5
VHF 0-48 .5 or less
UHF 0-83 .5 or less

3)Give the power required for transmission of :

LF above 50

MF .5 to 50

HF .5 to 5

VHF .5 or less

UHF .5 or less

4)What are the relationship of wavelength and frequency?

Wavelength and frequency are reciprocals (timbal balik)

 =V/F F=V/ 


WAVELENGTH IN METERS
V=VELOCITY OF WAVELENGTH
F=FREQUENCY OF RADIO WAVE
IF velocity is 300,000,000 METERS PER SECOND “speed of light”

WAVELENGTH IS 240 METERS

FREQUENCY WILL BE 1,250,000 Hz

1250 kHz

1.25 MHz
Q2

1)List the two types of radio wave propagation?

*Ground Wave

*Sky Wave

2)Describe three types of ground wave propagation?

*Direct Wave

*Ground Reflected Wave

*Surface Wave

• TRAVEL NEAR SURFACE OF EARTH

• SHORT RANGE TRANSMISSION

• DIRECT WAVE

• LINE OF SIGHT

• INCREASE HEIGHT
SPACE WAVE
• UHF AND SHF

• GROUND REFLECTED

• REFLECTS OFF EARTH

• PHASE SHIFT CAUSING CANCELLATION

Space Waves are made up of the Direct wave and the Ground Reflected Wave

The Ground Reflected Wave changes phase due to contact and can cause cancellation of signal
at the receiver
• SURFACE WAVE

• FOLLOWS CONTOUR OF EARTH

• VERTICAL POLARIZATION INCREASES SIGNAL STRENGTH

• HORIZONTAL POLARIZATION CAUSES ENERGY TO DIMINISH DUE TO ELECTRICAL

CHARGE WITH EARTH

• LOW FREQUENCIES HIGH POWER TRAVEL LONGER

• As a surface wave passes over the ground, the wave induces a voltage in the earth. The
induced voltage takes energy away from the surface wave, weakening the signal.

• To reduce attenuation vertically polarized antennas are used to limit the extent that the E
field is in contact with the earth

• Higher frequencies have shorter wavelengths. With shorter wavelengths there is less
diffraction and more absorbtion by the earth close to the transmitting site.

• Therefore, the lower the frequency at higher power will be propagated for longer distances.

3)Describe briefly sky wave propagation?

• RADIATED TO IONOSPHERE AND REFRACTED TO EARTH

• AFFECTED BY CHANGES IN IONOSPHERE BUT NOT EARTH

• LONG RANGE

• SKIP DISTANCE

• SKIP ZONE

• HOPS (NVIS ANTENNA)

SKIP DISTANCE - AREA BETWEEN ANTENNA AND WHERE FIRST SIGNAL REACHES THE GROUND

SKIP ZONE - AREA BETWEEN END OF GROUND WAVE COVERAGE AND BEGINNING OF SKY WAVE
COVERAGE

HOP - SKIPPING OFF OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE. SOME ENERGEY IS ABSORBED

4)What are the factors that affect radio waves propagation?

• ABSORPTION

• TRANSMISSION LOSSES

• FADING

• INTERFERENCE

• IONOSPHERE VARIATIONS

5)Describe frequency selection:

-MUF maximum usable frequency

-LUF lowest usable frequency

-FOT optimum traffic frequency

Describe the purposose and responsibilities of ITU?

State the advantages and limitations of AM and FM Signal?

Explain the advantages and limitations of analogue and digital transmissions?

List the division (band designators) of the radio frequency spectrum?

State the purpose and responsibilities of the international telecommunications union (ITU)?

Explain briefly frequency allocation, allotment and assignment?

Describe the fundamental principles of Amplitude Modulation (AM)?

Describe the fundamental principles of Signal SideBand (SSB)?

State three advantages and disadvantages of AM versus SBB systems?

State three advantages and disadvantages FM and AM system?