HVAC
• Heating, Ventilation and Air
HVAC
Part 2: the details
Load Calculations
• Heating and Cooling
• Accuracy important!
• Design conditions
• Building shell load
• R, U value
• Internal load
• Ventilation load
• Infiltration
• Occupancy schedules
Conditioning
• Provides comfort for people
• Allows humans to exist
under adverse conditions.
Heat Transfer
• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
• Resistance (R-Value)
• U=1/R U-Value is the rate of
heat flow in Btu/h
• Gheat = U x A x ΔT through a one ft 2 area
when one side is 1 oF
warmer
1
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient Psychrometrics
• Dry bulb temp.
• Wet bulb temp.
• Humidity
• Dew point
The amount of solar
heat energy allowed to
• Moisture content
pass through a window • Heating
Example: SHGC = 0.40 • Cooling
Allows 40% through and • Humidify
turns 60% away • De-Humidify
Psychrometric Chart

Basic Refrigeration Cycle Basic HVAC Equipment

• Fans / Blowers
Condenser
• Furnace / Heating unit
• Filters
Compressor
• Compressor
Expansion • Condensing units
Valve • Evaporator (cooling coil)
• Control System
Evaporator • Air Distribution System

2
 System Types and Common
• Packaged Rooftop
Terms
Constant Volume
Unit
Variable Volume
• Split System Indoor Air Quality
• Heat Pump Direct Expansion
• Geothermal
• Air to Air
• Hydronic (water)
• PTAC / PTHP

Packaged Rooftop Units Split System

Ductwork

Heating
and Cooling
Equipment

FURNACE
Temperature &
A/C UNIT
Humidity Controls

3
 Variable Air Volume
Heat Pump Variable Speed
Supply Fan Supply Ducts

• Operate on simple VAV Box

Filters
Cool Coil w/Temp Reset
refrigeration cycle

Heat Coil w/Temp

Return Air
• Reversing the cycle Reheat Coil

Reset
provides heating T T

• Temperature Zone Thermostat

limitations
• Air to air
• Water source
• Geothermal Variable Speed Return Ducts
Return Fan
• Lake coupled
HVAC-14

Terminal Units Hydronic systems

Variable volume: • Pumps

Constant volume:
Parallel Series • Piping

 
• Valves
                                      

4
 Control Devices Major Equipment

• Thermostats • Chillers
– Manual
• Boilers
– Programmable
• Cooling Towers
• Optimum Start
• DDC Systems
• Variable Speed Drives
• Automatic Valves and Dampers
• Outdoor Sensors

Economizers Economizers
Free cooling source: When available, use cool outdoor air
instead of mechanically cooled air.
Minimum supply 55 oF and
of outside air up
55 oF 85%
outside
air
85%
80 oF exhaust 80 oF

Normal Operation Economizer Operation

Outside air dampers are
Air Side positioned to provide the
Water Side minimum outside air
Outside air dampers are fully
open. Maximum outside air is
provided

HVAC-20

5
 Zoning and Economizers Air Distribution
• Ductwork
• Economizers provide “free cooling”
– Metal
when outdoor conditions are optimal
– Flexible
– Ductboard
• Proper orientation & zoning yields
comfort & efficiency • Grilles, Louvers,
& Registers
N • Dampers
– Shut off
W Core E – Fire
– Smoke
S • Sealants
• Supports

Additional Equipment Additional Equipment

• Heat Exchangers
• Energy Recovery Units • Humidifiers
• Desiccant Systems • Silencers

6
 Historical Minimum Ventilation
Mechanical Dehumidification
Rates (cfm/person)
70
• Return air is mixed with ventilation air Smoking 62-89
60
• Cold coil condenses moisture 50

• Heat is added back (electric or gas) so that 40

Flugge
room air is not over cooled- Reheat Billings
1895
1905
30 Nightengale
Smoking 62-81
1865
ASH-
20 RAE
ASHRAE 62-89
62-73
10 Tredgold Yaglou
1836 1938
Filter

ASHRAE 62-81
0

35
42
49
56
63
70
77
84
91
98
05
12
19
26
33
40
47
54
61
68
75
82
89
96
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
Improved Ventilation Effectiveness
• Effective mixing of ventilation air
within space
• Vary ventilation based on the
number of occupants and process
loads - changes in occupancy can
be measured by CO 2 sensors
• Consider designs that separate
ventilation and space conditioning
• Utilize heat recovery systems to
reduce system size energy costs
• Avoid: loading docks, exhaust
vents, plumbing stacks, waste
collection & stagnant water