Internal Combustion Engine

Lab Report
Submitted to:
Engr. Muhammad Usman
Submitted by:
Muhammad Talha Khan
2014-ME-153

Department of Mechanical
Engineering
Table of Contents
1 Experiment # 01: To draw Valve Timing Diagram of 4-Stroke Petrol Engine .... 1
1.1 Equipment Required .................................................................................. 1
1.2 Formula ..................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Procedure .................................................................................................. 1
1.4 Results ....................................................................................................... 1
1.5 Diagram ..................................................................................................... 2
1.6 Comments ................................................................................................. 2
2 Experiment # 02: To draw the valve timing diagram of 4-Stroke Diesel Engine3
2.1 Equipment Required .................................................................................. 3
2.2 Formula ..................................................................................................... 3
2.3 Procedure .................................................................................................. 3
2.4 Results ....................................................................................................... 3
2.5 Diagram ..................................................................................................... 4
2.6 Comments ................................................................................................. 4
3 Experiment # 03: To draw the valve lift diagram of 4-Stroke Petrol Engine ..... 5
3.1 Equipment Required .................................................................................. 5
3.2 Procedure .................................................................................................. 5
3.3 Results ....................................................................................................... 5
3.4 Diagram ..................................................................................................... 6
3.5 Comments ................................................................................................. 6
4 Experiment # 04: To draw the port timing diagram of 2-Stroke Petrol Engine . 7
4.1 Equipment Required .................................................................................. 7
4.2 Background ............................................................................................... 7
4.2.1 Fixing the dead centers ....................................................................... 7
4.2.2 Identification of ports ......................................................................... 7
4.2.3 Direction of rotation ........................................................................... 7
4.3 Procedure .................................................................................................. 7
4.4 Results ....................................................................................................... 8
i|Page
 4.5 Diagram ..................................................................................................... 8
4.6 Comments ................................................................................................. 8
5 Experiment # 5 Introduction to Alternative Fuel and Preparation of Biodiesel 9
5.1 What is bio-diesel? .................................................................................... 9
5.2 Blend with diesel oil .................................................................................. 9
5.3 Transesterification process: ....................................................................... 9
5.4 Why raw plant oil can’t be used directly in to the CI Engine ...................... 9
5.5 Advantages of biodiesel........................................................................... 10
5.6 Disadvantages of biodiesel ...................................................................... 10
5.7 Procedure of preparation ........................................................................ 10
5.8 Comments ............................................................................................... 11

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List of Figures
Figure 1-1 Valve Timing Diagram for 4-Stroke Engine ............................................ 2
Figure 2-1 Valve Timing Diagram for 4-Stroke Diesel Engine .................................. 4
Figure 3-1 Valve lift diagram of 4-stroke Petrol Engine .......................................... 6
Figure 4-1 Port Timing Diagram of 2-Stroke Engine ............................................... 8
Figure 5-1 Basics of Transesterification Process ..................................................... 9
Figure 5-2 Procedure of Biodiesel Making............................................................ 11

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List of Tables
Table 1-1 Observations and Calculations ............................................................... 1
Table 2-1Observations and Calculations ................................................................ 3
Table 3-1 Observations of Experiment # 03 ........................................................... 5
Table 4-1 Port timing Observations........................................................................ 8

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1 Experiment # 01: To draw Valve Timing Diagram of 4-Stroke Petrol
Engine
1.1 Equipment Required
Petrol engine model, Measuring tape, Scale, Thread
1.2 Formula
𝐷 × 360°
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 =
𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑦𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙
Where,
D = Distance of the valve opening or closing position marked on the flywheel with
respect to their dead center.
1.3 Procedure
 First identify the TDC and BDC by rotating the flywheel and mark the position on
the flywheel
 Measure the circumference of the flywheel by using the measuring tape
 The flywheel is rotated and the point at which the inlet valve starts opening is
observed and its position is marked on the flywheel
 Similarly, the position at which it closes is also marked
 The distance is measured by using thread with respect to their dead center and
converted into angles
 The same procedure is repeated for the exhaust valves also
1.4 Results
Thus, the valve timing for the given four stroke engine is found out and is drawn.

Table 1-1 Observations and Calculations

Event Distance from their Valve opening period in

respective DC in “cm” Degrees
Inlet valve opens 3 13.2
Inlet valve closes 7.62 32.5
Exhaust valve opens 19.8 83.9
Exhaust valve closes 4.6 18.9
Circumference=84.6cm
1.5 Diagram

Figure 1-1 Valve Timing Diagram for 4-Stroke Engine

1.6 Comments
 Due to inertia effect and the time required in attaining full opening, the inlet valve
is made to open somewhat earlier than TDC so that by the time the piston reaches
TDC, the valve is fully open
 If the inlet valve is closed at BDC the cylinder would receive charge less than its
capacity and the pressure inside the cylinder would remain somewhat less than the
atmosphere
 The inlet valve is open even during compression, some of the charge may be sent
back to the induction pipe
 The scavenging period (period available for discharge of burnt gases) is increased
by opening the exhaust valve in advance i.e. before BDC. and closing it with delay,
i.e. after TDC Earlier opening makes it possible for the exhaust gases to leave by
virtue of their pressure being higher than the atmosphere
 The ignition of charge is timed to occur as early as the engine permits. With too
early ignition, the complete ignition may occur before the piston reaches the TDC
and this may cause back explosion
2 Experiment # 02: To draw the valve timing diagram of 4-Stroke
Diesel Engine
2.1 Equipment Required
Diesel engine model, Measuring tape, Scale, Thread
2.2 Formula
𝐷 × 360°
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 =
𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑦𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙
Where,
D = Distance of the valve opening or closing position marked on the flywheel with
respect to their dead center.
2.3 Procedure
 First identify the TDC and BDC by rotating the flywheel and mark the position on
the flywheel
 Measure the circumference of the flywheel by using the measuring tape
 The flywheel is rotated and the point at which the inlet valve starts opening is
observed and its position is marked on the flywheel
 Similarly, the position at which it closes is also marked
 The distance is measured by using thread with respect to their dead center and
converted into angles
 The same procedure is repeated for the exhaust valves also
2.4 Results
Thus, the valve timing for the given four stroke engine is found out and is drawn.

Table 2-1Observations and Calculations

Event Distance from their Valve opening period in

respective DC in “cm” Degrees
Inlet valve opens 2.8 12
Inlet valve closes 4.1 18.3
Exhaust valve opens 13.5 59.1
Exhaust valve closes 4.6 19.7
Circumference=81.4cm
2.5 Diagram

Figure 2-1 Valve Timing Diagram for 4-Stroke Diesel Engine

2.6 Comments
In diesel engines, too, there is a brief interval of time for the fuel oil to mix with the
hot compressed air in the cylinder and ignite. The injection of fuel is timed to occur
about 10-150 before TDC, so that by the time the piston reaches TDC the actual
combustion of fuel starts.
The valve timing should be adjusted with respect to the speed of the engine (both
in diesel and petrol).
3 Experiment # 03: To draw the valve lift diagram of 4-Stroke Petrol
Engine
3.1 Equipment Required
Petrol engine model, Dial indicator, Measuring tape, Scale, Thread
3.2 Procedure
 Initially we are to find the following points TDC, BDC, IVO, IVC, EVO and EVC by
repeating the procedure of Experiment # 1
 After that we have to find the Valve lift of the intake valve and the exhaust valve
 The lift of the Valves is found using the dial indicator
 Place the dial gage on the desired valve while the engine is running, the lift will
be calculated by reading the value shown in the dial gage
3.3 Results
It is obvious that the maximum valve lift will take place exactly between the two
events i.e. valve opening and valve closing.
State down the values in degrees of crank rotation.

Table 3-1 Observations of Experiment # 03

Inlet Valve Opens bTDC 13.2 o

Inlet Valve Closes aBDC 32.5o
Exhaust Valve Opens bBDC 83.9o
Exhaust Valve Closes aTDC 18.9o
Maximum Valve Lift of Intake Valve 0.327 in
Maximum Valve Lift of Exhaust Valve 0.297 in

Valve lift diagram should be drawn with angle of the crank rotation on ‘X-axis’ and
valve lift on ‘Y-axis’.
3.4 Diagram

Figure 3-1 Valve lift diagram of 4-stroke Petrol Engine

3.5 Comments
 This experiment is started with the values recorded in the first experiment
 The maximum value of inlet and exhaust valve is found with the help of dial
gauge
 As only one point is obtained so the actual valve timing diagram cannot be
drawn
4 Experiment # 04: To draw the port timing diagram of 2-Stroke
Petrol Engine
4.1 Equipment Required
2-Stroke Petrol engine model, Measuring tape, Scale, Thread
4.2 Background
4.2.1 Fixing the dead centers
For fixing up the dead center a chalk mark is made on the piston. The fly wheel is
rotated. When the chalk mark coincides with the end of the cylinder a mark is made
on the flywheel and it represents TDC.
Now the flywheel is again rotated and the position at which the piston reaches the
lower most position is noted on flywheel and it represents the BDC.
4.2.2 Identification of ports
The port which has more area and is nearer to the TDC is the exhaust port and the
other is the inlet port
4.2.3 Direction of rotation
As the port opening and closing are symmetrical about the dead center any
arbitrary direction of rotation may be selected.
formula:
𝐷 × 360°
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 =
𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑦𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙
Where,
D = Distance of the valve opening or closing position marked on the flywheel with
respect to their dead center.
4.3 Procedure
 The flywheel is turned in any arbitrary direction
 During the downward traverse position when it just uncovers a port it is marked
as the opening of the port on the flywheel
 The rotation is further continued until the piston covers the port during its
upward travel
 A mark is made on the flywheel against the fixed mark. This gives the closing of
the port
 The same procedure is repeated for other ports also
4.4 Results
Thus, the port time for the given two stroke engine is found out and the port timing
diagram is drawn.
Table 4-1 Port timing Observations

Sr. No. Event Position w.r.t Distance Angle

TDC or BDC (degrees)
1 IPO (bTDC) 2.5cm 25
2 IPC (aTDC) 5.5cm 55
3 EPO (bBDC) 8.5cm 85
4 EPC (aBDC) 10.5cm 105
5 TPO (bBDC) 5.7cm 57
6 TPC (aBDC) 9.5cm 95
4.5 Diagram

Figure 4-1 Port Timing Diagram of 2-Stroke Engine

4.6 Comments
 Inlet port opening is marked when it just starts to open and closing is marked
when it is fully closed
 Theoretically it was found that IPO and IPC distance from the TDC are equal but
not actually. Similarly, for the exhaust and transfer port
 The exhaust port and transfer port were marked with respect to the BDC. It was
found that the transfer port opening and closing occurred during the exhaust
port opening and closing period
5 Experiment # 5 Introduction to Alternative Fuel and Preparation of
Biodiesel
5.1 What is bio-diesel?
Biodiesel is a liquid fuel obtained from vegetable oils, animal fats and recycled
cooking oil through a chemical process known as Transesterification. It can be used in
compression ignition engines as a fuel either in its pure form or as a mixture blended
with diesel oil.
The oils mostly used for biodiesel production around the globe are rapeseed,
canola, soybean, palm and sunflower. Given the cost of production of biodiesel, many
non-edible vegetable oils (castor oil and cotton oil) have been under research and
usage for several years.
5.2 Blend with diesel oil
Blends with diesel fuel are indicated as “BX”, where ‘X’ shows the percentage of
biodiesel in the mixture. For instance, “B20” indicates a blend with 20% biodiesel and
80% Diesel Oil, similarly B100 indicates pure biodiesel.
5.3 Transesterification process:

Figure 5-1 Basics of Transesterification Process

5.4 Why raw plant oil can’t be used directly in to the CI Engine
Raw or refined plant oil or recycled greases that have not been processed into
biodiesel, are not biodiesel and should be avoided. Research shows that plant oils or
greases used in CI engines at concentrations as low as 10% - 20% can cause long-term
engine deposits, ring sticking, lube oil gelling and other maintenance problems and can
reduce engine life. These problems are caused mostly by the greater viscosity or
thickness of the raw oils (around 40 mm2/s) compared with that of the diesel fuel for
which the engines and injectors were designed (1.3 – 4.1 mm2/s). Through the process
of converting plant oils or greases to biodiesel by transesterification, the viscosity of
the fuel is reduced to values similar to conventional diesel fuel (biodiesel values are
typically 4-5 mm2/s).
5.5 Advantages of biodiesel
 It is a renewable form of energy
 Low toxicity as compared to diesel
 Lower emissions of contaminants; carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbon and
aldehydes
 Less carcinogenic emissions
 No sulfur dioxide emissions
 It can be used in a diesel engine without any modification if used as a B20 blend.
For higher blend or pure biodiesel i.e. B100, a slight modification can be required
 It is an excellent lubricant
 Raw materials like used cooking oil and fat residue can easily be accessed

5.6 Disadvantages of biodiesel

 Slightly higher fuel consumption as compared to pure diesel fuel due to less calorific
value
 When used in pure form i.e. B100, produces more nitrous oxide (NOx) in
comparison to diesel engine
 Less stable than diesel so storage for longer periods of time can create problems
 B100 can degrade plastics and rubber gaskets so slight modification in engine is
required to use it
 Cleaning of fuel tanks prior to the filling of biodiesel must be done
 One of the disadvantages of pure biodiesel is its higher cloud point temperature
than pure diesel

5.7 Procedure of preparation

 Add 200 ml of methanol in a glass blender/mixture slowly without producing any
splashes. The blender should be set at low speed.
 Add 3.5 grams of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH). A proper mixture of Sodium Hydroxide
and methanol should be formed in about two minutes.
 After all the NaOH is completely dissolved in methanol, sodium methoxide will
form.
 Add one liter of vegetable oil in this mixture. Blend for further 20-30 minutes.
 Pour the mixture in a wide-mouthed glass container.
 The mixture should separate in two layers – biodiesel and glycerin. The top layer
will be of biodiesel (less dense than glycerin).
 Allow the mixture to set for several hours so that the layers are completely formed.
 Separate the top layer by carefully pouring it off.
 Figure 5-2 Procedure of Biodiesel Making

5.8 Comments
 Bio diesel is produced by the chemical reaction with the continuous shaking. As
shaking could not be done properly because fluid was so viscous so the layers (bio
diesel top layer and glycerol bottom layer) are not separated significantly
 The bio diesel production is completed with the help of catalyst which just increase
the rate of reaction. We used sodium hydroxide, another catalyst might be more
effective so we can use that one
 Moreover, this fuel is used with the petrol/diesel mostly. It can be used alone but
it is uneconomical
6 Experiment # 06: To draw the characteristic curves of four
stroke petrol engine using Test Bed

6.1 Apparatus:
 SI Petrol Engine
 Petrol
 Stop Watch

6.2 Procedure:
 Fill the calibrated gage with petrol
 Set the r.p.m equal to 300
 Note the values of Voltage and current from the control panel
 Turn the stop watch on and find the time for 30ml of fuel consumption
 Repeat the procedure by increasing the r.p.m and take the various readings

6.3 Observations and calculations

N W Torq Brake S.F.C ΔP

r.p. (N ue F.C Power( (Kg/W. (KPa ma(Kg/s Vinduced(m3 ηvol(
m ) (T) t (Kg/s) W) s) ) ec) /s) %) A/F ηb.th

130 3.43 53.1 0.000 8.70E- 0.00 52.17 20.6 2.50

0 12 8 3 40 468.1 07 9 0.00841 0.00078 3 89 3
160 10.0 32.1 0.000 4.00E- 0.01 48.94 14.4
0 35 2 7 67 1680 07 2 0.00971 0.00073 8 65 5.44
175 15.7 25.6 0.000 2.90E- 0.01 54.81 14.1
0 55 6 8 84 2888 07 8 0.0119 0.00082 0 42 7.46
180 18.9 0.000 2.80E- 56.17 12.7
0 66 1 22 98 3565 07 0.02 0.01254 0.00084 0 70 7.89
200 10 30.9 0.001 2.10E- 71.49 12.9 10.3
0 8 4 15.8 36 6481 07 0.04 0.01773 0.00106 3 70 06
220 11 31.5 0.001 2.20E- 72.66 12.6 10.0
0 0 2 13.8 56 7261 07 0.05 0.01983 0.00108 5 66 8
235 15 42.9 0.002 2.20E- 74.52 9.48 10.0
0 0 7 9.43 29 10577 07 0.06 0.02172 0.00111 0 13 38
240 16 46.1 10.4 0.002 1.80E- 98.79 14.1 12.1
0 1 3 3 07 11594 07 0.11 0.02941 0.00147 9 99 7
6.4 Graphs:
Speed Vs Torque
50

Torque(N.m) 40

30

20

10

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Speed(R.P.M)

Speed Vs Torque

Speed Vs Brake Power

14000

12000
Brake Power(W)

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Speed(R.P.M)

Speed Vs Fuel Consumption

0.0025
Fuel Consumption(kg/s)

0.002

0.0015

0.001

0.0005

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Speed(R.P.M)
 Speed Vs S.F.C
1.00E-06
9.00E-07
8.00E-07
7.00E-07
S.F.C(Kg/W.s)

6.00E-07
5.00E-07
4.00E-07
3.00E-07
2.00E-07
1.00E-07
0.00E+00
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Speed(R.P.M)

6.5 Comments:
 After setting the r.p.m equal to a particular value, note the readings carefully
because there would be fluctuations on gages and this can create personal error.
 To get correct relationships between different factors related to an engine, we
must tune up our engine on regular basis.
 The graph between Speed and Torque show that the speed is directly
proportional to Torque.
 The graph between Speed and Brake power and Speed and F.C is also showing
the directly proportional Trend.
 As the Speed is increased, S.F.C is decreased which shows an inverse
relationship of both.
7 Experiment # 07: To draw the heat balance sheet of four stroke
petrol engine using Engine Test bed”
7.1 Apparatus:
 SI Petrol Engine
 Petrol
 Stop Watch

7.2 Procedure:
 Fill the calibrated gage with petrol.
 Set the RPM equal to 300.
 Measure the values of Temperatures and mass flow rates.
 Turn the stop watch on and find the time for 30ml of fuel consumption.
 Repeat the procedure by increasing RPM.
Calculate energy lost in exhaust, energy lost in cooling water, brake power and frictional
loss to draw heat balance sheet.
7.3 Observations and Calculations:

Cooling Cooling Energy % loss

Suction Exhaust water water Energy loss in % loss in
Air Gas Inlet outlet loss in cooling Total in coolin %
N(r.p. Temp(⁰ Temp(⁰ Temp(⁰ Temp(⁰ Gw(L/h ma(Kg/ F.C(kg/ exhaust( water( Heat ηB.TH( exhau g Unaccount
m) С) С) С) С) r) s) s) GE W) W) Input %) st water ed Losses

0.00
1300 25.5 65 31.1 36.2 300 0.0084 0.0004 9 417.973 1780.75 18722 2.503 2.232 9.511 85.752
11.19
1600 25.5 68 31.1 41 300 0.0097 0.0006 0.01 529.533 3456.75 30866 5.44 1.175 2 81.644
0.01 11.37
1750 25.6 66 31.2 43.8 300 0.0118 0.0008 3 617.441 4399.5 38635 7.464 1.596 2 79.567
0.01 14.99
1800 25.9 73 31.3 50.7 300 0.0125 0.0009 4 764.207 6773.83 45172 7.892 1.691 5 75.419
0.01 10.30 12.43
2000 26.1 57 31.3 53.7 300 0.0177 0.0013 9 708.191 7821.33 62882 6 1.126 8 76.129
0.02 10.08
2200 25.2 49 31.4 46.7 200 0.0198 0.0015 1 610.898 3584.78 71990 5 0.848 4.975 84.086
0.02 10538 10.03
2350 25.5 45 31.4 52.7 200 0.0217 0.0022 4 561.811 4958.17 6 8 0.53 4.704 84.723
0.03
2400 26.4 47 31.5 53.5 200 0.0294 0.002 1 778.111 5121.11 35266 12.17 0.816 5.375 81.616
7.4 Heat Balance Sheet

HEAT BALANCE SHEET

140000

120000

100000
ENERGY(WATTS)

80000

60000

40000

20000

0
1300 1600 1750 1800 2000 2200 2350 2400
R.P.M

Energy lost in exhaust Energy lost in cooling water Total Heat Input Brake Power Unaccounted Losses

7.5 Comments:
 To get correct relationships between different factors related to an engine, we
must tune up our engine on regular basis.
 After setting the RPM equal to a particular value, note the readings carefully
because there would be fluctuations on gages and this can create personal error.
 By looking at the heat balance sheet we can clearly see that most of the energy
is lost which tells us why petrol engine has efficiency about 30%.
 At higher RPM, Total heat Input is high and so brake power is
8 Experiment # 08: To draw the Characteristic curves of four stroke Diesel engine using
engine Test Bed”

8.1 Apparatus:
 Diesel Engine
 Diesel
 Stop Watch

8.2 Procedure:
 Fill the calibrated gage with Diesel.
 Set the R.P.M equal to 300.
 Note the values of Voltage and current from the control panel.
 Turn the stop watch on and find the time for 30ml of fuel consumption.
 Repeat the procedure by increasing the R.P.M and take the various readings.

8.3 Observations and Calculations:

Brak
N Torqu F.C e S.F.C
r.p. e (Kg/ Power( (Kg/W. ηvol( A/ ηb.t
m (T) s) W) s) %) F h
120 17.1
0 27.5 4.38 3456 1.27 85 6
135 17.7
0 28.65 4.96 4050 1.22 90 4
150 22.6
0 46.41 6.98 7290 0.958 85 9
160 1065 26.3
0 63.6 8.8 6 0.826 84 4
170 11.7 1504 27.8
0 84.5 3 6 0.78 85 7

8.4 Comments:
 After setting the r.p.m equal to a particular value, note the readings carefully because there would
be fluctuations on gages and this can create personal error.
 To get correct relationships between different factors related to an engine, we must tune up our
engine on regular basis.
 The graph between Speed and Torque show that the speed is directly proportional to Torque.

8.5 Graphs:

rpm vs F.C
14

12

10

8
F.C

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
rpm

rpm vs torque
90
80
70
60
torque

50
40
30
20
10
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
rpm
 ɳv
91
90
89
88
ɳv
87
86
85
84
83
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
rpm

rpm vs B.P
16000
14000
12000
10000
B.P

8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
rpm

rpm vs ɳbth
30

25

20
ɳv

15

10

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
rpm
 rpm vs S.F.C
1.4

1.2

0.8
S.F.C

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
rpm
 9 Experiment # 09: To draw the heat balance diagram of four stroke Diesel engine
using engine Test Bed”

9.1 Apparatus:
 Diesel Engine
 Diesel
 Stop Watch

9.2 Procedure:
 Fill the calibrated gage with Diesel.
 Set the R.P.M equal to 300.
 Note the values of Voltage and current from the control panel.
 Turn the stop watch on and find the time for 30ml of fuel consumption.
 Repeat the procedure by increasing the R.P.M and take the various readings.

9.3 Heat Balance sheet

Heat Balance Sheet

50
45
40
35
30
Power

25
20
15
10
5
0
1400 1500 1550 1600 2000
R.P.M

Series1 Series2 Series3 Series4

9.4 Observations and Calculations:
Cooling Cooling Energy ηb Energy
Suction Exhaust F.C Energy Energy %
Water Water Loss in Total ther
Loss in
N Air Gas ma Loss in Loss in
inlet outlet Gw Gex Cooling Heat Cooling
(rpm) Temp. Temp. (kg/s) Exhaust Exhaust
Temp. Temp. (kg/s) Water Input (%) Water Unacc.
(0C) (0C) (W) (%)
(0C) (0C) (W) (%) Losses
1300 24 127 30.4 32.8 200 0.0316 0.00056 0.032 3979.92 558.67 24464 17.86 16.27 2.28 63.59
1400 24.1 144 30.4 42.8 200 0.0347 0.00064 0.035 5078.96 2886.44 27984 25.36 18.15 10.31 46.18
1500 28.8 173 30.7 51.4 200 0.0361 0.00068 0.037 6367.87 4818.50 29788 23.72 21.38 16.18 38.73
1550 24.3 174 30.5 46.8 200 0.0388 0.00098 0.04 7149.67 3794.28 43164 27.89 16.56 8.79 46.76
1600 25 212 30.8 54.1 200 0.0388 0.00083 0.04 8886.24 5423.72 36300 27.37 24.48 14.94 33.21
2000 25.5 235 30.9 60.4 200 0.0617 0.00106 0.063 15787.9 6866.94 46640 25.18 33.85 14.72 26.25

9.5 Comments:
 To get correct relationships between different factors related to an engine, we must tune up our engine on regular basis.
 After setting the R.P.M equal to a particular value, note the readings carefully because there would be fluctuations on gages and this can create
personal error.
 By looking at the heat balance sheet we can clearly see that most of the energy is lost which tells us why diesel engine has efficiency about 35%.
 At higher R.P.M Total Heat Input is high and so brake power is.