Teleology (Consequentialism) Deontology Virtue Ethics

 Morality is about good  Morality is about good  Morality is about good

outcomes
 Decisions should be
made based on what will
mostly likely result in the
outcomes we want
 The ends justify the
means
rules
 Good logical should
system should be forms
and always follow that no
matter what
people
 Becoming more
courageous, honest,
generous and
compassionate is the
key. People like that will
make good moral
decisions without any
need of abstract moral
rules

Utilitarianism

 The reading by John Stuart Mill

 Whatever maximizes the total happiness while minimizing total pain
 “Secure the greatest good for the greatest number.”
 Example: The Trolley Problem
 Act Utilitarianism / Rule Utilitarianism
o Example” The terminally ill murderer
 What is right or wrong based on outcomes—the main question we ask.
 Problems:
o Finding standard: Cultural relative and moral subjectivism

Kant’s Principle

 The reading
 Will is important…not the outcome
 Ask two basic questions:
o Can I rationally will that everyone act as I propose to act?
o Does my action respect the goals of human beings rather than merely using them for my
own purposes?
And, we should refrain ourselves from doing this if the answer is a no.
 Example – own dealing with beggars on Bangladeshi streets
 The formula of universal law—that it applies universally irrespective of any relativism
 Driven by categorical imperative—unconditional imperative—as opposed to hypothetical
imperatives
 Becoming an ethical person following Kant’s principle: doing something which is your duty
regardless of whether you like it or not
o Example—winning a bonus—whether to go for a trip or buy dresses for family
 Why intention matters: example—two drunks driving home
Rawl’s Theory of Justice

 Rule setters must free and neutral—have a veil of ignorance

 Principle 1: equal right
 Principle 2: differentiated principle is justified if all of have equal opportunity to join the club
 Example: Income tax, living standard, government jobs