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Silio Lima de Moura, José Aroldo Viana dos Santos, Francisco Carlos Marques da Silva. Thermodynamic Study of the Liquid-Liquid
Equilibrium Water-Chloroform-Acetic Acid. American Journal of Physical Chemistry. Vol. 2, No. 6, 2013, pp. 117-121.
doi: 10.11648/j.ajpc.20130206.11
Abstract: Experimental liquid-liquid equilibria of the water-chloroform-acetic acid system were studied at temperature of
298.15 K. Complete phase diagrams were obtained by determining solubility and tie-line data. Data for the construction of
ties-lines were determined by preparing mixtures of known mole fraction of components in the region of formation of two
phases. Separation factors were evaluated for the immiscibility region.
This equation introduces a restriction on simultaneous The binodal curve for the water-chloroform-acetic acid
variation of T, P and chemical potential µi for a single phase. ternary system was determined by the solubility method.
Thus, the n+2 variables that can be used to characterize a Binary mixtures of known compositions were shaken in a
phase, only n+1 are independent. The limitation introduced glass erlenmeyer (Figure 1) equipped with a microburet with
by the equation of Gibbs-Duhem causes one of the variables an accuracy of 0.005 cm3. The third component (acetic
is dependent. Therefore, it is said that a phase has n+1 acid)was progressively added until the transition point was
degrees of freedom. reached. The end point was determined by observing the
Thus, if each step of the system is in equilibrium, the total transition from a heterogeneous to homogenous a mixture
number of independent variables is p(n+1). If the until a permanent homogenous could be observed. Ternary
heterogeneous system as a whole is in equilibrium, then mixtures of known overall compositions lying within the
there are (p-1)(n +2) equilibrium relationships between the two phase region were prepared shaken thoroughly and then
p(n+1) variables given by the equations (2), (3) and (4). allowed to reach equilibrium. Samples were carefully taken
Then the number of degrees of freedom, which is the from each phase and analyzed to obtain the tie lines. An
number of intensive variables minus the number of relations electronic balance, accurate to ±0.1 mg, was used during the
or constraints are [22]: experiments.
1 1 2 (6)
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials
Figure1. Scheme of chloroform-water mixtures prepared for the
Acetic acid and butyl acetate with purities of 99.98 % determination of the phase diagram.
(W/W) and 99.50 % (W/W), respectively, were purchased
from Merck. Acetic acid and butyl acetate were used without
further purification. Deionized water was further distilled 3. Results and Discussion
before use. Densities were measured with an Anton Table 1 shows the mole fractions of all components
Paardensimeter (model 4500), along with some values from obtained from the experiments for he acetic acid solvent at
the literature (Weast, 1990). 298.15 K. All points shown are the results of measurements
obtained in duplicates.
Table 1. Mole fraction of each substance.
Tube
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Substance
H2O 0.12 0.26 0.36 0.43 0.49 0.53 0.59 0.62 0.74
CHCl3 0.54 0.36 0.26 0.20 0.14 0.11 0.08 0.05 0.02
H3CCOOH 0.37 0.39 0.37 0.36 0.37 0.36 0.34 0.32 0.24
Figure 2 illustrates the composition of each component of staying always above the composition of chloroform in the
Table 1. One observation is that there is a decrease of the system.
molar fractions of chloroform and acetic acid, with the Figure 3 shows the increasing of chloroform composition
increase of the molar fraction of water. However, an but a much larger statement of the composition of acetic acid,
important data shows that for the composition confirmed Figure 2. This can be explained by the fact that
chloroform-water, the acetic acid addition a slight increase acetic acid having a different interaction with chloroform,
and then immediately decrease more and more, meaning that and this is more effective interaction with water,
the system reaches equilibrium liquid-liquid with greater remembering that this type of analysis same evaluating the
ease with lower amount of solvent (acetic acid).The amount behavior of the two components in the system there is the
of acetic acid is lower at the beginning in relation the amount other component water.
of chloroform, but this phenomenon is reversed immediately,
American Journal of Physical Chemistry 2013; 2(6): 117-121 119
Figure2. Curves of the composition of chloroform and acetic acid vs. water
composition obtained for the system water-chloroform-acetic acid at
298.15 K.
Figure5. Ternary diagram with binodal curve and ties-lines (a, b, c) for the
system water-chloroform-acetic acid at 298.15K.
composition initial C and will add acetic acid, the 562, 1996.
composition will vary over cc'', immediately below of c'' the [9] Fahim, M.A., Al-Muhtaseb, S.A. and Alnashef, I.M.,
two layers are present in comparable amounts; in c'' the Liquid-Liquid Equilibria of the Ternary System
separation surface between the two layers disappears such as Water+AceticAcid+Hexanol, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 42, 3, 183,
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4. Conclusion
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The study ternary system, water-chloroform-acetic acid at CRC Press: Boca, Raton, Florida, 1990.
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increase in solubility of a solvent in which was obtained a [12] Colombo, A., Battilana, P., Ragaini, V. and Bianchi, C.L.,
Liquid-Liquid Equilibria of the Ternary Systems
microstructure of liquid-liquid equilibrium. In the study of Water+AceticAcid+Ethyl Acetate and
these microstructures, it can be concluded that the Water+AceticAcid+Isophorone
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the theory of Gibbs are thermodynamically favorable. In the [13] Aljimaz, A.S., Fandary, M.S.H., Alkandary, J.A. and Fahim,
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