Majlesi Journal of Mechatronic Systems Vol. 7, No.

2, June 2018

DFIG-Based Wind Turbine System using Three-Level Neural

Space Vector Modulation Technique
Habib Benbuhenni1, Zinelaabidine Boudjema2, Abdelkader Belaidi1
1- Laboratoire d’Automatique et d’Analyse des Systèmes (LAAS), Departement de Génie Électrique, Ecole Nationale
Polytechnique d’Oran Maurice Audin, Oran, Algeria.
E-mail: habib0264@gmail.com
2- Laboratoire Génie Électrique et Energies Renouvelables (LGEER), Electrical Engineering Department, Hassiba
Benbouali University, Chlef, Algeria.
Email: boudjema1983@yahoo.fr, belaidiaek@gmail.com

Received: February 2018 Revised: March 2018 Accepted: April 2018

ABSTRACT:
This article presents an improved direct vector command (DVC) based on three-level space vector modulation (SVM).
The essentiel disadvantage that is usually associated with DVC is the high harmonic current and power ripples. To
overcome this disadvantages a SVM technique is proposed based on neural networks technique (NSVM). The neural
proposed regulator is shown to be able to reducing the stator reactive and stator active powers ripples and to improve
performance DVC command. The validity of the proposed schemes command is confirmed by the simulation results.

KEYWORDS: Direct vector command; space vector modulation; neural space vector modulation; artificial neural
networks.

1. INTRODUCTION Since the SVM strategy is large-scale used in

This DFIG for Double Fed Induction Generator, a
generating principle large-scale used in wind turbines
(WTs). It is based on an IG with a multiphase wound
rotor and a multiphase slip ring compilation with
brushes for access to the rotor windings (RWs). It is
possible to avoid the multiphase slip ring compilation,
but there are disadvantages with capacity, cost and size.
A best alternative is a brushless wound-rotor doubly-
fed electric machine.
The principle of the doubly fed induction generator
is that RWs are connected to the grid via slip rings and
back-to-back voltage source converter that commands
both the rotor and the grid currents. Thus rotor
frequency can freely differ from the grid frequency (50
or 60 Hz). By using the converter to command the rotor
currents, it is possible to adjust the stator reactive and
stator active power fed to the grid from the stator
independently of the generator's turning speed. The
command principle used is either the two-axis current
direct vector command (DVC), indirect vector
command (IVC), direct torque command (DTC),
Robust command and direct power command (DPC)
[1-4]. DVC has simple command and easy implement
to command reactive and active powers of DFIG based
on WTS.
command of AC machine [5]. This strategy based on
the philosophy of space-vectors and need to calculate
of sector and angle [6, 7]. However, this strategy has
the following drawbacks. This strategy gives more total
harmonic distortion (THD), this strategy gives more
power ripples, this method does not smooth the
progress of future development of vector command
implementation of AC drive. To overcome these
drawbacks lead to development of a sophisticated SVM
technique which is NSVM strategy. This proposed
strategy gives reduced THD value compared to
classical SVM strategy. Furthermore, it minimize the
power ripples of DFIG.
In this article, we apply the DVC command to the
wind energy conversion systems of doubly fed
induction generator using three-level NSVM technique
and compared with the conventional SVM strategy.
2. DFIG MODEL
The traditional electrical equations of the doubly
fed induction generator in the Park frame are written as
follows [8, 9]:

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Majlesi Journal of Mechatronic Systems Vol. 7, No. 2, June 2018

 d Vdr, Vqr, Vqs and Vds, are the two-phase rotor and stator
 R s I ds  ψ ds  ωs ψ qs
Vds dt
voltages, Idr, Iqr, Ids and Iqs, are the two-phase rotor and
 stator currents, ψdr, ψqr, ψds and ψqs, are the two-phase
V  R s I qs 
d
ψ qs  ωs ψ ds
rotor and stator fluxes, Lr, Ls and M are respectively the
 qs dt (1) inductance own rotor, stator, and the mutual inductance
 between two coils, Rr and Rs are respectively the
V  R r I dr 
d
ψ dr  ω r ψ qr resistances of the rotor and stator windings.
 dr dt ωs is the electrical pulsation of the stator and ωr is the
 d rotor one.
Vqr  R r I qr  ψ qr  ω r ψ dr Tr is the load torque, Te is the electromagnetic torque,
 dt
Ω is the mechanical rotor speed, J is the inertia, f is the
The rotor and stator flux can be expressed as:
viscous friction coefficient and p is the number of pole
 ds  Ls I ds  MI dr pairs.
 Ps is the active power; Qs is the stator reactive power.
 qs  Ls I qs  MI qr
 (2) 3. THREE-LEVEL NSVM INVERTER
 dr  Lr I dr  MI ds
In this part, we propose an SVM strategy based on
  Lr I qr  MI qs
 qr ANN (artificial neural networks) regulator. However,
The reactive and active powers at the stator can be the ANN consists of several cascaded layers of neurons
expressed as: with sigmoid activation functions [10]. On the other
hand, The ANN regulator has many models. The ANN
 3 regulator is made up of 3 layers: output layers, hidden
 Ps  2 (Vds I ds  Vqs I qs ) layers, and input layers. Each layer is collected of
 (3) numerous neurons [11].
Q  3 (V I  V I ) In this article, we propose a new SVM strategy of
 s 2 qs ds ds qs three-level inverter based on calculation of maximum
and minimum of three-phase voltages (Va, Vb, Vc) [12].
The electromagnetic torque is expressed as: The advantages of the proposed SVM strategy is not
needed to calculate the sector and angle, easy to
Te  pM ( Idr.Iqs  Iqr.Ids ) (4) implement and gives a strong performance for the real-
time feedback command compared with classical SVM
d strategy. Fig. 1 shows the principle of the SVM
Te  Tr  J   f  (5)
dt technique of three-level inverter.

Fig. 1. Three-level SVM strategy.

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Majlesi Journal of Mechatronic Systems Vol. 7, No. 2, June 2018

The proposed SVM technique of a DFIG based
wind turbine system is shown in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Block diagram of SVM strategy.
The principle of the three-level NSVM is look like
to classical SVM. However, the hysteresis comparators
are replaced by ANN controllers and this method based
on neural classification has the advantage of simplicity
and easy implementation. On the other hand, the three-
level NSVM gives more and more minimum THD of
stator current compared to classical SVM strategy.
The structure of SVM based on ANN controller is
shown in Fig. 3. On the other hand, the artificial neural
networks controllers for the model system are shown in
Table 1. The artificial neural networks model structure
of the system is shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 3. Three-level NSVM strategy.

Fig. 4. The ANN controller of the hysteresis Fig. 6. Layer 2.

comparators.
Table 1. The ANN Parameters For The Model System
the ANN controller is composed of two layers, Parameters value
Layer 1 (Fig. 5) and Layer 2 (Fig. 6). Number of neurones for input layer 1
Number of neurones for output layer 1
Layer number 1
First layer cell number 12
Second layer cell number -
First layer activation function Tansig
Second layer activation function Purelin
Maximum iteration number 1000
Error limit 0
Training coefficient 0.9
Fig. 5. Layer 1. Momentum coefficient 0.8

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Majlesi Journal of Mechatronic Systems Vol. 7, No. 2, June 2018

4. DVC CONTROL WITH THREE-LEVEL NSVM ripple powers and harmonic distortion of stator current.
INVERTER To eliminate these drawbacks, a DVC-NSVM is
The principle of DVC control is detailed in [13, 14]. proposed in this article.
The major disadvantage of the DVC control is the

Stator Side
Converter
(SSC)
Qs_ref Vrd*
+- dq DC bus
N Sabc
S
Qs DVC V DFIG
M Grid
Ps_ref RSC
+- abc
Vrq*
Ps
Fig. 7. DVC control with NSVM inverter.

Qs_ref
Vrd*
+-
PI ++

Qs
g(M.Vs)/Ls

Ps_ref
+-
PI +
-
Vrq*

Ps
(Rr.Vs)/(ws.M)

Fig. 8. Structure of DVC scheme.

5. SIMULATION RESULTS DVC-NSVM of DFIG is shown in Fig. 7. The internal

The simulation results of three-level DVC-SVM
with ANN controllers of DFIG are compared with
conventional three-level DVC-SVM control scheme.
For this end, the commands system was tested under
deferent operating conditions such as reference
tracking, current harmonics distortion, and robustness
against DFIG parameter variations.
The principle of the DVC-NSVM control scheme is
similar to traditional DVC-SVM control. However, the
SVM strategy is replaced by NSVM strategy and this
strategy based on neural classification has the
advantage of simplicity and easy implementation. On
the other hand, the DVC-NSVM gives more and more
minimum THD of stator current compared to
traditional DVC-SVM control scheme. The structure of
structure of DVC method is shown in Fig. 8.
The performance analysis is done with THD value,
reactive power and active power.
A. Reference tracking test
Figs 9-12 show the obtained simulation results. As
it’s shown in Figs 9-10, for the two DVC command
strategies, the stator reactive, and stator active powers
tracks almost perfectly their references values.
Moreover, the DVC-NSVM command reduced the
powers ripples compared to the classical DVC-SVM
(see Figs 13-14). On the other hand, Figs. 11-12 show
the total harmonic distortion of stator current of the
DFIG for two DVC command schemes. It can be
clearly observed that the total harmonic distortion value

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 Majlesi Journal of Mechatronic Systems Vol. 7, No. 2, June 2018

is minimized for three-level DVC-NSVM (THD = inverter (THD = 2.30%).

1.99%) when compared to DVC command using SVM

5 5
x 10 x 10

Reactive power Qs (VAR)

Active power Ps(W) 2 2

0 0

Ps (DVC-SVM)
-2 Ps (DVC-NSVM) -2
Psref

-4 -4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 0 0.2
Time (s)
Fig. 9. Active power (reference tracking test).
1000 1000
5 Ias (DVC-SVM)
x 10
Stator current (A)

Torque Te (N.m)
Ias (DVC-NSVM)
Reactive power Qs (VAR)

5002
0
0
0
-1000
M) -500 Qs (DVC-SVM)
VM) -2 Qs (DVC-NSVM)
-1000 -2000
0 0.2 Qsref
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 0 0.2
Time (s)
-4
1 1.2 1.4 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Time (s)
Fig. 10. Reactive power (reference tracking test).
1000
Torque Te (N.m)

Te (DVC-SVM)
-1000 Te (DVC-NSVM)

-2000
1 1.2 1.4 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Time (s)

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Majlesi Journal of Mechatronic Systems Vol. 7, No. 2, June 2018

Selected signal: 60 cycles. FFT window (in red): 3 cycles

500

-500
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Time (s)

Fundamental (50Hz) = 612.9 , THD= 2.30%

0.8
Mag (% of Fundamental)

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Frequency (Hz)

Fig. 11. THD of one phase stator current for DVC-SVM control (reference tracking test).

Selected signal: 60 cycles. FFT window (in red): 3 cycles

500

-500
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Time (s)

Fundamental (50Hz) = 614.8 , THD= 1.99%

0.08
Mag (% of Fundamental)

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Frequency (Hz)

Fig. 12. THD of one phase stator current for DVC-NSVM control (reference tracking test).

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 Majlesi Journal of Mechatronic Systems Vol. 7, No. 2, June 2018

5 4
x 10 x 10

Reactive power Qs (VAR)

Active power Ps(W)
Ps (DVC-SVM)
-1.8 Ps (DVC-NSVM) 1
Psref
-2 0

-2.2 -1

0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24 0.42 0.43
Time (s)
Fig. 13. Zoom in the active power (reference tracking test).
-400
4 Ias (DVC-SVM) 800
x 10
(A)

Torque Te (N.m)
(VAR)

Ias (DVC-NSVM)
Qs (DVC-SVM)
current

-500 700
1 Qs (DVC-NSVM)
power Qs

Qsref 600
Reactive Stator

-600
0
500
-1
1.098 1.099 1.1 1.101 1.102 1.103 1.104 0.6 0.62 0.
Time (s)
0.2 0.22 0.24 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.5
Time (s)
Fig. 14. Zoom in the reactive power (reference tracking test).

800 these variations present an apparent effect on the

B.Robustness test
Torque Te (N.m)

reactive and stator active powers. However, the effect

M) In order to study the robustness of the proposed appears more significant for the DVC-SVM compared
command schemes, the700 nominal value of the Rr and Rs to three-level DVC-NSVM command scheme (see
is multiplied by 2, the values of inductances Ls, M, and Figs. 19-20).
Lr are multiplied by 0.5. Simulation results are
600
presented in Figs 15-18. As it’s shown by these figures,
Te (DVC-SVM)
500 Te (DVC-NSVM)
1.103 1.104 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76
Time (s)

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 Majlesi Journal of Mechatronic Systems Vol. 7, No. 2, June 2018
5 5
x 10 x 10

Reactive power Qs (VAR)

2 2

Active power Ps(W)

0 0
Ps (DVC-SVM)
Ps (DVC-NSVM) Qs (DVC-
-2 Psref -2 Qs (DVC-
Qsref

-4 -4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 0 0.2 0.4
Time (s)
Fig. 15. Active power (robustness test).
1000 1000
x 10
5 Ias (DVC-SVM)
Stator current (A)

Torque Te (N.m)
Reactive power Qs (VAR)

5002 Ias (DVC-SVM)

0
0
0
VM)
-1000
SVM) -500 Qs (DVC-SVM)
-2 Qs (DVC-NSVM)
-1000 Qsref -2000
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 0 0.2 0.4
-4 Time (s)
1 1.2 1.4 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Time (s)
Fig. 16. Reactive power (robustness test).
1000
SVM)
Torque Te (N.m)

SVM) Selected signal: 60 cycles. FFT window (in red): 3 cycles

0 500

0
Te (DVC-SVM)
-1000-500
Te (DVC-NSVM)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Time (s)

-2000
1 1.2 1.4 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Fundamental (50Hz) = 290.7 , THD= 3.86% 1 1.2 1.4
Time (s)
1.5
Mag (% of Fundamental)

0.5

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Frequency (Hz)

Fig. 17. THD of one phase stator current for DVC-SVM control (robustness test).

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 Majlesi Journal of Mechatronic Systems Vol. 7, No. 2, June 2018

Selected signal: 60 cycles. FFT window (in red): 3 cycles

500

-500
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Time (s)

Fundamental (50Hz) = 290.1 , THD= 2.71%

0.2
Mag (% of Fundamental)

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Frequency (Hz)

Fig. 18. THD of one phase stator current for DVC-NSVM control (robustness test).

5
x 10
Reactive power Qs (VAR)

1.2

1
Qs (DVC-SVM)
0.8 Qs (DVC-NSVM)
Qsref
0.86 0.88 0.9 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86
Time (s)
Fig. 19. Zoom in the reactive power (robustness test).

VM) 800 Te (DVC-SVM)

Torque Te (N.m)

VM) Te (DVC-NSVM)
700

600

500

142 1.143 1.144 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78
Time (s)

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 Majlesi Journal of Mechatronic Systems Vol. 7, No. 2, June 2018

5 5
x 10 x 10

Reactive power Qs (VAR)

1.4
Ps (DVC-SVM)

Active power Ps(W)

Ps (DVC-NSVM) 1.2
1.2
Psref
1 1

0.8 0.8

0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.7 0.72 0.74
Time (s)
Fig. 20. Zoom in the active power (robustness test).

Ias (DVC-SVM) 800

[2] Z. Boudjema, A. Meroufel, Y. Djeriri, E. Bounadja, “
Stator current (A)

Torque Te (N.m)
6. CONCLUSION -500
Ias (DVC-SVM)
Fuzzy sliding mode control of a doubly fed induction
This paper presents three-level DVC command generator for wind energy conversion,” Carpathian
700
scheme of a DFIG using-550a new modulation technique Journal of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Vol.
based on SVM and neural networks compared with the 6, No. 2, 2013, pp. 7-14.
classical three-level -600
SVM strategy. With results [3] S. M. Tavakoli, M. A. Pourmina, M. R. Zolghadri,600
obtained from the simulation, it was clear that for the “ Comparison between different DPC methods
same operation conditions, the DVC scheme with applied to DFIG wind turbines, ” International
three-level NSVM -650 technique presents good Journal of Renewable Energy Research, Vol. 3, No. 2,
500
2013, pp. 446-452.
performance compared to the DVC one using SVM
inverter and that was bright [4] Z. Boudjema, R. Taleb, Y. Djerriri, A. Yahdou, “ A
1.137 in the
1.138THD1.139
of stator
1.14 1.141 1.142 1.143 1.144
novel direct torque control using second order
0.64 0.66
current which the use of the three-level NSVM
Time (s) continuous sliding mode of a doubly fed induction
minimize the THD more and more than the classical generator for a wind energy conversion system, ”
three-level SVM inverter. Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering & Computer
Sciences, Vol. 25, 2017, pp. 965-975.
APPENDIX [5] Y. Bekakra, D. Ben Attous, “ Comparison study
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control of active and reactive power control of a
Table 2. The DFIG Parameters. DFIG for variable speed wind energy, ” International
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Vs 398/690 V [6] H. Obdan, M. C. Ozkilic, “ Performance comparison
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P 2 Electrotechn. et Energ, Vol. 61, No. 4, 2016, pp. 388-
Rs 0.012 Ω 393.
Rr 0.021 Ω [7] E. E. M. Mohamed, M. A. Sayed, “ Matrix converters
Ls 0.0137 H and three-phase inverters fed linear induction motor
Lr 0.0136 H drives-performance compare, ” Ain Shams
M 0.0135 H Engineering Journal, Vol. 2, 2016, pp. 1-12.
J 1000 Kg m2 [8] M. Hasni, Z. Mancer, S. Mekhtoub, S. Bacha,
f 0.0024 Nm/s “Parametric identification of the doubly fed
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