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20 RUBBERWORLD.COM
is flowing, creates heat and locally reduces the melt viscosity. 247
This can affect how much pressure is required to fill the runner 246
and cavity, and can create unexpected filling patterns. If the rub- 245
ber temperature rises too much, either due to shear heating or 244
243
mold temperature, it can begin to cure during cavity filling. This 242
creates problems with mechanical strength because crosslinking
14,000
2,000
4,000
6,000
10,000
0
8,000
12,000
progressed too far for the material to bond sufficiently with
other merging melt fronts. This is typically referred to as scorch.
If the rubber cures too much during filling, the viscosity will Time (seconds)
rise and some areas may not fill properly. This can also be related
to trapped air in the cavity and poor venting. Trapped air can
produce bubbles, burn marks, non-fill or poor mechanical proper- Figure 2b - heater power versus time
ties. Venting must be properly located and properly sized. When
Relative power
air is trapped, the air volume decreases due to encroaching higher 2,000
pressure rubber. As the air pocket volume decreases, its tempera- 1,600
Power (watts)
ture rises. If too much air was trapped, the air pressure will be- 1,200
come so high that the air temperature will rise above the burning 800
temperature of the rubber, and voila, a burn mark is created. 400
Filling pattern and melt pressure are critical to a robust pro- 0
cess. We must have enough machine pressure to fill the cavity,
14,000
2,000
4,000
6,000
10,000
0
8,000
12,000
but enough clamp force to keep the mold closed at the same
time. If not, the fill pressure must be reduced so the mold does
not flash (as much). In some cases, the filling is not balanced in Time (seconds)
Temperature Temperature
(°C) (°C)
161.1 139.2
Empty Empty
128.0
160.0
153.6 120.6
147.1 113.3
140.7 105.9
134.3 98.6
127.9 91.2
121.4 83.9
115.0
108.6 76.5
102.1 69.2
95.7 61.8
89.3 54.5
82.9 47.1
76.4 39.8
70.0 ShinEtsu optical lense 32.4 Z
Z Filling, temperature Y
98.66 25.1
X 1.028s, 13.01%
Y 25.05 X
provides important insights to process engineers about poten- high velocity or low viscosity (or a combination) of the flowing
tial problems related to temperature control of the mold. Know- polymer. Jetting can create trapped air, but the most common
ing if there are enough heaters, proper thermocouple locations problem is that it leads to uncontrolled filling susceptible to
or appropriate insulation for the mold is a powerful position to small process or material changes.
be in before the mold is even built. Trapped air also creates certain challenges. Initially, it ends
Once the mold is brought up to temperature, the production up in the final part, which is, of course, the problem. The chal-
cycles begin. If the mold continues to lose heat during the pro- lenge is finding out where it came from and how to get rid of
duction cycles, even when all the heaters are operating at it. Figure 4 shows where contamination from air is located in
maximum power, it is a clear sign the mold needs more (or the part. The user scale displays the percent concentration of
higher wattage) heaters or insulation. From these graphs, we air. Red areas have higher concentrations.
can clearly visualize this would be a production issue. Solving Was the air trapped in the nearby rib because the melt
this issue in a real mold is an expensive ordeal. A new heating flowed too quickly below the rib and encapsulated the air? Or
system must be designed in an existing mold. Retrofitting maybe the venting was not sufficient, and the air pressure in the
molds like this is never optimum because there are already so cavity was just too high? Actually, it was not either of these.
many constraints regarding the existing design. This may be
combined with more effective insulation around the mold, but
this can also be accomplished virtually. Figure 4 - contamination from air inside
There can also be a wide variety of filling related issues the part
commonly found in injection molded elastomers. Each image
contains a color scale (user scale) at the right side of the mold- Air
ed product. Values always decrease from top (red) to bottom entrapment
(%)
(blue). Colors in the molded product correspond to values in 88.79
the user scale. Empty
10.00
Figure 3 shows the filling of a thick-walled cylindrical part 9.29
with two small gates on the top surface (left), and a thin-walled 8.57
7.86
part gated with an optical grade LSR (right). Both scales represent 7.14
temperature to show heat exchange differences between thick and 6.43
5.71
thin walled parts. No real heat exchange occurs in the thick part 5.00
because the rubber does not yet have contact to the walls com- 4.29
3.57
pared to the thin part where the thermal gradient is stronger. 2.86
Melt “jets” into the cavity because the melt does not engage 2.14
Z 1.43
with the surface of either the mold or the insert, so it does not Y 0.71
slow down. Rather, it enters the cavity and travels through the X 0.00
0.01
part to the opposite side. This behavior can also be attributed to
22 RUBBERWORLD.COM
Air Air
entrapment (%) entrapment (%)
99.27 98.68
Empty Empty
10.00 10.00
9.29 9.29
8.57 8.57
7.86 7.86
7.14 7.14
6.43 6.43
5.71 5.71
5.00 5.00
4.29 4.29
3.57 3.57
2.86 2.86
2.14 2.14
1.43 1.43
0.71 0.71
0.00 0.00
Z Z
Y 0.01 Y 0.01
X X
Air Air
entrapment (%) entrapment (%)
94.81 89.20
Empty Empty
10.00 10.00
9.29 9.29
8.57 8.57
7.86 7.86
7.14 7.14
6.43 6.43
5.71 5.71
5.00 5.00
4.29 4.29
3.57 3.57
2.86 2.86
2.14 2.14
1.43 1.43
0.71 0.71
Z 0.00 Z 0.00
Y Y
X 0.01 X 0.01
The second series of images (figure 5) shows where it came tricky to nail down (figure 6). The user scale represents veloc-
from. Providing clarity of the root cause of molding issues ity to identify which areas are moving faster than others. Near
makes virtual molding not only a predictive tool, but a teaching the end of the fill, the red areas indicate highest velocity to-
tool. wards the unfilled cavities. Once the prematurely filled cavities
The highest concentration of air (shown in red) was initially are full, all of the incoming melt is directed towards the unfilled
trapped inside the ribs at the gated side of the part. Now, vir- cavities, resulting in higher velocity. This image was taken
tual molding becomes a communication tool to show others when the cavity is 96% filled, and we observe that the center
exactly what they need to see. This elastomer part has adequate four cavities are completely filled, while the remaining four
venting around the parting line. But the image shows that cavities are still unfilled, even when the flow length for all of
sometimes, even when we have adequate venting, it may not be them is the same.
sufficient to allow all of the air to escape through the vents, The mold is hotter at the center, so the steel swells more and
depending on the filling pattern. the runners are bigger (unlikely), or the mold temperature is
In this example, air contaminates the rubber and becomes higher and it affects the viscosity (getting warmer); actually, the
trapped inside the part due to its filling pattern. It does not even viscosity is affected by the local shear rate the rubber experi-
reach the parting line where the vents are located. In this case, ences. When rubber flows faster at one specific location than
the part design or the gate location should be changed, if pos- the location immediately next to it (figure 7), there is a shear
sible, in order to get all the air out of the cavity. Another option rate difference. The higher the shear rate, the greater the fric-
might be to include vented ejector pins at the base of the ribs. tional heat and the larger the effect on viscosity.
Virtual molding allows such variants to be modeled and com- The issue is that the viscosity is not affected uniformly ev-
pared. erywhere; it is only affecting the material at the higher shear
Filling imbalances in a multi-cavity runner system can be rate. This creates a problem that lower viscosity material flows
more easily under pressure, so the low viscosity areas flow higher and lower scorch using virtual molding, as shown in
faster and filling imbalances are created. If the imbalance is big figure 8.
enough, some cavities will fill too early, resulting in high pres- The user scale for scorch value is set to 2%, meaning the
sure and potential flashing at those cavities. Again, the process scale result of 1 shows the curing degree of 2% or more is fully
would require slowing the injection speed towards the end of achieved. Yellow areas indicate a higher degree of scorch (or
filling, possibly resulting in unfilled cavities. These issues can premature crosslinking). Scorch values can be lower if the mold
only be fixed if they are quantifiably understood. I would not temperatures are reduced, or if the material is sheared less.
attempt to trial and error my way through this kind of issue. I Weld lines are created where the two melt flow fronts meet
did once, many years ago, and that left a terrible taste in my inside the part. Computer-generated tracer particles are auto-
mouth; worst stew ever. matically deposited as each weld line is formed (figure 9). The
Scorch results show how much material is cured during fill- user scale displays temperature to convey the melt front tem-
ing. In the rubber molding industry, sometimes the gate dimen- peratures when they engage. These tracer particles aid in visu-
sions are reduced in order to initiate high shear during filling. alizing what is happening behind the flow front or beneath the
Due to increased shearing, the polymer temperature will rise, surface skin. They are used during the filling, packing/holding
which will ultimately jumpstart the curing of the material dur- and curing phase to evaluate the molding conditions, such as
ing the filling process. It is easier to identify the areas with mixing polymer, stagnation or re-direction of the polymer flow
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