WORK, FORCE, ENERGY AND SPEED

Question .1. State Newton’s Second Law of motion both in words and in Equation form. Under
what condition does this equation becomes F = ma ?

Newton’s Second Law of Motion : The rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to
the applied force and this change takes place in the direction of applied force i.e.,
Δp/Δt α F or Δp/Δt = F (if all quantities are in same system of unit ). This equation takes the
form F = ma when mass is constant i.e., the velocity is much less than the speed of light (v << c).

Question .2. What is S I unit of force and how is it related to the CGS unit of force ?

S I unit of force is Newton (N). C G S unit of force is dyne.

Relationship : 1N = 1 kg × 1 m s-2
= 1000 g × 100 cm s-2
= 100000 g cm s-2
= 105 dyne.
Thus 1 N = 105 dyne.

Question .3. Differentiate between mass and weight.

Weight
Mass
1. A measure of the quantity of matter 1. The force of attraction of the body by
contained in the body at rest. the earth.
2. It is a scalar quantity. 2. It is a vector quantity.
3. Its S I unit is kg and C G S unit is g. 3. Its S I unit is N and C G S unit is
dyne.
4. It is measured by a physical or beam 4. It is measured by a spring balance.
balance.
5. It is constant for a body and does not 5. It is not fixed for a body and changes
change with the change of place. with the change of place.

Question .4. Write the S I unit of mass and weight.

The S I unit of mass is kg and weight is kgf. 1 kgf = 9.8 N.

Question .5. A force is applied on

(i) a rigid body and
(ii) non rigid body. How does the effect of force differ in the two cases ?

Answer : (i) When a force is applied on a rigid body it tends to produce an acceleration in the
body.
(ii) When it is applied on a non rigid body, it changes the shape of the body.
Question .6. Define
(i) Work – Work is said to be done if force acting on a body produces some displacement in the
direction of force.
(ii) Power – Rate of doing work is called power.
(iii) Energy – Total capacity of a body to do work is called energy.

Question .7. Write the expression for the work done by constant force acting on a body, which
gets displaced from its initial position in a direction different from the direction of force.
Or,

How can the work done be measured when force is applied at an angle to the direction of
displacement ?

(The expression for the work is given by,

W = F S cosθ.

Question .8. When a body moves in a circular path how much work is done ?
Or,
State the amount of work done by an object when it moves in a circular path for one complete
rotation. Give reason to justify your answer.

Work done = 0 ( Zero).

Reason –
(i) In one complete rotation, the total displacement is zero.
(ii) In a circular path, the instant force on the object is centripetal force which is normal to the
direction of motion of the object.

Question .9. How is work done related to the applied force ?

Work done is directly proportional to the applied force. If applied force is more, the work done is
more.

Question .10. What should the angle between force and displacement be to get the
(i) minimum work
(ii) maximum work ?

(i) Angle, θ = 90º

(ii) Angle, θ = 0º .

Question .11. Give an example when work done by force acting on a body is zero even though
the body gets displaced from its initial position by the application of the force.

When the angle between applied force and the displacement is 90º .
Example – A coolie carrying luggage on his head and moving horizontally is an example of zero
work done by a force.
Question .12. A truck driver starts off with his loaded truck. What are the major energy changes
that take place in setting the truck in motion ?

In setting the truck in motion chemical energy of diesel is converted into heat energy which is
further converted into mechanical energy.

Question .13. State the energy change in an oscillating pendulum.

There is an interchange in the kinetic energy to potential energy. At extreme position it has
potential energy only and at the mean position only kinetic energy.

Q.14. What is the main energy transformation that occurs in :

(i) Photosynthesis in green leaves
(ii) Charging of battery.

(i) Light energy into chemical energy.

(ii) Electrical energy into chemical energy.

Question .15. Which physical quantity does the electron volt measure ? How is it related to the
SI unit of this quantity ?

Energy is measured in electron volt. 1 eV = 1.6 × 10-19 joule.

Question .16. By what factor does the kinetic energy of a moving body change when its speed is
reduced to half ?
The final kinetic energy reduces to one-fourth of its original value

Question .17. Show that for the free fall of a body, the sum of the mechanical energy at any point
in its path is constant.
Let us consider the free fall of a body of mass m from/p>
a height h at
At point A, u = 0
Therefore, K. E. = 1/2mu2 = 0
P. E. = mgh
Hence total mechanical energy = 0 + mgh = mgh.
When it falls a distance of x to B and aquires a velocity of v, then
v2 = 0 + 2gx and K. E. = 1/2mv2 = 1/2m× 2gx = mgx.
The height of the body above the ground is h – x, and
P. E. = mg(h – x)
Hence, total mechanical energy = mgx + mg (h – x) = mgh.
When it comes to the ground at C and aquires a velocity of V, then
V2 = 0 + 2gh and K. E. = 1/2mV2 = 1/2m × 2gh = mgh
P. E. = 0 and hence total mechanical energy = mgh + 0 = mgh.
Thus total mechanical energy at any point on its path is constant.
Question .18. Define the terms
(i) mechanical advantage
(ii) velocity ratio
(iii) efficiency of a machine. Write an expression to show the relationship between mechanical
advantage, velocity ratioand efficiency for a simple machine.

(i) Mechanical Advantage (M. A.) : The ratio of the load to the effort is called the mechanical
advantage of the machine.
(ii) Velocity Ratio (V. R.) : The ratio of the velocity of effort to the velocity of load is called the
velocity ratio of machine.
(iii) Efficiency of machine : Efficiency of a machine is the ratio of the useful work done by the
machine to the work put into the machine by the effort.
Efficiency (η) = M. A. / V. R.

Question .19. What is the relationship between the mechanical advantage and velocity ratio of
(i) An ideal machine and
(ii) Practical machine ?

(i) For an ideal machine, velocity ratio = mechanical advantage.

(ii) For a practical machine, velocity ratio > mechanical advantage.

Question .20. How do you distinguish between a lever of the first order from a second or a third
order lever ?
First order – In the lever of the first order the fulcrum is between load and effort.
Second order – In the lever of the second order the load is between effort and fulcrum.
Third order – In the lever of the third order the effort is between the load and fulcrum

Question .21. The following are the examples of levers. State the class of lever to which each one
belongs giving the relative position of load (L), Effort (E) and Fulcrum (F)
(i) Scissors
(ii) Sugar tongs
(iii) Nut cracker and
(iv) Pliers.

(i) Scissors – It is class – 1 lever, as the fulcrum is between load and effort.
(ii) Sugar tongs – It is class – 3 lever, as the effort is between load and fulcrum.
(iii) Nut cracker – It is class – 2 lever, as the load is between effort and fulcrum.
(iv) Pliers – It is class – 1 lever, as the fulcrum is between load and effort

Question .22. Fig below shows a weight less lever in equilibrium. Neglect friction at the fulcrum
F.
(i) State the principle of moments as applied to the above lever.
(ii) Define mechanical advantage and calculate its value for the given lever.
(iii) Name the type(s) of lever which has M.A.>1.

(i) The principle of moments for a lever is : “When a body is in equilibrium, the sum of the
clockwise moments F is equal to the sum of anticlockwise moments about the same point.”
(ii) Mechanical advantage is defined as the ratio of load to effort.
(iii) Class – 1 and class – 2 levers have mechanical advantage >1, as effort arm is greater than
load arm.

Question .23. Which class of levers has a mechanical advantage always greater than one ? What
change can be brought about in this lever to increase its mechanical advantage ?

Mechanical advantage of class – II levers is always greater than one because the effort arm is
always greater than the load arm. To increase the mechanical advantage, the friction should be
minimized. Size of the lever may be increase to increase effort arm.

Question .24. Which class of levers has a mechanical advantage always less than one ? Explain
briefly with a diagram why their mechanical advantage is less than one.

Class – III levers has mechanical advantage always less than one.

Mechanical Advantage is less than one because the effort arm is always shorter than the load
arm.

Question .25. Why is the mechanical advantage of a lever of the third class always less than
one ? Give one example of this class of lever.

Mechanical Advantage is always less than one for class three lever because the effort arm is
always shorter than tha load arm.
Example – Sugar tong.

Question .26. To use a machine as a force multiplier, which class of lever should preferred ?
Draw a sketch of such a lever.
Or,
Draw a labelled sketch of a class – II lever. Give one example of such a lever.

Class – II lever is preferred as a force multiplier. The diagram is given below :

Example of class – II lever :– nutcracker, lemon squeezer

Question .27. A pair of scissors and a pair of pliers belong to the same class of lever.
(i) Which one has mechanical advantage less than one ?
(ii) State the usefulness of such a machine whose mechanical advantage is less than one.

(i) Both of them belong to class – 1 lever. A pair of scissors has a mechanical advantage less than
1 as explained below :

The mechanical advantage of lever is given by the expression :

M. A. = Effort arm / Load arm = a/b.
From the above two figures it is clear that for the scissor a is smaller than b hence mechanical
advantage of scissor is less than 1 (one).
(ii) Machines which has mechanical advantage less than one are useful in the sense that they
change the application of effort to a more convenient point

Question .28. Explain why scissors for cutting cloth may have blades much longer than the
handles; but shears for cutting metals have short blades and long handles.

Cloth offers much less resistance than offered by metals. Therefore we do not require a large
mechanical advantage from a scissor to cut cloth. At the same time a large mechanical advantage
is required by the shear used for cutting metal, hence its handle should be long and the blades
short. (M. A. = effort arm / load arm).

Question .29. Give two reasons why the efficiency of a single movable pulley system is not
100%.

(i) There is always some friction between the pulley and the string.
(ii) The string used is never inextensible and mass less.

Question .30. A combination of a movable pulley P1with a fixed pulley P2 is used for lifting up a
load W.
(i) State the function of the fixed pulley P2.
(ii) If the free end of the string moves through a distance x, find the distance by which the load
W is raised.

(i) The fixed pulley helps to change the direction of force applied. The effort is shifted to a more
convenient point.
(ii) As the thread attached to the pulley P1 has to move equally on both sides of the pulley,
therefore if the free end of the string moves a distance of x then the load attached to P1 moves
through a distance x/2.

Question .31. Name a type of single pulley that can act as a force multiplier. Draw a labelled
diagram of the above named pulley.

A single movable pulley is used as a force multiplier. For diagram consult T.B.
Question .32. A block and tackle pulley system has a velocity ratio 3.
(i) Draw a labelled diagram of this system. In your diagram, indicate clearly the points of
application and the directions of the load and effort.
(ii) Why should the lower block of this pulley system be of negligible weight ?

(i) For labelled diagram consult T.B.

(ii) The lower block of this pulley system must have a negligible weight.
Actual M. A. is given by
M. A. = n – W’/P
Where, W’ = weight of the lower block
Smaller is the value of W’, more will be the mechanical advantage.

Q.33. Define an inclined plane.

An inclined plane is a simple plank kept at a certain angle (inclination) to the ground which acts
as a force multiplier.