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the timing of the Phase 1/2 clinical trial for OTO-413, the potential market opportunity for OTO-413, and expectations regarding
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2
Hearing Loss: Large and Growing Unmet Need
Review Article
Global hearing health care: new findings and perspectives Allan H. Ropper, M.D., Editor
H
S0140-6736(17)31073-5
others’ recommendations for halting and then reversing the continuing increases in this burden. Low-cost
possibilities exist for prevention of hearing loss, as do unprecedented opportunities to reduce the generally high
Division of Head and Neck earing loss in adults is encountered in all medical settings From the Section on Sensory Cell Biology,
Surgery and Communication National Institute on Deafness and Other
treatment costs. These possibilities and opportunities could and should be exploited. Additionally, a comprehensive Sciences, Department of and frequently influences medical encounters. This disorder constitutes a
Communication Disorders, Bethesda, MD
worldwide initiative like VISION 2020 but for hearing could provide a focus for support and also enable and facilitate Surgery, Duke University substantial burden on the adult population in the United States, yet (L.L.C.); and the Division of Head and
Medical Center, Durham, NC,
the increased efforts that are needed to reduce the burden. Success would produce major personal and societal
USA (Prof B S Wilson DSc,
screening for hearing loss is not routine,1 and treatments are often inaccessible Neck Surgery and Communication Sci-
gains, including gains that would help to fulfil the “healthy lives” and “disability inclusive” goals in the UN’s new Prof D L Tucci MD); Duke Global because of the high cost or perceived ineffectiveness. ences, Duke University Medical Center,
2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Health Institute Durham, NC (D.L.T.). Address reprint re-
(Prof B S Wilson, Prof D L Tucci, quests to Dr. Tucci at the Division of
H d dN kS dC i
• Most prevalent neurologic health issue: > 360M people have disabling hearing loss2
• High economic burden: medical costs + impact of lower work productivity
• Leads to social isolation, lower QoL, and higher rates of dementia and depression
• Common causes: aging, noise, ototoxic drugs and genetics
• Established clinical outcome measures that are objective patients assessments
2 World Health Organization, Global Estimates on Prevalence of Hearing Loss, 2012. 3
OTO-413 Addresses Significant Population with Cochlear Synaptopathy
Mixed Pathology
4
Cochlear Synaptopathy and Hearing Loss
Hearing Research
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/heares
F1000Research 2017, 6(F1000 Faculty Rev):927 Last updated: 16 JUN 2017
and
Sharon G. Kujawa a, b, c, M. Charles Liberman potential
a, b, *
therapies [version 1; referees: 4 approved]
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
a
Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
M Charles Liberman
b
Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
c
Department of Audiology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, 243 Charles St., Boston,
Otology & Neurotology
Hearing Research
MA, 02114, USA 37:1223–1230 2016, Otology & Neurotology, Inc.
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/heares
Article history: The classic view of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is that the “primary” targets are hair cells, and that
cochlear-nerve lossFirst
v1
published:to 16 Jun 2017, 6(F1000 Faculty Rev):927 (doi: Open Peer Review
Received 2 December 2014 Our recentReview
is “secondary” hair cell degeneration. Article
work in mouse and guinea pig
Received in revised form has challenged that10.12688/f1000research.11310.1 )
view. In noise-induced hearing loss, exposures causing only reversible threshold
26 January 2015
Accepted 25 February 2015
shifts (and no hair cell loss) nevertheless cause permanent loss of >50% of cochlear-nerve/hair-cell
Latest published: 16 Jun 2017, 6(F1000 Faculty Rev):927 (doi: Cochlear synaptopathy in acquired sensorineural hearing loss:
Referee Status:
Manifestations and mechanismsApplying Neurotrophins to the Round Window Rescues Auditory
synapses. Similarly, in age-related hearing loss, degeneration of cochlear synapses precedes both hair
Available online xxx 10.12688/f1000research.11310.1)
cell loss and threshold elevation. This primary neural degeneration has remained hidden for three
reasons: 1) the spiral ganglion cells, the cochlear neural elements commonly assessed in studies of SNHL,
Abstract
survive for years despite loss of synaptic connection with hair cells, 2) the synaptic terminals of cochleara, b
M. and
nerve fibers The classic view of sensorineural hearing loss has been that the primary
are unmyelinated and difficult to see in the light microscope, Charles Liberman is , Sharon G. Kujawa a, b, *
3) the degeneration
Invited Referees
1 2 3 4
Function and Reduces Inner Hair Cell Synaptopathy After
ISAAR Special Issue
damage targets are hair cells and that auditory nerve loss is typically secondary
selective for cochlear-nerve fibers with high thresholds. Although not required
quiet (e.g. threshold audiometry or auditory brainstem response threshold),
a
b
for threshold
Department of Otologydetection
these high-threshold
Eaton-Peabody
to hair cell degeneration. Recent work has challenged that view. In
in
and Laryngology,
fibers
Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Boston MA, USA Noise-induced Hearing Loss Trends in Hearing
2016, Vol. 20: 1–9
are critical for hearing in noisy environments. Our research suggests that 1) primary neural degeneration version 1
David J. Sly, Luke Toward a Diagnostic Test for
is an importantnoise-induced hearing loss, exposures causing only reversible threshold shifts
contributor to the perceptual handicap in SNHL, and 2) in cases where the hair cells published
! The Author(s) 2016
(and no hair cell loss) nevertheless cause permanent loss of >50% of the
survive, neurotrophin therapies can elicit neurite outgrowth from spiral ganglion neurons and re-
a r t i c l e i n f o 16 Jun 2017
a b s t r a c t
Campbell, Aaron Uschakov, Saieda Tasfia Saief, Reprints and permissions:
establishment synaptic connections between hair cells and the auditory nerve. Similarly, in
of their peripheral synapses.
This article is part of a Special Issue entitled <Auditory Synaptology>.
Hidden
yMatthew Hearing
Lam, and Stephen J. Loss
O’Leary
sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav
DOI: 10.1177/2331216516657466
age-related hearing loss, degeneration of cochlear synapses precedes both
Article history: Common causes of hearing loss in humans - exposure to loud noise or ototoxic drugs and aging - often tia.sagepub.com www.nature.com/scientificreports
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Received 13 June 2016
hair cell loss and threshold elevation. This primary neural degeneration has F1000 Faculty Reviews are commissioned
damage sensory hair cells, reflected as elevated thresholds on the clinical audiogram. Recent studies in
Received in revised form
© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. animal models suggest, however, Otolaryngology,
that well before Department of Surgery,
this overt hearing loss can beUniversity
seen, a moreof Melbourne; and yMonash School of Medicine,
insidious,
remained a “hidden hearing loss” for two reasons: 1) the neuronal cell bodies
19 December 2016
survive for years despite loss of synaptic connection with hair cells, and 2) the
Accepted 5 January 2017
Available online xxx
from members of the prestigious F1000
but likely more common, process is taking place that permanently
Faculty. In order to make these reviews as
between sensory inner hair cells and subsets of cochlear nerve
Monash interrupts
fibers. The
synapticMelbourne,
University,
silencing of
communication
affected
VIC,
1
neurons
Australia 1
Christopher J. Plack , Agnès Léger , Garreth Prendergast , 1 Improved Auditory Nerve Survival with
degeneration is selective for auditory nerve fibers with high thresholds. alters auditory information processing, whether accompanied by threshold elevations or 1not, and is a
Although not required for threshold detection when quiet, these high-threshold
Keywords:
comprehensive and accessible as possible,
1
Karolina Kluk , Hannah Guest , and Kevin J. Munro
likely contributor to a variety of perceptual abnormalities, including speech-in-noise difficulties, tinnitus
1
Nanoengineered Supraparticles for
fibers are critical for hearing in noisy environments. Research suggests that
Auditory nerve peer review takes place before publication; the
and hyperacusis. Work described here will review structural and functional manifestations of this
Hypothesis: and Applying
will considerneurotrophins to the rounditswindow
appearance and Results:
progres- After exposure to 105 dB noise, threshold did not
1. Primary vs. secondary neural degeneration in
sensorineural hearing loss
or grossly abnormal cochlear neural responses,
brainstem response (ABR). Although the underlying
Cochlear
such as the auditory
Cochlear synaptopathy
primary neural degeneration is an important contributor to the perceptual histopathology
neuropathy
cochlear synaptopathy
referees are listed below, but their reports are
sion in ears immediately
with and withoutafter a single
traditional
possible mechanisms
noiseloss’
‘hearing exposure
underlying
willseveral
arising from prevent noise-causes inchange,
common humans. but the amplitude growth of the auditory brainstem Neurotrophin Delivery into the Deafened
handicap in sensorineural hearing loss, and it may be key to the generation of
is poorly understood, the dysfunction can hearing
Hidden theoretically
loss originate not formally published. induced hidden hearing loss. 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights response
© Abstract reserved. was significantly reduced in control ears in
Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), as a category tinnitus and other associated perceptual anomalies. In cases where the hair
of hearing Noise-induced hearing loss
anywhere from hair cell synaptic transmission to the conduction of Background: Loud noise can eliminate neural connections
Cochlear synaptopathyresponse to 16hearing
(or hidden and 32loss),
kHz tones.
due toThe amplitude
noise growth
exposure was Cochlea
or aging, has been demonstrated in animal models
impairment, includes those etiologies in which the cells survive, neurotrophin therapies can elicit neurite outgrowth from surviving
underlying action potentials in auditory nerve fibers (ANFs). One clearcut eti- between inner hair cells and their afferent neurons (thereby also reduced neurotrophin ears, but to a lesser degree and
pathology involves the sensory cells and/or the sensoryauditory neurons and re-establishment of their peripheral synapses; thus,
neurons of ology is a genetic mutation in otoferlin (Santarelli et al., 2009), a 1 Christoph Schreiner , Kavli Institute for using histological techniques. However, diagnosis of the condition in individual humans is problematic because of (a) test
diminishing sound perception) without causing a detectable the reduction was not significant. Similar results were 1,2,3 3 4
Fundamental Neuroscience, University of reliability and (b) lack of a gold standard validation measure. Wave I of the transient-evoked auditory *, Justin Tan
brainstem response
, YajunisWang
a , Frank Caruso4, Robert K. Shepherd1,2,3
the inner ear. Although primary neural degeneration, i.e. neural loss protein expressed in inner hair cells (IHCs)
treatments may be on the horizon.
and thought to control
Contents change on audiogram. This phenomenon is termed hidden obtained from control ears exposed to 95 dB, but amplitude Andrew K. Wise
OPEN Round-window delivery of
without hair cell loss, is recognized as a subclass of SNHL, it has vesicle release at the synapses with ANFs (Beurg et al., 2010). noninvasive electrophysiological measureinofneurotrophin-treated
auditory nerve function
California, USA hearing loss. growth recovered ears, and
this has been validated in the animal models. However, in
reaching 1 The Bionics Institute, 384–388 Albert Street, East Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, 2 The Department of
been considered rare, comprising mainly cases of congenital and/or In cases of acquired SNHL, far and away
1. the most
Overt common
vs. ‘hidden’ formloss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .humans,
hearing
Methods: Guinea pigs were exposed for 2. .hours . . . . . . . .Wave
to. . .4. . to
. .I . amplitude
. . . . . . . . . . . shows
00
statistical high variability
significance both between
in response to 16 kHzand tones.
within There
individuals.
MedicalThe frequency-following
Bionics, University of response,
Melbourne, a Australia, 3 Department of Otolaryngology, University
Melbourne,
hereditary defects (Starr et al., 2000, 1996). As a clinical entity, of SNHL, it has been widely believed 2. thatCochlear
the hair cells are the
synaptopathy and neurodegeneration in noise-exposed and aging mice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
2 Richard Salvi , Center for Hearing and 8 kHz noise at either 95 or 105 dB SPL. sustainedImmediately evoked potential were reflecting
significantly morea11111
synchronous neural activity
presynaptic ribbons,in postsynaptic
the rostral ofbrainstem,
Melbourne,isMelbourne,
potentially more4robust thanof Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and
neurotrophin 3 regenerates
auditory neuropathy, as it is called, is defined by normal hair cell primary targets, and that the degeneration
3. of sensory
Glutamate neurons
excitotoxicity as an instigating factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00 Australia, ARC Centre
function (as seen in normal otoacoustic emissions) despite absent occurs almost exclusively as a secondary4.consequence
Functional effects
of theofloss
synaptopathy
of . . .Deafness, University at Buffalo, New York,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .afterward . . ml
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .a. . . 4 . . . . . bolus
. . . . . . . . .of
. . . .neurotrophins . . (brain-derived
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .auditory
. . . . . . . .brainstem . . . glutamate
. . . . . . . . . . . response
. . . . . 00Wavereceptors, and colocalized
I. However, ribbons after response
the frequency-following neurotro- Technology,
is a measure
andof thecentral activity
Department and may
of Chemical andbe
Biomolecular Engineering, the University of Melbourne,
5. Johnsson,
their hair cell targets (Bohne et al., 2000; Cochlear1974).
neurodegeneration
This view and SR types: neurotrophic factor 1 mg/ml, and neurotrophin-3
USA special vulnerability of low-SR neurons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .dependent . . . . 1. .mg/ml) . .was
. . . . . . on . . . . . . . . phin
. .individual . . . treatment.
. . differences
00 in central processing. Psychophysical measuresMelbourne, Australia by intersubject variability
are also affected
Memorial Foundation.
guinea pig (8), and within
primates including humans
the paper. tom sounds commonly brought on by acoustic overexposure. This type of cochlear synaptopathy has been called
Salvi, & Ding, 2013)also andcompelling
to some clinical
types ofevidenceperipheral that tinnitus Themay extent
also totreated
be which with
hidden
BDNFhearing loss
supraparticlesis a contribu-
“hidden compared
hearing to5,the
loss” controls
because the (repeated
auditory measures
deficits can hide ANOVA,
behind a p
normal threshold audiogram.
The authors disclose no conflicts of interest. Funding: This work was funded by
DOI: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000001191
neural dysfunction. aInclinical particular, results
manifestation from
of rodent
synaptopathy torNational
(9).
Health
to hearing difficulties experienced
= 0.003). These by humans
data support In the
the is still
adult
clinical ear, cochlear
potential of nerve fibers often degenerate
this technology particularly after
as cochlear
the insult, including noise damage and oto-
models suggest that noise exposureandand Medical Research Council Project Grant
aging can supraparticles can be loaded toxicwithantibiotics
a variety. This
6
degenerationdrugs.
of therapeutic occurs with a variable time course, depending on the nature and severity of
APP1005071 and APP1064375, Australian the insult; however, the unmyelinated terminal dendrites within the organ of Corti disappear first (within hours
cause permanent 1223 loss of synapses between the IHCs
Research Council under the Australian Laureate to days), followed more slowly by the peripheral axons in the osseous spiral lamina (within days to weeks), and,
and auditory nerve fibers, without permanently affecting 1
Fellowship scheme (120100030),University and Nationalof Manchester, UK only on a much slower time course, the cell bodies in the spiral ganglion and their central axons that compose
sensitivity to quiet sounds (Kujawa & Institutes Liberman,of Health2009,
(USA) HHS-N-263-2007- the cochlear nerve (over weeks to months and longer)7–9. Given that cochlear implants can continue to provide
Corresponding author:
2015; Sergeyenko, Lall, Liberman, &00053-C. Kujawa, 2013). useful hearing
Christopher J. Plack, University of Manchester, Ellen Wilkinson for years after hair cell loss, these long-surviving neurons must remain electrically excitable and
Building,
The disconnected nerve fibers subsequently degenerate. Manchester M13 9PL, UK. appropriately connected to their central targets10. Thus, in many types of sensorineural hearing loss, there is
Copyright © 2016 Otology & NeThis urotolodisorder
gy, Inc. Unhas authbeen
orized variously
reproductioCompeting
n of thisInterests:
termed acochlear
rticle The
is pauthors
rohEmail:
ibhave
itedchris.plack@manchester.ac.uk
.
declared a long therapeutic window wherein a treatment to elicit neurite outgrowth could reconnect silenced cochlear
that no competing interests exist. ganglion cells with hair cells, and thereby potentially improve speech in noise performance and reduce tinnitus.
Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is a member of the neurotrophic factor family that contributes to neuronal differen-
Creative Commons CC-BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 License (http://www.
tiation,
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission providedsurvival and axonal outgrowth via its interactions with TrkC receptors11,12. Neurotrophins are necessary
the original
work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage). for normal development of cochlear innervation13–16, and NT-3 is necessary for the formation and maintenance
PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0164867 October 27, 2016
Downloaded from tia.sagepub.com at UCI MEDICAL CENTER on September 12, 2016
1 / 17
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Background on OTO-413 Program
7
Therapeutic Effects of BDNF in the Cochlea
Brain-derived neutrophic factor (BDNF) activates TrkB receptors on SGNs to:
• Promote survival of SGNs
120%
100%
80%
BDNF
60%
Control
hIgG4
40%
20%
0%
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
concentration (nM)
25
**
**
20
15
**
10
5
IHC Puncta
0
0 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Concentration (nM)
1.3 **
1.2
puncta (PSD95)/IHC
1.1
normalized to CTL
• Reconnect SGNs with hair cells after chemical synaptopathy 1
0.9
Control Synaptopathy Synaptopathy + BDNF 0.8
*
Myo7A PSD-95
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
CTL NK NK+BDNF
* NK vs CTL: p = 0.0013
** NK vs NK+BDNF: p = 0.0001 8
OTO-413 Proof-of-Concept in Synaptopathy Animal Model
Recovery of both synapse numbers and auditory function with OTO-413
30
Synapse Counts Visualization of Synapses on Hair Cells
Synaptopathy (Punctae/IHC)
25
20
15
10
4 10 20 40 Naïve
Frequency (kHz)
Noise + Vehicle
Noise + OTO-413
1.6
Auditory Function
1.4
Wave 1 amplitude (µV)
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
4 10 20 40
Frequency (kHz) 9
OTO-413 Program Status and Plan
10