GP170/2001 #1

Rock Physics Reservoir Characterization

Seismic Reflection and Impedance Inversion

Amplitude
STRUCTURES
ROCK
Acoustic PHYSICS
Impedance POROSITY
ANALYSIS
SHALE CONTENT
Elastic
Impedance
FLUID
AVO (I,G)

Goal: 3D images of volumetric rock

properties from seismic data

Means: Rational transform function

between rock elastic properties
and rock volumetric properties

Input: Controlled measurements on

rock -- well logs, laboratory

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 GP170/2001 #1

Log Data for Designing Impedance-Reservoir Property Transform

2850

2900
DRKB (ft)

2950

VSHALE

Sw

3000

LC 1880

3050
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Sw and VSHALE Porosity Vp (km/s)

2
 GP170/2001 #1

Crossplots from Log Data

LC 1880: Below 2800 ft DRKB

10 Transform and Impedance Interpretation
SAND SHALE
9
10
P-Impedance

P-Wave Impedance
9
7
8
6

5 7

4 6
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
VSHALE 5
0.3 SHALE SAND
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Porosity
0.2
POROSITY

0.1

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
VSHALE
11
SAND
10
CHANNEL
9 WITH OIL
P-IMPEDANCE

8 SHALE

4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
POROSITY 3
 GP170/2001 #1

Rock Physics Diagnostic

Rock physics diagnostic uses cross-plots between the rock elastic properties (e.g.,
velocity, elastic modulus, and impedance) and its textural properties (e.g., porosity).
Effective-medium model curves are superimposed on the well-log or core-data cross-
plots.
It is assumed that if the data points fall close to a theoretical model line, then the textural
properties of the rock are those incorporated in the theoretical effective medium model.
Rock physics diagnostic allows one, for example, to discriminate between friable and
slightly-cemented rocks in wells under examination.

Well B Well B
Well A Well A

2.1
1.7
Well A
Depth (km)

3.5 Constant
Depth (km)

Cement Model Contact Cement

Model

Vp (km/s)
2.2
1.8 3.0
Well A
GRAIN
Unconsolidated DIAGENETIC
Model CEMENT
2.5 0.1 mm
2.3 Well B
1.9
Marl

2 3 4 40 80 120 2 3 4 40 80 120 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40

Vp (km/s) GR Vp (km/s) GR Porosity

In this example, the sands from the same formation have been diagnosed as contact-cemented in one well and
completely unconsolidated (friable) in the other. This result is supported by the microscope image. It is
consistent with the fact that Well A is located in a high-energy depositional environment, and Well B is located
in the lobe where clay particles cover the grains, thus preventing contact cement growth.

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 GP170/2001 #1

Rock Physics Diagnostic

Well B
Well A

Rock physics diagnostic should be consistent with the location of the wells in the formation. The seismic
amplitude map indicates that Well A is located in a high-energy depositional environment, and Well B is
located in the lobe where clay particles cover the grains, thus preventing contact cement growth.

The rock physics diagnostic allows the user to fine-tune velocity-porosity transforms to specific depositional
environments.

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 GP170/2001 #1

Definitions -- Measurable Rock Properties

Bulk Density (RHOB, ρb) = Total Mass / Total Volume

Total Porosity (φ) = Pore Volume / Total Volume
Saturation (S) = Fluid Volume / Pore Volume
Sw + So + Sg = 1
RHOB = (1- φ) ρs + φ (Sw ρw + So ρo + Sg ρg )

Importance of Scale
1
Porosity

.5

0 Radius
6
 GP170/2001 #1

Definitions -- Elastic Rock Properties

Pconfining Ultrasonic Wave Transmission Experiment

ROCK

Transducer

Receiver
Ppore

WAVE

INPUT Peak-to-Peak Travel Time

Amplitude (mV)

OUTPUT
SIGNAL SIGNAL

V = L/τ

First-Break Travel Time

Time (ns)

3
Water
Saturated
Water
Pdifferential = Pconfining - Ppore 4 Saturated
Vp (km/s)

Vs (km/s)
Dry
Dry
3
Sandstone 2 Sandstone
9.5% Porosity 9.5% Porosity

0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
Differential Pressure (MPa) Differential Pressure (MPa)
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 GP170/2001 #1

Seismic Data and Elastic Rock Properties

1 ( Vp / Vs ) − 2
2

Acoustic or P-impedance I p = ρV p Poisson's Ratio ν=

2 ( V p / V s )2 − 1

1200 Incident Reflected

Travel Time (ms)

Normal P-Wave S-Wave Reflected

Reflection P-Wave
1300 R
Φ1
Θ1
1400

Θ2 Transmitted
1500 P-Wave
Φ2
T
1600
Transmitted
S-Wave
1700

I p2 − Ip1 dIp 1 1 1
R( 0) = = = d ln I p R( θ ) ≡ d ln Ie ≈ R(0) c o s θ + d( )sin θ
2 2
1800
I p2 + I p1 2I p 2 2 1− ν
1900 2
ln Ie = ln Ip + ( − ln I p )sin 2 θ
Acoustic Impedance 1− ν
2000
Elastic Impedance

ln I p 1 ln I p
R( θ ) ≈ d( ) + d( − ) sin 2 θ
2 1−ν 2
Intercept Gradient 8
 GP170/2001 #1
Elasticity

x1 Stress Tensor x1 Strain Tensor

n σ ij = σ ji i ≠ j; ε ij = ε ji i ≠ j.
T
u

x2 x2

Ti = σ ijn j 1 ∂ui ∂u j
ε ij = ( + )
x3 x3 2 ∂x j ∂x i

Hooke's law: 21 independent constants

σ ij = cijkle kl ; cijkl = c jikl = cijlk = c jilk , cijkl = cklij .
Isotropic Hooke's law: 2 independent constants (elastic moduli)

σ ij = λδ ij ε αα + 2µε ij ; ε ij = [(1 + ν )σ ij − νδ ijσ αα ] / E.

λ and µ -- Lame's constants; ν -- Poisson's ratio; E -- Young's modulus.

Bulk Modulus Compressional Modulus Young’s Modulus

and
K = λ + 2µ / 3 M = λ + 2µ Poisson’s Ratio

E = µ(3λ + 2µ ) / λ
( + µ)
ν = 0.5λ / (λ + µ )

Young σ zz = Mε zz Compressional
Z
σ zz = Eε zz
σ yy = λε zz =
ν = − ε xx / ε zz
X Shear [ λ / (λ + 2µ )]σ zz =
Y σ xx = σ yy =
[ ν / (1 − ν )]σ zz
σ xy = σ xz =
σ xz = 2µε xz ε xx = ε yy =
σ yz = 0
ε xx = ε yy = ε zz = ε xy = 0 ε xy = ε xz = ε yz = 0 9
 GP170/2001 #1

Static and Dynamic Elasticity

u(z)
Wave equation:
Compressional σ(z) σ(z+dz) z
Experiment A dz

ε ~ 10-7 Adzρ u˙˙ = A[σ (z + dz ) − σ ( z )] = Adz∂σ / ∂z ⇒ ρ∂ 2 u / ∂t 2 = ∂σ / ∂z

σ = Mε = M∂u / ∂z ⇒ ∂ 2u / ∂t 2 = ( M / ρ )∂ 2 u / ∂z 2 ≡ V 2p ∂ 2 u / ∂z 2

Vp = M / ρ = ( K + 4G / 3) / ρ ; V s = G /ρ;
Dynamic definitions:
M = ρV 2p ; G = ρV s2 ; K = ρ(V 2p − 4V s2 / 3); λ = ρ( V 2p − 2V s2 )

Sample 10156-58
70
Static uniaxial experiment:
60
Axial Stress (MPa)

ε ~ 10-2 50 Pc = 2000 psi = 14.1 MPa

40

30 Pc = 500 psi = 3.52 MPa

Pc = 0
20

10

RADIAL AXIAL
0
-0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
Strain
10
 GP170/2001 #1

Static Moduli

30 #10118.9

Axial Stress (MPa)

Pc = 0

20

10

Axial Strain
0
a

0.000 #10118.9
Pc = 0
Radial Strain

-0.001
Axial Strain
b
Young's Modulus (GPa)

8 #10118.9
Pc = 0
6

4
Tangent = 3.06 GPa
2
Axial Strain
0
c

#10118.9
0.3 Pc = 0
Poisson's Ratio

Tangent = .253
0.2

0.1

Axial Strain
0
d 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
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 GP170/2001 #1

Static and Dynamic Moduli

10197-9.5 Dynamic
25 Hydrostatic

10198 Dynamic
Axial Loading
No Confinig Pressure
20

Young's Modulus (GPa)

15

10197 Static
Axial Loading
10
3.52 MPa Confinig Pressure

5
10199.5 Static
Axial Loading
14.1 MPa Confinig Pressure
0
a
.4

.3
Poisson's Ratio

.2

.1

0
0 10 20 30
b Axial Stress (MPa)
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 GP170/2001 #1

Effect of Porosity and Mineralogy

QUARTZ

Load-
Bearing Porous
Grains Clay CLAY

Void

4
Dry Dry
Clay < 35% 3% < Clay < 18% Clay < 35% 3% < Clay < 18%

No Clay
5
No Clay
Vp (km/s)

Vs (km/s)
3

18% < Clay < 37%

3 2 18% < Clay < 37%
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Porosity Porosity Porosity Porosity

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 GP170/2001 #1

Data Sources in Rock Physics -- History

Source Time Period Scale

______________________________________________________________________
Core Data 1950's - current 1 inch
Log Data 1990's - current 1 ft
Seismic Data current - future 100 ft

Core-Data Based Equations -- Wyllie's Time Average

1 1−φ φ Mineral Fluid

τ p = τ ps + τ pf ⇒ = +
Vp V ps V pf

Rock Type Mineral Velocity (km/s)

Raymer's Equation
Sandstone 5.480 to 5.950
V p = (1 − φ ) 2 V ps + φV pf Limestone 6.400 to 7.000
Dolomite 7.000 to 7.925

Han's
Oseberg
Troll
5 Raymer

Wyllie
Vp (km/s)

2 14
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Porosity
 GP170/2001 #1

Calculating Solid-Phase Properties

Hill's Elastic Moduli Average (ad-hoc)

MSolid = 0.5( MV + M R ), Density of the solid phase

n n n
ρ S = ∑ Xiρ i
Xi −1
MV = ∑ Xi Mi , MR = ( ∑ )
i =1 i=1 Mi i =1

M is either bulk or shear modulus; Xi is the volume fraction of i-th mineral in the
solid phase; Mi is the corresponding elastic modulus
4
Solid Phase Vp = ( K + G) /ρ
3
Vs = G/ρ

QUARTZ CALCITE
Mineral Bulk Modulus (GPa) Shear Modulus(GPa) Density (g/cc)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Quartz 36.6 45 2.65
Clay 21 7 2.54
MICA CLAY

Mineral's volume in whole rock vs. volume in the solid

Whole Rock
Whole rock: f Clay + f Quartz + φ = 1 Solid phase: XClay + X Quartz = 1
f Solid = f Clay + f Quartz
QUARTZ

PORE f Clay f f
XClay = = Clay = Clay
f Clay + f Quartz f Solid 1 − φ
CLAY
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 GP170/2001 #1

Core database -- Han '86

6
Vp (km/s)

5 MPa 20 MPa 40 MPa

2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Porosity Porosity Porosity

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 GP170/2001 #1

Core database -- Han '86

4
Vs (km/s)

5 MPa 20 MPa 40 MPa

1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 0.1 0.2 0.30 0.1 0.2 0.3
Porosity Porosity Porosity

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 GP170/2001 #1
Core database -- Han '86 -- Effect of Clay

40 MPa
40 MPa Clay Clay
5.5 0.24
0.5 Poisson's 0.5

Vp (km/s) Ratio
0.22
0.45 0.45
5
0.4 0.2 0.4

0.35 0.18 0.35

4.5

0.3 0.16 0.3

4 0.25 0.14 0.25

0.2 0.12 0.2

3.5
0.15 0.1 0.15

0.1 0.08 0.1

3

0.05 0.06 0.05

2.5 0.04
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Porosity P-Impedance

Pressure and Porosity

40 MPa .01
.3
.2

Relative Change
5 MPa to 40 MPa
Porosity at 40 MPa

Porosity Increase

Relative Reduction
Left: Porosity at .1
.2 40 MPa versus porosity
at 5 MPa.
0
.1 .2 .3
Right: Increase of porosity Porosity at 5 MPa
.1 between 40 MPa and 5 MPa
versus porosity at 5 MPa.

All samples are sandstone.

0
.1 .2 .3 .1 .2 .3
Porosity at 5 MPa Porosity at 5 MPa 18
 GP170/2001 #1

Home Assignment -- Matlab

1. Load Han.dat
The data are given for room-dry rock samples --
Phi ClayWholeRock BulkDensity Vp5MPa Vp20MPa Vp40MPa Vs5MPa Vs20MPa Vs40MPa

2. Plot Vp and Vs at 40 MPa versus porosity, color by clay content (2 plots)

3. Calculate Ip, Nu at all pressures

4. Plot Nu versus Ip at all pressures, color by clay content (3 plots)

5. For use in Wyllie's and Raymer's equations, calculate VpSolid versus ClayWholeRock

6. For fluid use air at normal conditions -- bulk modulus ~ 1 bar = 0.1 MPa; density ~ 1 kg/cu m
= 0.001 g/cc

7. Apply Wyllie's and Raymer's equations to predict Vp in Han's data, sample-by-sample; plot Vp
predicted versus Vp measured for all pressures -- altogether 6 plots.

6 6
Consolidated Sandstones Consolidated Sandstones
Example WGG Equation RHG Equation

Vp Raymer (km/s)
Vp Wyllie (km/s)

5 5

4 4

3 3
3 4 5 6 3 4 5 6
Vp True (km/s) Vp True (km/s)
19