Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Banundari Rachmawati
Bag Patologi Klinik FK UNDIP
2
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Dyslipidemia
• is elevation of plasma cholesterol,
triglycerides (TGs), or both, or a low high-
density lipoprotein level that contributes to the
development of atherosclerosis.
• Causes may be primary (genetic) or
secondary.
• Diagnosis is by measuring plasma levels of
total cholesterol, TGs, and individual
lipoproteins.
.
Lipid Metabolism
• Cholesterol
synthesis
• Lipoproteins:
VLDL
LDL
HDL
• Chylomicrons
5
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Dyslipidemia based on TG and Apo 7
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Normal Arterial Wall
Tunica adventitia
Tunica media
Tunica intima
Endothelium
Subendothelial connective
tissue
Elastic/collagen fibers
Fatty streak
Normal
Lipid-rich plaque
Foam cells
Fibrous cap
Lipid core
Thrombus
Vulnerable vs Stable Atherosclerotic
Plaques
Vulnerable Plaque
Lumen Lipid • Thin fibrous cap
Fibrous Cap
Core • Inflammatory cell infiltrates:
proteolytic activity
• Lipid-rich plaque
Stable Plaque
Lumen • Thick fibrous cap
Lipid
Core
• Smooth muscle cells:
Fibrous Cap more extracellular matrix
• Lipid-poor plaque
Hypertension
Obesity
Hyperinsulinemia
Insulin Diabetes
Resistance Atherosclerosis
Hypertriglyceridemi
a
Small, dense LDL
Low HDL
Hypercoagulability
Mechanisms Relating Insulin Resistance and
Dyslipidemia
Fat Cells Live
r
FFA
X
IR
Insulin
Mechanisms Relating Insulin Resistance and
Dyslipidemia
Fat Cells Live
r
FFA
TG VLDL
Apo
IR X B
VLDL
Insulin
Mechanisms Relating Insulin Resistance and
Dyslipidemia
Fat Cells Live
r
FFA CE
TG VLD (CETP) HD
(hepati
Apo L c
L
X B lipase)
IR TG
VLDL Apo A-
1
Kidne
Insulin y
Mechanisms Relating Insulin Resistance and
Dyslipidemia
Fat Cells Live
r
FFA CE
TG VLD (CETP) HD
(hepati
Apo L c
L
X B lipase)
IR TG
VLDL Apo A-
CE (CETP) TG 1
Kidne
Insulin y
SD
LD
LDL
L
(lipoprotein or hepatic
lipase)
Classification of Dyslipidemia
Fredrickson Classification
Type Elevated Associated clinical Serum Serum
particles disorders TC TG
IV VLDL Familial ↔↑ ↑↑
hypertriglyceridemia,
familial combined
hyperlipidemia, sporadic
hypertriglyceridemia,
diabetes
V Chylomicrons, Diabetes ↑ ↑↑
VLDL
Secondary Causes of Lipoprotein
Abnormalities
LIPIDS IN BLOOD
TOTAL
TRIGLYCERIDES (TG)
CHOLESTEROL
GOOD
CHOLESTEROL
HDL 1 and HDL 2
BAD CHOLESTEROL
LDL, VLDL (TG), Lp(a)
23
Composition
of
Lipoprotein
classification based
Lipoproteins on the relative
densities of the
aggregates on
ultracentrifugation
TG EC
Apoprotein boat
24
Good, Bad, Ugly & Deadly
C C
T TG
G
A I, A II B 100
25
All are the terrorists !!
Apolipoprotein B
Measurements Non-HDL-C
LIPIDS
ESTIMATED
TOTAL
TRIGLYCERIDES
CHOLESTEROL
HDLc LDLc VLDLc (TG) VLDL
Chylomicrons
(TC)
PP Fasting
28
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Discussion
Interpretation of Results
Diagnosis
Near
Border line
200-239 100-129 optima/Above
high
optimal
Borderline
130-159
high
≥ 240 High 160-189 High
< 40 Low
Border line
150-199
high
200-400 High
≥ 60 High
≥ 500 Very high