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EHP: e-m-f and Oxidative Stress

Doyon, P. R., and O. Johansson. “Electromagnetic fields may act via calcineurin inhibition to suppress
immunity, thereby increasing risk for opportunistic infection: Conceivable mechanisms of
action.” Medical Hypotheses, vol. 106, 2017, pp. 71-87.
• It is hypothesized here that exposures to electromagnetic fields have the potential to inhibit
immune system response by means of an eventual pathological increase in the influx of calcium
into the cytoplasm of the cell, which induces a pathological production of reactive oxygen
species, which in turn can have an inhibitory effect on calcineurin.
• Calcineurin inhibition leads to immunosuppression, which in turn leads to a weakened immune
system and an increase in opportunistic infection.
Çelik, Ömer, Mehmet Cemal Kahya, and Mustafa Nazıroğlu. “Oxidative stress of brain and liver is
increased by Wi-Fi (2.45 GHz) exposure of rats during pregnancy and the development of
newborns.” Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy, vol. 75, 2016, pp. 134-9.
• This study aimed to investigate the effects of Wi-Fi-induced EMR on the brain and liver
antioxidant redox systems in the rat during pregnancy and development.
• “In conclusion, Wi-Fi-induced oxidative stress in the brain and liver of developing rats was the
result of reduced GSH-Px, GSH and antioxidant vitamin concentrations. Moreover, the brain
seemed to be more sensitive to oxidative injury compared to the liver in the development of
newborns.”
Kuybulu et al. “Effects of long-term pre- and post-natal exposure to 2.45 GHz wireless devices on
developing male rat kidney.” Renal Failure, vol. 38, no. 4, 2016, pp. 571-80.
• The aim of the present study was to investigate oxidative stress and apoptosis in kidney tissues
of male Wistar rats that pre- and postnatally exposed to wireless electromagnetic field (EMF)
with an internet frequency of 2.45 GHz for a long time.
• Tubular injury was detected in most of the specimens in post-natal groups.
• Based on this study, it is thought that chronic pre- and post-natal period exposure to wireless
internet frequency of EMF may cause chronic kidney damages; staying away from EMF source
in especially pregnancy and early childhood period may reduce negative effects of exposure on
kidney.
Mina, Despoina, et al. “Immune responses of a wall lizard to whole-body exposure to radiofrequency
electromagnetic radiation.” International Journal of Radiation Biology, vol. 92, no. 3, 2016, pp. 162-
168.
• “The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of radiofrequency EMR emitted by a
widely used wireless communication device, namely the Digital Enhanced Communication
Telephony (DECT) base, on the immune responses of the Aegean wall lizard (Podarcis
erhardii).”
• “Our results revealed a noticeable suppression (approximately 45%) of inflammatory responses
in EMR-exposed lizards compared to sham-exposed animals. T cell-mediated responses were
marginally affected.”
• Researchers concluded that daily radiofrequency EMR exposure seems to affect, at least
partially, the immunocompetence of the Aegean wall lizard.
Pandey, Neelam, et al. “Radiofrequency radiation (900 MHz)-induced DNA damage and cell cycle
arrest in testicular germ cells in swiss albino mice.” Toxicology and Industrial Health, 2016.
• In view of a widespread and extensive use of mobile phones, this study evaluates alterations in
male germ cell transformation kinetics following RFR exposure and after recovery.
• Swiss albino mice were exposed to RFR (900 MHz) for 4 h and 8 h duration per day for 35
days.
• RFR exposure caused depolarization of mitochondrial membranes resulting in destabilized
cellular redox homeostasis. Statistically significant increases in the damage index in germ cells
and sperm head defects were noted in RFR-exposed animals.
• 2.5-fold increases in spermatogonial populations with significant decreases in spermatids.
Almost fourfold reduction in spermatogonia to spermatid turnover (1C:2C) and three times
reduction in primary spermatocyte to spermatid turnover (1C:4C) was found indicating arrest in
the premeiotic stage of spermatogenesis, which resulted in loss of post-meiotic germ cells
apparent from testis histology and low sperm count in RFR-exposed animals.
• To conclude, RFR exposure-induced oxidative stress causes DNA damage in germ cells, which
alters cell cycle progression leading to low sperm count in mice.
Sahin, Duygu, et al. “The 2100MHz radiofrequency radiation of a 3G-mobile phone and the DNA
oxidative damage in brain.” Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy 75 (2016): 94-98.
• “Our main finding was the increased oxidative DNA damage to brain after 10 days of exposure
with the decreased oxidative DNA damage following 40 days of exposure compared to their
control groups. Besides decreased lipid peroxidation end product, MDA, was observed after 40
days of exposure.
• The measured decreased quantities of damage during the 40 days of exposure could be the
means of adapted and increased DNA repair mechanisms.”
Bodera, et al. Influence of electromagnetic field (1800 MHz) on lipid peroxidation in brain, blood, liver
and kidney in rats. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, vol. 28,
no. 4, 2015, pp. 751-9.
• Administration of tramadol together with the EMF exposure enhanced lipid peroxidation in
kidneys, blood, and brain, both in healthy rats and those with inflammation, which was similar
to the results of our previous study carried out by another method.
• It can be concluded that the increased risk of oxidative stress in various organs due to
electromagnetic radiation should be taken into account. However, this risk burden is probably
determined by the duration of exposure, SAR and also additional environmental factors.
Igor Yakymenko, et al. “Oxidative mechanisms of biological activity of low-intensity radiofrequency
radiation.” Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2015.
• 93 out of 100 currently available peer-reviewed studies dealing with oxidative effects of low-
intensity RFR, confirmed that RFR induces oxidative effects in biological systems.
• In conclusion, our analysis demonstrates that low-intensity RFR is an expressive oxidative
agent for living cells with a high pathogenic potential and that the oxidative stress induced by
RFR exposure should be recognized as one of the primary mechanisms of the biological activity
of this kind of radiation.
Cetin H, et al. “Liver antioxidant stores protect the brain from electromagnetic radiation (900 and 1800
MHz)-induced oxidative stress in rats during pregnancy and the development of offspring.” Journal of
Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, vol. 27, no. 6, 2014.
• EMR-induced oxidative stress in the brain and liver was reduced during the development of
offspring.EMR could be considered as a cause of oxidative brain and liver injury in growing
rats.

Hou Q, et al. “Oxidative changes and apoptosis induced by 1800-MHz electromagnetic radiation in
NIH/3T3 cells.” Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, vol. 34, no. 1, 2014, pp. 85-92.
• Our results showed a significant increase in intracellular ROS levels after EMR exposure.
• These results indicate that an 1800-MHz EMR enhances ROS formation and promotes
apoptosis in NIH/3T3 cells.

Yakymenko, Igor, et al. “Low intensity radiofrequency radiation: a new oxidant for living cells.”
Oxidants and Antioxidants in Medical Science, vol. 3, no. 1, 2014, pp. 1-3.
• A “strong non-thermal character of biological effects of RFR has been documented” and “it is
clear that the substantial overproduction of ROS in living cells under low intensity RFR
exposure could cause a broad spectrum of health disorders and diseases, including cancer in
humans.
• Undoubtedly, this calls for the further intensive research in the area, as well as to a
precautionary approach in routine usage of wireless devices.”

Hamzany Y, et al. “Is Human Saliva an Indicator of the Adverse Health Effects of Using Mobile
Phones?” Antioxidants and Redox Signaling, vol. 18, no. 6, 2013, pp. 622-7.
• Researchers found significant increases in all salivary oxidative stress indices studied in mobile
phone users.
• Salivary flow, total protein, albumin, and amylase activity were decreased in mobile phone
users.
• “These observations lead to the hypothesis that the use of mobile phones may cause oxidative
stress and modify salivary function.”
Nazıroğlu, M., et al. “Recent reports of Wi-Fi and mobile phone-induced radiation on oxidative stress
and reproductive signaling pathways in females and males.” Journal of Membrane Biology, vol. 246,
no. 12, 2013, pp. 869-75.
• In conclusion, the results of current studies indicate that oxidative stress from exposure to Wi-Fi
and mobile phone-induced EMR is a significant mechanism affecting female and male
reproductive systems.
Szmigielski, Stanislaw. “Reaction of the immune system to low-level RF/MW exposures.” Science of
the Total Environment, vol. 454, 2013, pp. 393-400.
• “In this review, the impacts of weak RF/MW fields, including cell phone radiation, on various
immune functions, both in vitro and in vivo, are discussed. The bulk of available evidence
clearly indicates that various shifts in the number and/or activity of immunocompetent cells are
possible, however the results are inconsistent.”
• “Certain premises exist which indicate that, in general, short-term exposure to weak MW
radiation may temporarily stimulate certain humoral or cellular immune functions, while
prolonged irradiation inhibits the same functions.”
Ballardin, Michela, et al. “Non-thermal effects of 2.45 GHz microwaves on spindle assembly, mitotic
cells and viability of Chinese hamster V-79 cells.” Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular
Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, vol. 716, no. 1, 2011, pp. 1-9.
• “The production of mitotic spindle disturbances and activation of the apoptosis pathway in V79
Chinese hamster cells by continuous 2.45 GHz microwaves exposure were studied, in order to
investigate possible non-thermal cell damage.
• We demonstrated that microwave (MW) exposure at the water resonance frequency was able to
induce alteration of the mitotic apparatus and apoptosis as a function of the applied power
densities (5 and 10 mW/cm2), together with a moderate reduction in the rate of cell division.
• After an exposure time of 15 min the proportion of aberrant spindles and of apoptotic cells was
significantly increased, while the mitotic index decreased as well, as compared to the untreated
V79 cells.”
Augner C, et al. “Effects of exposure to GSM mobile phone base station signals on salivary cortisol,
alpha-amylase, and immunoglobulin A.” Biomedical and Environmental Science, vol. 23, no. 3, 2010,
pp. 199-207.
• Increases of cortisol and a higher concentration of alpha-amylase were detected in subjects
under various EMF exposure scenarios.
• RF-EMF in considerably lower field densities than ICNIRP-guidelines may influence certain
psychobiological stress markers.
Grigoriev, Yury G., et al. “Confirmation studies of Soviet research on immunological effects of
microwaves: Russian immunology results.” Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 31, no. 8, 2010, pp. 589-602.
• “This paper presents the results of a replication study performed to investigate earlier Soviet
studies conducted between 1974 and 1991 that showed immunological and reproductive effects
of long-term low-level exposure of rats to radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields.
• Our results showed the same general trends as the earlier study, suggesting possible adverse
effects of the blood serum from exposed rats on pregnancy and foetal development of intact
rats, however, application of these results in developing exposure standards is limited.”
Tomruk A, Guler G and A.S. Dincel. “The influence of 1800 MHz GSM-like signals on hepatic
oxidative DNA and lipid damage in nonpregnant, pregnant, and newly born rabbits.” Cell Biochemistry
and Biophysics, vol. 56, no. 1, 2010, pp. 39-47.
• The whole-body 1800 MHz GSM-like RF radiation exposure may lead to oxidative destruction
as being indicators of subsequent reactions that occur to form oxygen toxicity in tissues

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