March 2002

An International,
Registered & Refereed
P olitical Science

Since
UGC Approved Journal
Monthly Journal :
Research Link Research Link - 168, Vol - XVII (1), March - 2018, Page No. 69-70
ISSN - 0973-1628  RNI - MPHIN-2002-7041  Impact Factor - 2015 - 2.782

Life and Education of Mahmud Ghaznavi

Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi was a king who attained varieties of worldly prosperity and the
fame of his Justice and government, and the sound of his fortitude and country-subduing qualities,
reached beyond the hall of planet Saturn. In prosperously carrying on war against the kings, he
exalted the standards of the religion of the faithful, and in his laudable endeavours for extirpating
heretics, he rooted out oppression and impiety. When he entered into battle his heroism was like a
torrent, which rushes over even and uneven places without heed, and during the time that he sat
upon the throne and was successful in his undertakings, the light of his justice, like the rays of the
sun, shone upon every one. His wisdom during the nights of misfortune like a star, pointed out the
way and his sword pierced the joints of his enemies like the hand of fate.

DR. SHAFIUZZAMAN

M ahmud became the Amir in 999 AD. Immediately
after his accession he embarked on his amazing career of
conquests. In the very first year of his rule he overpowered,
the Samanids, and annexed the territory upto the Oxus. In
1001 C.E. he conquered Kohistan. In 1001 C.E. he had to
fight against the Hindushahis. A sangunary battle took place
near peshawar. In this battle the Hindushahis suffered defeat
and Mahmud annexed the territory upto the Indus. Raja Jaipal
having been defeated thrice forfeited the right to rule. He
burnt himself to death. He was succeeded by his son Anand
Pal. In 1002 C.E. Mahmud annexed seestan. In 1004 C.E.
Mahmud crossed the Indus and defeated the Raja of Bhatia
(modern Bhera). In 1005 C.E. he captured Ghur in the west
and Multan in the east. In 1008 C.E. the Hindu Rajas made
big effort to expel the Muslims from the soil of India. The
Rajas of Ujjain, Gwalior, Kalinjar, Kannauj, Delhi and Ajmer
sent contingents to aid Anandpal. A sanguinary battle took
place in 1008 C.E. in the chach plain near modern-Hazro. The
Hindus fought desperately but the superior generalship of
Mahmud won the day. The Hindu forces were annihilated
and Mahmud annexed the territory between the Indus and
the Jhelam. In 1018 C.E. Mahmud extended his conquests
further west and Khawarzam shahs of Khiva became him
vassal. In 1019 C.E. he confronted the Hindu Shahis again.
The Hindu Shahis were defeated and Mahmud annexed their
territories. Lahore was made the capital of the Ghazanavid
Punjab. With the establishment of the Ghaznavid rule in the
Punjab, north-west India became a Muslim state. With Lahore
as the base, Mahmud conducted campaigns in India, and
amassed considerable booty in such raids. In 1024 C.E.
Mahmud led an expedition to Somnath. In 1026 C.E. on return
from Somnath he annexed Sind. After the annexation of Sind
a state emerged in northwest India which comprised the areas
which now from Pakistan. In 1029 C.E. Mahmud defeated the
Bawayhids and annexed Ray.
Mahmud died in 1030 C.E. after an eventful reign of
thirty one years. At the time of his death, the Ghazanavide
Empire stretched from the Beas to the Oxus. He was one of
the greatest rulers of the eleventh century. When Subuktagin
came to power, Ghazni was a small principality. Between
themselves Subuktagin and Mahmud raised the principality
to the dimensions of an empire.(1)
Rise of Ghazni :
We have seen that, with the exception of the frontier
provinces of Sind and Multan, India remained unaffected by
the tide of Arab conquest. The establishment of Muslim rule
in India was the work of the Turks, and the process was
begun by the Turkish rulers.
The principality of Ghazni was founded in 963 A.D. by
an adveturer named Alptigin. He started his career as a slave
of the Samanids, whose power at one time extended from the
Jaxartes to Baghdad and from Khawarizm to the borders of
India. Alptigin died within a few months of achieving the
crowning success of his life, and after an interval of about 14
years, his slave and son-in-law, Sabuktigin, occupied his
throne (977 A.D.). The new ruler was an enterprising military
leader eager for conquests. His attention was naturally turned
to the neighbouring principality of Jaipal, the Hindu Shahi(2)
king, whose authority extended from Lamghan to the river
Chenab.
Rise of the Turks :
In spite of their initial success the Arabs had not been
able to extend their dominion beyond Sindh and Multan. In
fact, their rule dwindled into insignificance by the middle of

Assistant Professor & Head (Department of Political Science), Mohd. Masood Khan Degree College, Mangrawan,
Azamgarh (Uttar Pradesh)

UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal-168  Vol-XVII (1)  March-2018  69

the ninth century A.D. It was left to the Turks to complete
the work begun by the Arabs. The Turks had, a short time
before our period, embraced Islam and possessed all the zeal
and narrow mindedness of the neophytes. They were intrepid,
brave, full of boundless energy and push and thoroughly
materialistic in their outlook. Islam had given them a thin
veneer of religiosity. They were inordinately ambitious and
their qualities and faults combined to make them eminently
fit for founding a big military empire in the east.
Accession of Mahmud :
Sabuktigin died in 997 A.D. and was succeeded by his
famous son, Mahmud, though not without a war of
succession between him and his younger brother, Ismail who
was nominated heir their dying father. Mahmud was born on
Ist November 971 A.D., and was, at the time of his accession
in 998 A.D., twenty-seven years of age. At that time his
kingdom comprised Afghanistan and Khurasan. Mahmud
secured the formal recognition of his sovereignty from the
Caliph of Baghdad (al-Qadir Billah). He was also given the
title Yamin-ud-Daulah and Amin-ul-Millah. His dynasty is,
therefore, known as the Yamini dynasty.
His Character :
Mahmud was an extremely ambitious young man. It is
said that on the occasion of his investiture by the Khalifa he
took a vow to undertake every year an expedition against
the infidels of India. He tried to fulfill this vow. Mahmud was
not gifted with kingly looks. He was a man of medium height
and of strong build, but was rather ugly looking. He did not
possess extraordinary personal prowess. Nevertheless, he
was a great general and also an equally good soldier. He was
an extremely intelligent and strewed man, endowed with the
royal gift of judging human character. His out-standing
virtues were cool courage, prudence and resourcefulness.
He was, moreover, a man of restless activity and overpowering
ambitions. He possessed a habitual air of command and was
adept in statecraft. He considered no body as indispensable
and used every one he came into contact with as an
instrument for the attainment of his object. Professor
Mohammad Habib says that his outlook on life was
essentially secular and that he was not a man to follow the
Muslim Ulema blindly. He was not, according to this learned
author, a fanatic. Mahmud's life and his deeds, however,
demonstrate the fact that he was, without doubt, devoted to
his religion and that he believed that he was serving the
cause of Islam in carrying unprovoked war into the territory
of the Hindu idolators. His court historian, Utbi, looked upon
Mahmud's expeditions to India as jihad, that is, holy war for
the extirpation of idolatry and propagation of Islam. “Sultan
Mahmud”, he writes in his Tarikh-i-Yanini “at first designed
in his heart to go to Sijistan, but subsequently preferred to
engage previously in a holy war against Hind”. Utbi adds
that he called a council of his officers “in order to secure a
blessing on his design of exalting the standard of religion,
widening the plain of right, of illuminating the words of truth
and strengthening the power of justice”. These words clearly
UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal-168  Vol-XVII (1)  March-2018  70
show that Mahmud's contemporaries believed that one of
the main objects of his aggressive policy against our country
was to serve his religion. There were, of course, other
reasons. Mahmud was an ambitious man and wanted to rule
over as big an empire as a man could possibly create. He was
fond of wealth, as all powerfull people are, and he had heard
of the stories of India's fabulous riches. He was, moreover, a
warrior thirsting for military glory. Besides, being a realist, he
might possibly have considered the continued existence of
a hostile Hindu power in his immediate neighbourhood as a
menace to his independent existence, or at any rate, to his
policy of expansion. For all these reasons Mahmud decided,
almost immediately after his accession, to pursue a policy of
aggressive warfare against Hindustan.(3)
“Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi was a king who attained
varieties of worldly prosperity and the fame of his Justice
and government, and the sound of his fortitude and country-
subduing qualities, reached beyond the hall of planet Saturn.
In prosperously carrying on war against the kings, he exalted
the standards of the religion of the faithful, and in his laudable
endeavours for extirpating heretics, he rooted out oppression
and impiety. When he entered into battle his heroism was
like a torrent, which rushes over even and uneven places
without heed, and during the time that he sat upon the throne
and was successful in his undertakings, the light of his
justice, like the rays of the sun, shone upon every one. His
wisdom during the nights of misfortune like a star, pointed
out the way and his sword pierced the joints of his enemies
like the hand of fate.”(4)
“Mahmud was born 10 Muharram 361 Hijri (1 November,
971 A.D.) and was therefore 27 years of age when he deposed
his brother and ascended the throne in 998 A.D.”.(5) His father
Subuktigin a great General and was very loyal to the king
Alaptagine. His mother was a daughter of one of the grandees
of Zabulistan, and for this reason he was called 'Zabuli'. Some
writers are of the opinion that Mahmud was not the real son
of subuktigin, but if he was of this kind, he was not called
'Mahmud-uz-Abli' by the poet of his court.
There is not much literature available about the basic
education of this great general. “He remembered the whole
Quran by heart and he was very learned in the field of Hadis
(Tradition) and fequah (Theology). His preceptor was Bu Ali
Sina”.(6)
References :
(1) Hasan, Prof. Masud-ul, (2010) : History of Islam, vol. I,
Adam Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi. (2) The Hindu Shahi
dynasty was founded in the third decade of the ninth century by
Lalliya. Jaipal's reign roughly covered the period 965-1002 A.D.
(3) Hon. Mountstuabt Elphinstone, History of India. The Hindu
and Mahometan Periods, Kitab Mahal Private Ltd., Allahabad,
1966. (4) Elliot and Dowson, History of Ghazni, p.137. (5) W.
Haig, Cambridge History of India, p.12. (6) Khan, A.B., Aik Tanquidi
Jaiza, Mahmud Ghaznavi, p.16.

 An International,

March 2002
Registered & Refereed
P olitical Science

Since
UGC Approved Journal
Monthly Journal :
Research Link Research Link - 168, Vol - XVII (1), March - 2018, Page No. 71-73
ISSN - 0973-1628  RNI - MPHIN-2002-7041  Impact Factor - 2015 - 2.782

Right to Service Act in Punjab : Implementation and

Implications
Service delivery is one of the most important interfaces between a modern
democratic state and its citizens. The aim of public service delivery is to deliver cost-
effective, high-quality services. Citizens are not fully informed and aware of their rights,
and public services are not delivered in an equitable, efficient and transparent manner.The
bureaucratic institutions are aimed at providing various services to the citizens. Punjab
has also attempted various other successful initiatives to improve the delivery of public
Services. Most of these experiences came as pilot projects and have particularly used
information and communication technology in delivery of services.

NIRMAL SINGH* & DR. SUKHINDER SINGH**

T he Public Services Law in India owes its origin
from the Citizens Charter of UK promulgated in 1991.
Though, it was not a legal document in the strict sense of
the law, being an agreement of contract entered into between
the citizens and public servants, providing for competent
and time bound delivery of services.(1) The 'Citizens Charter'
was introduced in India in 1997, which was voluntary in
character. That was based on logo “Services First” as in the
UK. The Charter gradually spread through Central to State
Ministries and to their local bodies and organizations. In
2002, a website was launched by the department of
Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances towards
consolidating the write up on the progresses and
improvement resulted out of Citizens Charters.(2)
It also recommended for holding officers accountable
for results at the Central, State, District and Sub-District
levels, Municipalities and Panchayts. They are duty bound
towards supplies of goods or render services and redress
any complaints from citizens in the prescribed manner.
Further, it was required to remedy the grievances in a time
frame not exceeding thirty days from the day of receipt of
the complaint. Every Citizen is entitled to hassle-free public
services and redressed of his grievances. Accordingly, the
Right to Service Act represents the commitment of
particular state towards the standard, quality and time frame
of services delivery, grievances redressal mechanism,
transparency and accountability. It makes the service
providers aware of their duties to attend to the problems of
concerned citizens within a reasonable time-frame.(3)
What is Right to Public Services? :
Right to Public Services legislation in India comprises
*Researcher, (Department of Political Science), Women's Studies Centre, Punjabi University, Patiala (Punjab)
**Assistant Professor (Department of Political Science), Women's Studies Centre, Punjabi University, Patiala (Punjab)
statutory law which guarantees time-bound delivery of
various public services rendered to citizens and provides a
mechanism for punishing the errant public servants if they
are deficient in providing the stipulated services. Hence,
Right to Service legislation ensures delivery of time bound
services to the public. If the concerned officer fails to
provide the service in time, he will pay a fine. Which can
range from 500 to 5000 or may be disciplinary proceed.
Thus, it is aimed to reduce corruption among the government
officials and to increase transparency and public
accountability.(4)
How it Works? :
(1) The common framework of the state legislations
includes, granting of "Right to Public Services", which are
to be provided to the public by the designated official within
the stipulated time frame.
(2) The public services which are granted as a right is
generally notified through a Gazette notification.
(3) Some of the commonly provided public services,
including issuing caste, birth, marriage and domicile
certificates, electric connections, voter's card, ration cards,
copies of land records, etc., within the fixed time frame.
(4) On failure to provide the service by the designated
officer, the aggrieved person can approach the First
Appellate Authority. The First Appellate Authority, after
hearing, It can order the public servant to provide the service
to the applicant.
(5) An applicant may be compensated out of the
penalty imposed on the officer.
(6) Appellate authorities have been granted certain
Civil Court powers while trying a suit under Code of Civil

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Procedure, 1908, like production of documents and
issuance of summons to the designated officers and
appellants.(5)
Punjab is the 9th State to pass the Punjab Right to
Service Act on October 20, 2011, Punjab Government, with
a view to provide delivery of services to the people of the
state within time limits, notified Punjab Right to Service
Ordinance on 14 July 2011. The Ordinance came into force
28 July, 2011 and 67 services were notified under its
provision. Soon after, Punjab Right to Service Act 2011
(PRTS ACT, 2011) was passed by the State Assembly and
came into effect on 20 October, 2011. As per section 12 of
the PRTS Act 2011, there is a provision to constitute Punjab
Right to Service Commission (PRTS) consisting of One
Chief Commissioner and Fourth Commissioners who would
look after the task of effective implementation of the Act.
The PRTS Act 2011 was enacted with the sole objective of
providing an effective framework for time bound delivery
of service being provided by various government
departments in order to promote transparency and
accountably.(6)
Punjab is the First State in the Nation to appearance
Punjab Right to Service Commission for successful
performance of PRTS Act and the Commission is showing
its courage on a national scale by ensuring the greatest
implementation of the Act.(7) Currently, famous functions
experienced under this act currently are :
Suwidha Center : A Single Window for many
Services.
Sanjh Kendra : A Singular Window for Police
Services.
Fard Kendra : A Single Window for Revenue
Services.
Single User-friendly Window Disposal Helpline for
Applicants (SUWIDHA) :
The Punjab State Government that in a row with the
main concern of the State, particularly by launching sole
projects like SUWIDHA for its citizens. S.U.W.I.D.H.A or
Single Use Friendly Window Disposal and Helpline for
Applications commenced its services. It's label line
“Convenience and Commitment is Suwidha” talk in a
straight line and deliver on time.(8) It is used to make easy
the citizens by capturing the donation at a single point,
significant a particular date according to the type of service
then accepts the money at the counter itself and deliver the
necessary service on the similar counter. It is a Single
Window System to provide a valuable interface between
the Government and Public. It also gives the facility for the
citizens to make sure the status of their applications
throughout the project website.
Fard Kendras : This mission provides all types of
revenue services from a Single Window to the general
public. Fard Kendras have been set up to ensure fresh, clean
and well-organized services to the people on one hand and
save the citizens from unjustified harassment caused due
UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal-168  Vol-XVII (1)  March-2018  72
to excessive delay by the previous process followed by the
Revenue Officials. Similar as in extra Acts, the Punjab Act
has laid out an exact time limit for the provision of services.
The land proceedings of 12538 villages out of 13206
villages have been computerized in the National Land
Modernization Agenda. 167 Fard Kendras have been locate
for providing computerized copies of revenue documents
and supplementary revenue services.(9)
Saanjh Kendras : Police Department has also been
computerized hence that citizens can register their FIRs
online, verify the position of their passport confirmation
online and much more. But still there is a require that
citizens have to visit the Police Station to obtain their work
complete and it is observed that there is a basic fear among
ordinary citizens to enter the Police Station for civil work.
Consequently, under E-Governance projects, Saanjh
Kendras have been formed unconnectedly from the Police
Stations to make available 25 civil services of Punjab Police
to the citizens. 20 of these services are time surrounded in
Right to Service Act, 2011. Punjab is the First State to start
a citizen Friendly Saanjh Project. The fundamental attempt
at the back the implementation of Saanjh Kendras was to
decrease the communication with the general public and
“Khaki Police”. There is a unique dress code for the
employees at Saanjh Kendra other than “Khaki Uniform”.
The persons of these Kendras are wearing clothes in civil
and corporate civil dress. The well constructed and supplied
buildings of these Kendras provide them a Unique Identity.
This project is considered to provide services to citizens
without delay at statewide IT platform. In recent times the
Punjab Government has maintained more than 500 Saanjh
Kendras are put into practiced in the state which comprised
Kendras at 27 Police Districts, 114 Tehsils and 359 Police
Stations.(10)
Till July 2013, as several as 1.21 crore people had
benefited services in various districts of the State according
to the Act. Approximately 718 appeals were filed with the
First Appellate Authority, of which 678 were inclined off
and nine appeals were filed before the 2nd Appellate
Authority of which seven have been arranged off. All 11
revision petitions entertained too have been disposed off.(11)
Presently, there are 351 services which have notified into
the Punjab Right to Service Act, 2011 and these services
are provided by 41 diverse departments, as given below :
Revenue, Health, Transport, Personal, Food, Civil
Supplies and Consumer relationships, Housing, and Urban
progress, Local government, Rural Water make available
and hygiene, Social protection, Home, Interests of S.C.s
and B.C.s, Agriculture/ Mandi Board, Animal farming,
School, Education, Higher Education, Industries/ Punjab
little Industries and sell to other countries Corporation
limited Power/ Electricity Complaints and Pensions,
Municipality and Country Planning(12). The Act covers
services of the departments of local government, Transport,
Accommodation and Urban Development, Revenue, Health,
Home, Social Security, Food and Civil Supplies and Rural (5) Ibid, p.8.9.
Water Supply also and Police Department, these (6) Http's: // en. Wikipendia.org./Wiki/Right to Public
departments are time bound to provide the services. Like, services legislation, p.1.
the citizens would be capable to get hold copies of Birth (7) 7http/rtspunjab.gov.in/aboutus.aspx?dcvhsdcvhzc
(8) Ramesh Kumar, Standardization key to Social Reforms,
and Death Certificates within 2 days.
(2007), p. 77
(i) Post Mortem details contained by 3 days. (9) Sushil Kumar Singla and Himanshu Aggarwal “Impact
(ii) Certified copies of verification within 7 days. and Scope of E-Governance Initiatives in State of Punjab
(iii) Demarcation of land in 21 days. (INDIA), International Journal of Computer Applications”,
(iv) Attestation of obvious change within 15 days. Volume 44, No.14, April 2012. Retrieved from http://
(v) Sanction of house plans in 30 days. research.ijcaonline.org/volume44/number14/pxc3878689.pdf on
(vi) Profession Certificate inside 15 days. December 15, 2014.
(vii) NOC within 21 days. (10) “Right to Service Act- The Indian Express”, By
(viii) Transportation action within 15 days. Harpreet Bajba- Chandigarh, Nov. 2, 2012
(11) Ramesh Kumar (2007) : “Standardization key to
(ix) No Due Certificate within 7 days.
Social Reforms”, p. 77
(x) Transfer of property in case of death within 45 (12) http/www.unescape.org/huset/gg/governance.htm
days. (pdf)
(xi) Permission to mortgage within 7 days. (13) “House Passes Three Bill,Times of India,” Sep.7, 2012.
(xii) Completion certificate contained by 15 days.
(xiii) Authorize of Water Connection and Sewage 
Connection in 7 days.
(xiv) Later, two more services were added on May,
2012, taking the number to 69.(13)
Conclusion : UGC -
Service delivery is one of the most important APPROVED - JOURNAL
interfaces between a modern democratic state and its
citizens. The aim of public service delivery is to deliver
cost-effective, high-quality services. Citizens are not fully
informed and aware of their rights, and public services are
not delivered in an equitable, efficient and transparent
manner.The bureaucratic institutions are aimed at providing
various services to the citizens. Punjab has also attempted
various other successful initiatives to improve the delivery
of public Services. Most of these experiences came as pilot
projects and have particularly used information and
communication technology in delivery of services. Most
prominent among these are- Suwidha (Single User-friendly
Window Help Line for Applicants) Kendras/Centers. The
PRTSA has provided the time limit for the delivery of
notifying services and also has a provision of penalty
between Rs. 500 to Rs. 5000 to the erring officials for not
adhering to the time limit provided in the Act.
References :
(1) Speech by Mr. John Major MP, “Conservative Central
Council Annual meeting on 23rd March, 1991”, referred in the
Twelfth Report of the House of Commons Public Administration
Select Committee, Session 2007-08 titled “From Citizens Charter
to Public Service Guarantee Entitlements to Public Services”,
United.
(2) “Right to Public Services in India-The New Legal
Scenario”, Sindhu Thulaseedharan, Journal of Indian Law
Institute, New Delhi, 2013, p.4.
(3) Ibid
(4) “Transparency International India, the coalition against
corruption, Right to Public Services: A Guide”, S.K. Agarwal,
New Delhi, 2014, p.33. Retrieved www. tranparency India-org/
resource/ books/ rets. Pdf on Jan-2015, P.33.

UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal-168  Vol-XVII (1)  March-2018  73

 An International,

March 2002
Registered & Refereed
P olitical Science

Since
UGC Approved Journal
Monthly Journal :
Research Link Research Link - 168, Vol - XVII (1), March - 2018, Page No. 74-76
ISSN - 0973-1628  RNI - MPHIN-2002-7041  Impact Factor - 2015 - 2.782

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Lora=rk] lekurk] U;k;] bR;kfn vf/kdkj iznku fd, gSaA 'kklu orZeku le; esa] Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa O;oLFkkfidk cuke
ds rhuksa vaxksa esa fo/kkf;dk dks dkuwu cukus] dk;Zikfydk dks U;k;ikfydk dh loksZPprk dk eqn~nk pfpZr gS] ns'k esa fo/kkf;dk]
mu dkuwuksa dks ykxw djus rFkk U;k;ikfydk dks dkuwuksa dh dk;Zikfydk vkSj U;k;ikfydk ds ijLij laca/kksa esa cgl Hkh
O;k[;k djus dh 'kfDr iznku dh x;hA 'kfDr&foHkktu ls ns[kus dks fey jgh gSA fiNys dqN o"kksZa ls U;k;ikfydk ij
lacaf/kr vk/kkjHkwr fopkj uohu ugha gS] jktuhfr foKku ds Økafrdkjh ifjorZu vk;k gSA vkt og flQZ U;k; nsus dk gh
tud vjLrw us 'kklu dks vlsEcyh] eftLVsªV rFkk tqMhf'k;jh dk;Z ugha djrh] cfYd ,d lq/kkjd ,oe~ fn'kk&funsZ'kd dh Hkh
uked rhu Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk Fkk] vjLrq us 'kklu dks oS/kkfud] Hkwfedk vnk dj jgh gSA njvly] U;k;ikfydk dks ,sls dk;Z
iz'kkldh; ,oe~ U;kf;d :i rFkk buds vyx&vyx dk;Z Hkh djus iM+ jgs gSa] tks ewy :i ls lafo/kku }kjk fo/kkf;dk
ekudj jkt'kfDr ds i`FFkDdj.k dk ladsr fn;k FkkA jkseu ,oe~ dk;Zikfydk ij vf/kjksfir fd, x, gSaA iz'u ;g mBrk gS
ys[kd flljks vkSj iksyhfc;l dh jpukvksa esa Hkh 'kfDr&i`FFkDdj.k fd vkf[kj D;ksa U;k;ikfydk] fo/kkf;dk rFkk dk;Zikfydk ds
ds cht fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA lafonkoknh fopkjd tkWu ykWd us dk;Z{ks= esa n[ky ns jgh gS\ D;ksa U;k;ky; us fo/kkf;dk ,oa
fo/kkf;dk vkSj dk;Zikfydk esa 'kfDr;ksa ds foHkktu dk tksjnkj dk;Zikfydk dh 'kfDr;ksa dk vfrØe.k fd;k gS\ vkf[kj D;ksa
leFkZu fd;k FkkA U;k;ky; dks dkuwuh nk;jksa ls ckgj vkdj lfØ;rk ds lkFk
'kfDr&foHkktu fl)kar dh lcls lqna j O;k[;k Qzp sa ys[kd vusd vkns'k&funsZ'k nsus iM+ jgs gSa\
ekW.VsLD;w us lu~ 1748] esa viuh iqLrd ^fLizV vkWQ nh ykWt* U;kf;d lfØ;rk ls vk'k; %
esa dh FkhA ekW.VsLD;w ds 'kCnksa esa ^^;fn O;oLFkkfidk vkSj U;kf;d lfØ;rk ls vfHkizk; gS] fd tc la?k ,oa jkT;
dk;Zikfydk dh 'kfDr;ksa dk ,d&gh gkFkksa esa dsUnzh;dj.k gks Lrj ij O;oLFkkfidk ,oe~ dk;Zikfydk turk ,oa vius
tk;s] rks dksbZ Lora=rk ugha jg ldrh gS] D;ksafd bl ckr dk mRrjnkf;Ro ds izfr tkx:d u gks vkSj viuh LokFkZiw.kZ
Hk; mRiUu gks tkrk gS fd dgha jktk ;k lhusV vR;kpkjh uhfr;ksa ij pyrs gq, dkuwuksa dk fuekZ.k djus dh vis{kk turk
dkuwu cuk;s vkSj mudks vR;kpkjh <ax ls ykxw djsaA ;fn ds lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd fgrksa dh mis{kk djus yxs rc
U;k;ikfydk dks O;oLFkkfidk rFkk dk;Zikfydk ls vyx ugha ,slh fLFkfr esa] U;k;ikfydk dkuwuh O;k[;k ls vkxs c<+dj
fd;k x;k] rks dksbZ Lora=rk ugha jg ldrh gS] vxj U;k;ikfydk lkekftd] vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj lkekftd] vkfFkZd U;k;
*efveosMekeâ, Decyes[keâj mš[er mesvšj SJeb DeeÛeeÙe& (jepeveerefle MeeŒe efJeYeeie), jeveer ogiee&Jeleer efJeÕeefJeÅeeueÙe, peyeuehegj (ceOÙeØeosMe)
**MeesOeÚe$ee (jepeveerefle MeeŒe efJeYeeie), jeveer ogiee&Jeleer efJeÕeefJeÅeeueÙe, peyeuehegj (ceOÙeØeosMe)
UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal-168  Vol-XVII (1)  March-2018  74
dh vko';drk dks ns[krs gq,] tulk/kkj.k ds fgrksa dh j{kk ds
fy;s fujarj iz;Ru'khy jgdj ljdkj dks vko';drk iM+us ij
egRoiw.kZ vkns'k&funsZ'k nsrh gS] rkfd 'kklu dh LosPNkpkfjrk
ij jksd yxkbZ tk ldsA bls gh ^U;kf;d lfØ;rk* dgrs gSaA
Hkkjr esa o"kZ 1980 ds vklikl U;kf;d lfØ;rk dk
mn; gqvk vkSj le; ds lkFk&lkFk tufgr ;kfpdkvksa ds
ek/;e ls bl vo/kkj.kk dk fodkl gksrk pyk x;kA U;kf;d
lfØ;rk dh vo/kkj.kk dks loZizFke mPpre U;k;ky; us rFkk
ckn esa /khjs&/khjs mPp U;k;ky;ksa] fo'ks"k U;k;ky;ksa rFkk ftyk
U;k;ky;ksa us Hkh viuk fy;kA U;kf;d lfØ;rk ds leFkZd
U;k;k/kh'k ih-,u- Hkxorh us lu~ 1982 esa dgk Fkk fd& ^^mPpre
U;k;ky; us foxr nks o"kksZa ls ns'k esa fo|eku lkekftd] vkfFkZd
ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks n`f"V esa j[krs gq, leLr O;oLFkk esa lfØ;
n`f"Vdks.k viuk fy;k gSA**
fo'ys" k.k %
Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa 'kfDr&foHkktu ,oa U;kf;d lfØ;rk
,d foMacukiw.kZ fojks/kkHkklh fLFkfr mRiUu djrh gS] D;ksafd ,d
vksj 'kfDr;ksa dk foHkktu fd;k x;k gS] rks nwljh rjQ U;k;ky;
ds }kjk fo/kkf;dk ,oa dk;Zikfydk ds dk;ksZa esa n[ky nsdj ,oe~
mudh 'kfDr;ksa dk vfrØe.k dj Lo;a gh vkns'k&funsZ'k fn,
tk jgs gSaA vkt O;oLFkkfidk vkSj dk;Zikfydk esa vkijkf/kd
i`"BHkwfe okys yksxksa dh c<+rh rknkn ds dkj.k vc turk dk
fo'okl bu laLFkkvksa ij ls mB pqdk gS] lkFk&gh fo/kkf;dk ,oa
dk;Zikfydk dh LosPNkpkfjrk] tufgr ds izfr mnklhurk rFkk
vuq'kklughurk ds dkj.k gh U;kf;d lfØ;rk c<+h gSA
xkSjryc gS fd 80 ds n'kd ds igys U;k;ikfydk bu
vFkksZa esa fuf"Ø; FkhA og viuh lhekvksa esa jgdj yksdfgr&fo"k;ksa
esa Lo;a dksbZ igy ugha djrh Fkh] dsoy mUgha ekeyksa ij fopkj
djrh Fkh] tks mlds le{k izLrqr fd, tkrs FksA ckn esa
U;k;ikfydk us eglwl fd;k fd lkoZtfud fgr ds dbZ ,sls
ekeys gSa] ftuds f[kykQ vkokt mBkus okyk dksbZ ugha gS]
blfy;s U;k;ikfydk us tufgr oknksa dks ekU;rk nsdj lkekftd
U;k; LFkkfir djus dh fn'kk esa ljkguh; dne mBk;kA viuh
blh lfØ;rk ds pyrs vDlj gh U;k;ikfydk dks jktusrkvksa
dh vkykspukvksa dk f'kdkj gksuk iM+rk gSA dqN o"kksZa ls U;kf;d
lfØ;rk dk tks nkSj pyk gS vkSj lqizhe dksVZ us dk;Zikfydk
ij ftl rjg ls vadq'k yxk;k mldh laHkkouk ^jk"Vªh; U;kf;d
fu;qfDr vk;ksx* ¼,uts,lh½ esa de gh FkhA blls U;k;ikfydk
esa jktuhfrd gLr{ksi dh laHkkouk Hkh c<+ xbZ Fkh] tks LoLF;
yksdra= ds fgr esa ugha dgk tk ldrk gSA¼2½
'kfDr&foHkktu ,oe~ U;kf;d lfØ;rk ds eqn~ns dks ysdj
ljdkj rFkk U;k;ky; esa ges'kk gh Vdjko dh fLFkfr ns[kus dks
feyrh jgh gSA dHkh U;k;ikfydk us viuh 'kfDr;ksa ds nk;js ls
ckgj vkdj vusd ,sfrgkfld fu.kZ; fn;s] rks dHkh laln us
laoS/kkfud la'kks/kuksa ds ek/;e ls U;k;ky; ij yxke yxkus dk
iz;kl fd;kA ^ds'kokuan Hkkjrh cuke dsjy jkT; okn* ij
loksZPp U;k;ky; dk fu.kZ; lafo/kku ds vk/kkjHkwr <k¡psa ds lanHkZ
esa Fkk] Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa bl fu.kZ; dks U;kf;d lfØ;rk dh
UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal-168  Vol-XVII (1)  March-2018  75
'kq:vkr dgk tk ldrk gS] ysfdu fo/kkf;dk dh vk¡[kksa esa rks
;g fu.kZ; [kVd jgk Fkk vkSj jkLrs ds bl dk¡Vsa dks fudkyus
ds fy, laln us 42ok¡ la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e ¼1976½ ikfjr dj
fn;k ;g vf/kfu;e vkikrdky dh fujadq'k ljdkj ds efLr"d
dh mit Fkh] ftldk mn~ns'; bl vf/kfu;e ds ek/;e ls
^laln dh loksZPprk* LFkkfir djuk FkkA
lafo/kku esa la'kks/ku dh laln dh 'kfDr dk vR;f/kd
lqanj <ax ls fp=.k djrs gq;s loksZPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/kh'kksa us
dgk Fkk fd& ^^la'kks/ku dks lafo/kku ds xys esa Qk¡lh dk QUnk
ugha cuk;k tk ldrk] ftls fof/kiw.kZ e`R;q dh laKk nh tk
ldsA**¼3½
vkerkSj ij ;g /kkj.kk jgh gS fd tc U;k;ikfydk tu
lokyksa dks ysdj l'kDr gLr{ksi djus yxs rks ;g le> ysuk
pkfg, fd fo/kkf;dk rFkk dk;Zikfydk detksj gks pqdh gS] rFkk
vius drZO;ksa dk fuokZg c[kwch ugha dj jgh gSA uksV ds cnys
oksV ekeyk] lhohlh dh fu;qfDr dks jn~n djus] yk[kksa Vu
vukt ds HkaMkj x`gksa ds ckgj lM+us] jktuhfr esa c<+rs
vijk/khdj.k] dkys/ku] yksdiky ,oe~ yksdk;qDr dh fu;qfDr
ij funsZ'k] egkjk"Vª esa lw[kk rFkk pquko vk;ksx dks funsZ'k] vkbZ-
Vh- ,DV dh /kkjk&66 , dks jn~n djus] mRrjk[k.M esa jkor
ljdkj ds cgqer dk ijh{k.k djkus ds loky ij vnkyr dk
l'kDr gLr{ksi bl detksjh dks mtkxj djus ds fy;s dkQh
gSA 2th LisDVªe] vkn'kZ lkslk;Vh] jk"Vªe.My [ksy] dks;yk
?kksVkyk rFkk vkbZ-ih-,y- ds NBosa laLdj.k esa LikWV fQfDlax dk
ekeyk bR;kfn U;kf;d lfØ;rk ds dkj.k gh mtkxj gq, gSaA
blls usrkvksa] ukSdj'kkgksa rFkk cM+s jlw[knkjksa dks lyk[kksa ds
ihNs tkuk iM+k gS] tcfd bu eqn~nksa ij ljdkj dks igys gh
dM+kbZ ls igy djuh pkfg;s Fkh ijarq viuh dqlhZ dks cpkus ds
fy;s og yhik&iksrh djus esa yxh jghA vr% gky gh ds fnuksa
esa] U;k;ky; us efgykvksa dks mudk vf/kdkj iznku djrs gq,
eafnj&efLtn esa muds izos'k ds vf/kdkj dks lqfuf'pr fd;k]
lkFk&gh U;k;ky; us rhu rykd dks lekurk dk vf/kdkj okys
vuqPNsn 14] 15 ds rgr vlaoS/kkfud ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA
futrk dk vf/kdkj ds laca/k esa loksZPp U;k;ky; us
ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dh ifjHkk"kk esa ,d u;k vk;ke tksM+k gSA
loksZPp U;k;ky; us dgk fd& ^^thou vkSj O;fDrxr vktknh
ekuo ds vfLrRo dk vfHkUu fgLlk gS] tSlk fd ds'kokuan
Hkkjrh ekeys esa dgk x;k gS] ;s vf/kdkj euq"; dks vkfndky ls
feys gq, gSa] ;s vf/kdkj izd`fr ds dkuwu dk fgLlk gSA** rFkk
futrk ds vf/kdkj dh ;g izfr"Bk vktknh vkSj Lora=rk ds
lkFk tqM+h gqbZ gS vkSj dksbZ Hkh lH; jkT; fcuk dkuwu dh
btktr bl ij dqBkjk?kkr ugha dj ldrk gSA¼4½
mPpre ,oe~ mPp U;k;ky;ksa esa ttksa dh fu;qfDr ds
fy;s eksnh ljdkj us dkWysft;e iz.kkyh dh txg ftl ^jk"Vªh;
U;kf;d fu;qfDr vk;ksx* dk xBu fd;k FkkA loksZPp U;k;ky;
us vDVwcj] 2015 dks ^jk"Vªh; U;kf;d fu;qfDr vk;ksx* dkuwu
¼2014½ dks vlaoS/kkfud crkrs gq, mls jn~n dj fn;kA bl
U;kf;d fu;qfDr ds lanHkZ esa laln dh loksZPprk dks njfdukj
djrs gq, U;k;ky; us dgk Fkk fd] ^^lafo/kku ds cqfu;knh <k¡psa
esa laln fdlh rjg dk n[ky ugha ns ldrh gS vkSj U;k;ikfydk
dh Lora=rk lafo/kku ds cqfu;knh <k¡psa dk fgLlk gSA**¼5½
bl izdkj fo/kkf;dk ,oe~ dk;Zikfydk ds dk;ksZa esa
U;k;ikfydk ds n[ky dh ckr yEcs vjls ls dh tkrh jgh gSA
fiNys o"kZ foRr ea=h v:.k tsVyh th dh vksj ls U;k;ikfydk
dks viuh y{e.k js[kk Lo;a r; djus vkSj dk;Zikfydk ds
vf/kdkj {ks= esa n[ky u nsus dh ckr dgh FkhA¼6½ bl ij ns'k
ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k Vh-,l-Bkdqj us dsUnz ljdkj ij iyVokj
djrs gq;s dgk fd lqizhe dksVZ dk fdlh Hkh laLFkk ds vf/kdkj
{ks= esa n[ky nsus dk dksbZ bjknk ugha gSA yksx tc ljdkjh
e'khujh ls ek;wl gksdj dksVZ vkrs gS] rc lqizhe dksVZ dks viuk
/keZ fuHkkuk iM+rk gS] mUgksaus Li"V fd;k fd U;k;ikfydk dh
dksbZ [okfg'k ;k dksf'k'k ugha gS fd og ljdkj dk dke vius
gkFkksa esa ys vFkok ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dks Lo;a r; djsaA gekjh
;s etcwjh gS fd vxj dgha ij dksbZ dke tks gksuk pkfg,] ;fn
lafo/kku ds eqrkfcd ;k dkuwu ds vuqlkj ugha gks jgk gS] rks
mldks djok;k tk;sA ge rks ;g pkgrs gSa fd ftl laLFkk dk
tks QtZ gS] ml laLFkk dks lfØ; fd;k tk;s vkSj mlls dgk
tk;s fd vki ;g dke djksA ;gh rks ns'k dk flLVe gSA¼7½
U;kf;d lfØ;rk dh ;g izo`fRr vkSj fLFkfr mPpre Lrj
ds jktuhfrKksa vkSj loksZPp Lrj ij vklhu leLr vfHktuksa ds
fy, ,d pSrkouh gSA U;k;ikfydk us U;kf;d lfØ;rk ds
vk/kkj ij Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj vjktdrk dh gn ikj dj pqdh
jktuhfr ij yxke yxkus vkSj mls ifrr gksus ls cpkus dh
ps"Vk dh gS] vkSj ;fn U;kf;d lfØ;rk ds vk/kkj ij ns'k dk
uSfrd usr`Ro U;k;ikfydk ds gkFkksa esa pyk x;k gS] rks ;g nks"k
fo/kkf;dk vkSj dk;Zikfydk dk gS] U;k;ikfydk dk ughaA**
vk/kqfud jkT;ksa esa U;k;ikfydk dh Lora=rk ij vR;f/kd
cy fn;k x;k gSA O;fDr dh Lora=rk ,oa lekurk ds vk/kkjHkwr
vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk ds fy, U;k;ikfydk vk/kqfud lekt dh
vfuok;Z vko';drk gSA vr% U;kf;d lfØ;rk ds fo"k; esa
tu&lk/kkj.k dk fopkj gS fd& ^^U;kf;d lfØ;rk ds izdk'k
dks vkSj vkxs rd ys tkus dh furkUr vko';drk gSA fu%lansg
U;k;ikfydk us cgqr vf/kd fo'oluh;rk ds lkFk yksdrkaf=d
O;oLFkk ,oe~ lkoZtfud thou esa uSfrd ewY;ksa ds izgjh dh
Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA**¼8½
lq>ko %
izFke] fo/kkf;dk ,oe~ dk;Zikfydk dks turk ds lkekftd]
vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd fgrksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, dkuwuksa dk
fuekZ.k djuk ,oa mUgsa ykxw djuk pkfg,A nwljk] laln ds }kjk
ukxfjdksa ds ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dk vfrØe.k ugha fd;k tkuk
pkfg;sA rhljk] U;k;ky; ds }kjk yksdfgr ,oa ns'kfgr esa
lquk;s x;s QSlyksa ij laln }kjk mlesa la'kks/ku ugha fd;k
tkuk pkfg, rFkk u gh v/;kns'k yk;k tk;sA pkSFkk] ljdkj dks
fofHkUu tk¡p ,tsafl;ksa ds fØ;kdykiksa esa gLr{ksi ugha djuk
pkfg;s] rkfd fu"i{k :i ls tk¡p laHko gks ldsA ik¡pok] ,slh
laoS/kkfud ijEijkvksa dk fodkl fd;k tkuk pkfg,] ftlls
UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal-168  Vol-XVII (1)  March-2018  76
'kklu ds rhuksa vax viuh&viuh lhekvksa ds vanj ,d&nwljs
ds vf/kdkj {ks= esa gLr{ksi fd;s fcuk feytqy dj dk;Z dj
ldsaA NVokWa] 'kklu ds rhuksa vaxksa }kjk fu;a=.k ,oe~ larqyu ds
fl)kar dks viuk;k tkuk pkfg,A
fu"d"kZ %
'kfDr&foHkktu cuke U;kf;d lfØ;rk ij brus fopkj
eaFku ds i'pkr ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd vkt ftl rjg ls
fo/kkf;dk vkSj dk;Zikfydk dk joS;k ns[kus dks fey jgk gS]
turk ds fgr ,oe~ vR;ar laosnu'khy eqn~nksa ij fo/kkf;dk rFkk
dk;Zikfydk dkuwu cukus ,oe~ fØ;kfUor djus dh vis{kk pqIih
lk/ks gqbZ gS] vkSj blls ftl rjg ns'k esa jktuhfrd vO;oLFkk
QSy jgh gS rc U;k;ikfydk dk lfØ; gksuk fcYdqy mfpr gS]
D;ksafd ;fn U;k;ikfydk Hkh ljdkj ds izfr lefiZr gks tk,xh]
rks tu lk/kkj.k viuh Qfj;kn ysdj Hkyk fdlds ikl tk,xkA
vr% vko';d ;gh gS fd lHkh laoS/kkfud laLFkk,¡ lafo/kku ds
ewy L=ksr dks Lohdkj dj viuh tckonsgh le>sa vkSj vius
dRrZO;ksa dk fuoZgu bZekunkjh ls djsaA
lanHkZ %
¼1½ vxzoky] jkepUnz ¼1972½ % vk/kqfud lafo/kkuksa dh :ijs[kk]
,l-pUnz ,aM daiuh] fnYyh] i`"B 218-
¼2½ jkt ,Dlizsl] 19 vDVwcj] 2015] tcyiqj laLdj.k] i`"B 6-
¼3½ ckcsy] clarhyky] ¼1997½ % laln] lkaln vkSj loksZPp
U;k;ky;] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] t;iqj] i`"B 47-
¼4½ jkt ,Dlizsl] 25 vxLr] 2017] tcyiqj laLdj.k] i`"B 1-
¼5½ jkt ,Dlizsl] 11 vDVwcj] 2017] tcyiqj laLdj.k] i`"B 6-
¼6½ ubZ nqfu;k] 21 ebZ] 2016] tcyiqj laLdj.k] i`"B 6-
¼7½ jkt ,Dlizsl] 8 twu] 2016] tcyiqj laLdj.k] i`"B 7-
¼8½ ukjk;.k] bdcky ¼1974½ % Hkkjrh; ljdkj ,oa jktuhfr]
jktLFkku fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh] t;iqj] i`"B 189-

UGC -
APPROVED - JOURNAL
 An International,

March 2002
Registered & Refereed
P olitical Science

Since
UGC Approved Journal
Monthly Journal :
Research Link Research Link - 168, Vol - XVII (1), March - 2018, Page No. 77-79
ISSN - 0973-1628  RNI - MPHIN-2002-7041  Impact Factor - 2015 - 2.782

oefuele ceefnueeDeeW keâe meMeefòeâkeâjCe : Skeâ DeOÙeÙeve

Øemlegle MeesOehe$e, oefuele ceefnueeDeeW kesâ meMeefòeâkeâjCe kesâ DeOÙeÙeve mes mecyebefOele nw~ oefuele ceefnueeSB
MeleeefyoÙeeW mes GlheerefÌ[le jner nw, efkeâvleg Ùen Yeer melÙe nw efkeâ Gvekesâ Gæej kesâ efueS ØeeÛeervekeâeue mes ner meceepe ceW
megOeej kesâ efueS DeeJeepe G"leer jner nw~ ceOÙekeâeue ceW jepee jececeesnve jeÙe, mJeeceer oÙeevebo mejmJeleer, peefmšme
Sce.peer.jevee[s, mJeeceer efJeJeskeâevebo, pÙeesefleyee hetâues, ieeBOeerpeer, Decyes[keâj Deeefo meceepe-megOeejkeâeW ves DeeJeepe
G"eF& nw~ Jele&ceeve keâer yeele keâjW lees Deye yengle no lekeâ oefuele ceefnueeDeeW keâes mecyebefOele efveÙeexiÙeleeDeeW keâes meceehle
efkeâÙee pee Ûegkeâe nw~ osMe kesâ efJeefYeVe YeeieeW ceW oefuele ceefnuee peeefleÙeeB mebieef"le mecetneW kesâ ®he ceW Gefole ngF& nw~ Deye
meMeefòeâkeâjCe mes DeeefLe&keâ, jepeveereflekeâ, meeceeefpekeâ #es$eeW ceW DeefOekeâej kesâ Øeefle peeie®keâ nesvee DeefveJeeÙe& nw~
Mewef#ekeâ meceevelee kesâ DeJemejeW mes DeeOegefvekeâ cetuÙeeW kesâ ®he ceW meceevelee yevOeglee kesâ cetuÙeeW keâe efJemleej efkeâÙee peevee
oefuele ceefnueeDeeW keâer Ûeslevee, DeeOegefvekeâerkeâjCe SJeb meeceeefpekeâ efJekeâeme ceW Skeâ mecelee cetuekeâ meceepe keâer mLeehevee
ceW meneÙekeâ nes mekeâleer nw~ ueeskeâleb$e keâer meheâuelee ceW meMeòeâ oefuele ceefnueeDeeW keâer Ûeslevee cenlJehetCe& nw~
[e@.ceeueleer efleJeejer

nfyr dh ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe %
lekt esa tUe vkSj is’ks ds vk/kkj ij ftu yksxksa dks
lcls vf/kd vifo= ekuk x;k] fgUnw Le`fr;ksa ds }kjk muds
Li'kZ ij Hkh izfrca/k yxk fn;k x;kA ftl euqLe`fr dks ekuo
/keZ'kkL= dh laKk nh tkrh gS] mlesa ;gk¡ rd fu;e cuk fn;k
x;k fd dqN tkfr;ksa ds yksxksa dks ns[k ysus ek= ls gh ,d
lo.kZ O;fä vifo= gks tkrk gS vkSj iqu% ifo= gksus ds fy,
mls izk;f'pr djuk vko';d gSA e/;dky rd fgUnw lekt
bruk /kekZU/k vkSj va/kfo'oklh cu x;k fd oSfnd deZ dks
frykatfy nsdj Le`fr;ksa esa fn;s x, fo/kkuksa ds vuqlkj vifo=
dgh tkus okyh tkfr;ksa dks lHkh rjg dh lqfo/kkvksa ls oafpr
djds] mudk vekuoh; 'kks"k.k fd;k tkus yxkA
fczfV'k 'kkludky esa vLi`'; tkfr;kas dh fLFkfr cgqr
n;uh; jghA blds ckn Hkh vk;Z lekt us vius lq/kkjoknh
vkanksyu ds varxZr bu tkfr;ksa dks ^nfyr tkfr* ds uke ls
lacksf/kr djds buds fy, vU; fgUnw tkfr;ksa dh rjg leku
lqfo/kk,¡ vkSj leku vf/kdkj nsus dh vkokt mBk;hA lu~ 1931
dh tux.kuk ds vk;qä ts-,p- gêu (J.H. Hutton) us bu
tkfr;ksa dks ^ckgjh tkfr* (exterior caste) ds uke ls lacksf/kr
fd;kA egkRek xk¡/kh og igys O;fä Fks] ftUgkasus dêjrkoknh
fgUnwvksa ds fojks/k ds ckn Hkh vNwr dgs tkus okys yksxksa dks
fgUnw lekt dk vfHk™k vax ekurs gq, mUgsa ^gfjtu* dguk
vkjaHk fd;kA
nfyr oxZ dk vfHkizk;Z %
MkW- vEcsMdj us ^nfyr oxZ* 'kCn dk iz;ksx djrs gq,
dgk Fkk fd tks yksx xjhc] 'kksf"kr rFkk lkekftd vkSj /kkfeZd
meneÙekeâ ØeeOÙeehekeâ (jepeveerefle MeeŒe efJeYeeie), MeemekeâerÙe ceneØeYeg JeuueYeeÛeeÙe& mveelekeâesòej ceneefJeÅeeueÙe, cenemecegvo
(ÚòeermeieÌ{)
UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal-168  Vol-XVII (1)  March-2018  77
vf/kdkjksa ls oafpr gSa] mUgha dks ge nfyr dgrs gSaA bl dFku
ls Li"V gksrk gS fd nfyr 'kCn ls gekjk vfHkizk; mu yksxksa ls
gS] tks mPp tkfr;ksa }kjk lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj /kkfeZd :i ls
'kksf"kr gksus ds dkj.k rjg&rjg ds vHkkoksa ds dkj.k xjhch ds
fuEure Lrj ij gSa rFkk lkekftd vieku ds lkFk gh mUgsa
fofHk™k izdkj ds mRihM+u dk f'kdkj gksuk iM+rk gSA okLro esa
nfyr 'kCn ijEijkxr ^vNwr* 'kCn ds gh lekukUrj gSA dqN
O;fä ;g ekurs gSa fd ftu tkfr;ksa dks ge vuqlwfpr tkfr;k¡
dgrs gSaA MkW- etwenkj us ijEijkxr vNwr tkfr;kas vkSj nfyr
oxZ ds chp dksbZ varj u ekurs gq, fy[kk gS fd ^vNwr tkfr;k¡*
os gSa] tks cgqr lh lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd fu;ksZX;rkvksa ls
ihfM+r gSa] ftuesa ls vf/kdka'k fu;ksX;rkvksa dks /kkfeZd ds }kjk
fu/kkZfjr djds mUgs mPp tkfr;ksa }kjk ykxw fd;k x;kA blds
foijhr ;fn leqnk; ds fdlh Hkkx dks tkfr O;oLFkk ds fu;eksa
ds vk/kkj ij vkfFkZd] lkekftd vkSj /kkfeZd lqfo/kkvksa ls oafpr
djds mls frjLd`r vkSj viekfur fd;k tkrk gS] rc yksxksa dks
,sls oxZ dks ge nfyr dgrs gaSA
iapk;rksa esa nfyr usr`Ro %
euqoknh o.kZ O;oLFkk ,oa tkfr O;oLFkk Lo;a vius gh
pØO;wg esa Q¡lh ys[k eas crk;k fd euqoknh O;oLFkk ds dkj.k
vusd fuEu ,oa vLi`'; tkfr;k¡ fufeZr gqbZA bUgsa f'k{kk] laifÙk]
jktuhfr] lekurk tSls ewyHkwr vf/kdkjksa ls oafpr j[kdj mPp
tkfr;ksa ¼czká.k {kf=;½ dks vlhfer vf/kdkj fn, x,] ysfdu
Lora= Hkkjr ds lafo/kku esa blh vLi`';rk ,oa vlkeuk dks
vf/kdkj ekudj vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh xbZA e.My flQkfj'ksa
ykxw gksus ds dkj.k vkj{k.k dk nk;jk vU; fiNM+k oxZ rd
O;kid gks x;kA 73osa ,oa 74osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku }kjk vkj{k.k
O;oLFkk fuEure Lrj rd igq¡ph rFkk vuqlfw pr tkfr] vuqlfw pr
tutkfr ,oa vU; fiNM+k oxZ lfgr lHkh oxksZa dh efgykvksa dks
Hkh vkj{k.k dk ykHk feykA vkt Lo;a czká.k] {kf=; tSls mPp
tkfr;k¡ tks ,d le; vkj{k.k ds l[r f[kykQ Fkh] vc Lo;a
vius fy, vkj{k.k dh ek¡x dj jgh gSaA
igys iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa ij mPp tkfr ds lnL;ksa ;k
tehankjksa dk ,dkf/kdkj Fkk] ijUrq izk;% vc ,slk ugha gSA bu
laLFkkvksa esa vkj{k.k O;oLFkk ds dkj.k vc buesa mPp@lo.kZ
tkfr;ksa ;k vkfFkZd n`f"V ls lai™k tkfr;ksa dk LokfeRo ugha jg
x;k gSA vfirq lekt dk fuEure oxZ ¼nfyr@efgyk½ Hkh
izfrfuf/kRo izkIr dj lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh gSA iapk;rh jkt esa
efgyk dk lcls cM+k izHkko jktuhfrd lajpuk ij iM+k gSA
ifj.kkeLo:i xzkeh.k {ks= esa jktuhfrd psruk tkx`r gqbZ gS rFkk
LFkkuh; usrk /khjs&/khjs mPp Lrj ij vius jktuhfrd xBca/ku
dj jgs gSaA [k.M vFkok iapk;r lfefr Lrj ij ,sls xBca/ku
dkQh 'kfä'kkyh cu x, gSaA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa nfyr efgykvksa dk
,d vkSj egRoiw.kZ i{k ;g gS fd xk¡oksa ds vkfFkZd fodkl esa dsoy
fiNM+s oxksZa vkSj nfyr efgykvksa dh gh Hkkxhnkjh gksrh gS] tcfd
lkearh ijEijkxr laLdkjksa ds tdM+s gksus ds dkj.k vkt Hkh mPp
oxZ dh efgyk,¡ ?kj ds ckgj fdlh izdkj dk dksbZ Je ;k O;olk;
djus ugha fudyrh gSA ;g fLFkfr 'kgjksa dh fLFkfr ls fHk™k gS] tgk¡
mPp rFkk ek/;e oxZ dh efgyk,¡ ukSdjh ;k O;olk; esa iq:"kksa
ds lkFk da/kk feykdj py jgh gSa] tcfd fiNM+s vkSj nfyr oxZ
dh efgyk,¡ de ;k vf'kf{kr gksus ds dkj.k jkstxkj dh izfr;ksfxrk
ls ckgj gks tkrh gSaA xk¡oksa esa Je dk;Z djus okyh efgyk,¡
lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd :i ls fiNM+s oxZ dh gksrh gSa] vr% mUgsa
LokHkkfod :i ls T;knk 'kks"k.k dk f'kdkj gksuk iM+rk gSA
bu vkdM+kas esa vuqlwfpr tkfr vFkok vuqlwfpr tutkfr
dh efgyk izfrfuf/k;kas dk vkadyu djus ij Kkr gqvk fd xzke
iapk;rksa esa 3]31]133 efgyk izfrfuf/k vuqlwfpr tkfr dh vkSj
2]23]959 efgyk izfrfuf/k vuqlwfpr tutkfr dh gSA tuin
iapk;r esa 23]758 efgyk izfrfuf/k vuqlwfpr tkfr dh rFkk
13]477 efgyk izfrfuf/k vuqlfw pr tutkfr dh gSA ftyk iapk;rksa
esa 2]100 efgyk izfrfuf/k vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj 1099 efgyk
izfrfuf/k vuqlfw pr tutkfr dh gSAa bu vkdM+kas ls irk pyrk gS
fd ns'k ds 19 jkT;ksa esa 7]24]104 efgyk,¡ izfrfuf/k ds :i esa pquh
x;h gSA
nfyrksa dh leL;k,¡ %
Hkkjr esa nfyr tkfr;ksa dh leL;kvksa dks lcls igys ;gk¡
ds jk"Vªh; Lora= vkUnksyu ds nkSjku vuqHko fd;kA
¼1½ lkekftd foHksn dh leL;k] ¼2½ mPp tkfr;ksa }kjk
'kks"k.k] ¼3½ gfjtu egktuksa }kjk 'kks"k.k] ¼4½ vkUrfjd vlkeurk
dh leL;k] ¼5½ vUrtkZrh; ruko dh leL;k] ¼6½ vf'k{kk]
¼7½ e|iku ,oa u'khys inkFkksZa dh leL;k] ¼8½ jktuhfrd 'kks"k.k
dh leL;k,¡A
mik; %
tc MkW- Hkhejko vEcsMdj ds iz;Ruksa ls ;g eglwl fd;k
UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal-168  Vol-XVII (1)  March-2018  78
tkus yxk fd vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj fd, fcuk
mUgsa jk"Vª dh eq[;/kkjk ls ugha tksMk+ tk ldrk] blds QyLo:i
egkRek xk¡/kh us vLi`'; tkfr;ksa dks gfjtu vFkkZr~ bZ'oj dh
lUrku dgdj muds lkekftd] vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k dks nwj djus
dk fo'ks"k cy fn;k x;kA
¼1½ fgUnw lekt esa ijEijkxr fo/kku esa Økafrdkjh ifjorZu
fd;k tk,A
¼2½ nfyr efgyk oxksZa dks laxfBr o f'kf{kr fd;k tk,A
¼3½ fo/kku eaMy o efgyk vkj{k.k ij cy fn;k tk,A
¼4½ efgyk nfyr oxksZa ds fodkl ds fy, mUgsa fo'ks"k
lqfo/kk,¡ nh tk,aA
¼5½ Nk=kvksa dks Nk=o`fÙk;ksa rFkk jgus ds fy, Nk=kokl
dh O;oLFkk dh tk,A
¼6½ rduhfd f'k{kk ds fy, ns'k] fons'k esa v/;;u djus
o izf'k{k.k izkIr djus gsrq mi;qä lqfo/kk,¡ vkSj foÙkh; lgk;rk
iznku dh tk,A
¼7½ jktuhfrd] lkekftd iz'kkluhd {ks=ksa esa LFkkuA
¼8½ ncko eqDr thou thus dk vf/kdkjA
nfyr efgykvksa dh lkekftd foMEcuk %
Hkkjrh; lekt dh ;g foMEcuk jgh gS fd tkfr ls tqM+h
oSpkfjd ekU;rkvksa ds dkj.k fuEu tkfr ds yksxksa dks lnSo
misf{kr] foi™k] loZgkjk vkSj nfyr 'kCn ds lacks/ku ls tksM+dj
ns[kk tkrk jgkA bl izdkj nfyr oxZ dks oSpkfjd rFkk
lajpukRed Lrj ij Hkkjrh; lekt dh vlaons u'khy jhfr&fjoktksa
ds dkj.k ,d frjLdkj dh ftanxh thus dks etcwj gksuk iM+kA
jkstxkj ds lk/ku tks mls feys] mls flok frjLdkj vkSj
ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh xfjek dks dqpyk rFkk nck;k x;kA bl lanHkZ
esa nfyr efgykvksa dks nksgjh ekj dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA
,d rjQ rks mls efgyk gksus ds dkj.k iq:'k iz/kku lekt dh
fir`:irked ewY;ksa dk f'kdkj gksuk iM+rk gSA lkFk gh vuqlfw pr
tkfr esa 'kkfey fd;s tkus ds dkj.k 'kwnzksa ls tqM+h ekU;rkvksa ds
nnZ dks Hkh lgus ij foo'k gksuk iM+rk gSA bl 'kks/ki= esa nfyr
efgykvksa ds ekuokf/kdkj ls lacaf/kr vf/kdkjksa dh fLFkfr dks
le>us dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA fo'ks"kdj mu nfyr efgykvksa
dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gS] tks eSyk <ksus rFkk lQkbZ ds dke ls
tqM+h gSA bl izdkj ds lQkbZ rFkk eSyk <ksus ds dke ls tqM+s
Jfedksa dks xfjek dh ckr djuk lgt :i ls csekuh gS vkSj
muds fy, ekuokf/kdkj ds ekuoh; ewY;ksa dk laj{k.k dj mls
cpk;s j[kuk Hkh ,d feFkd gSA vktknh ds ckn fd, x,
le>kSrs ds dkj.k vk, cnykoksa ds ckotwn vkt dh nfyr
O;fä vui<+] dqiksf"kr] Hkwfeghu] etnwj gS] tks thfodkiktZu
ds fy, dbZ rjg ds 'kks"k.kksa ds tky esa Qalk gSA og lSdM+kas
lkyksa ls fodflr ra= dk f'kdkj gSA
l'kfDrdj.k dh vksj vxzlj %
lekt ;k ns'k dh izxfr rc rd laHko ugha gS] rc rd
efgykvksa dh izxfr ugha gks ldrhA MkW- vEcsMdj us dgk gS] eSa
fdlh lekt dh m™kfr dk vuqeku bl ckr ij ugha yxk
ldrk fd ml lekt dh efgykvksa us fdruh izxfr dh gS] ukjh
dh m™kfr ds fcuk ifjokj lekt ,oa jk"Vª dh m™kfr laHko ugha ¼6½ izksQslj c`txksiky % fjlpZ tujy vkWQ lks'ky ykbZQ
gSA gekjs ns'k dh vk/kh vkcknh vkt Hkh xqykeh dk thou th jgh lkbZ l
a ] i`- 227] 228-
gSA lekt O;oLFkk esa mls iq:"k ds v/khu crkdj ml ij reke ¼7½ brokjh v[kckj] fnukad 22 fnlEcj 2013-
izfrca/k ykn fn, x, gSAa fuf'pr :i ls vkt efgykvksa dh fLFkfr ¼8½ vxzoky] MkW- xksiky d`".k % Hkkjrh; lekt eqís ,oa
esa lq/kkj gqvk gSA ,d oxZ dh efgykvksa us ?kj ls ckgj fudydj leL;k,¡ A
viuh vfLerk vkSj vfLrRo dh [kkst dh gSA
;g lR; gS fd nfyr efgyk,¡ 'krkfCn;ksa ls mRihfM+r jgh 
gS] fdUrq ;g Hkh lR; gS fd muls m)kj ds fy, izkphudky ls
gh lekt esa lq/kkj ds fy, vkokt mBrh jgh gSA e/;dky esa
UGC -
jktkjke eksgu jk;] Lokeh n;kuan ljLorh] tfLVl ,e-th-
jkukMs] Lokeh foosdkuan] T;ksfrck Qwy]s xk¡/kh th] vEcsMdj vkfn APPROVED - JOURNAL
lekt lq/kkjdksa us vkokt mBkbZ gSA vkt orZeku le; dh ;fn
ckr djsa] rks vc cgqr gn rd nfyr efgykvksa dks lacaf/kr
fu;ksZX;rkvksa dks lekIr fd;k tk pqdk gSA ns'k ds fofHk™k Hkkxksa esa
nfyr efgyk tkfr;k¡ laxfBr lewgksa ds :i esa mfnr gqbZ gSA vc
l'kfädj.k ls vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] lkekftd {ks=ksa esa vf/kdkj ds
izfr tkx:d gksuk vfuok;Z gSA 'kSf{kd lekurk ds voljksa ls vk/
kqfud ewY;ksa ds :i esa LoLrk] lekurk cU/kqrk ds ewY;ksa dk foLrkj
fd;k tkuk nfyr efgykvksa dh psruk] vk/kqfudhdj.k ,oa lkekftd
fodkl esa ,d lerk ewyd lekt dh LFkkiuk esa lgk;d gks
ldrh gSA yksdra= dh lQyrk esa l'kä nfyr efgykvksa dh
psruk egRoiw.kZ gSA Hkkjr tSls /keZ lEer ,oa fodkl'khy jk"Vª esa
tgk¡ tkfr O;oLFkk] lekt O;oLFkk dk i;kZ; Hkh Fkh] ogha vc
mldk nwljk Lo:i l'kfädj.k ds :i esa ns[kus dks fey jgk
gS] ifjorZu lekt dk 'kk'or lR; gSA vr% budh Lo;a dh
tkx:drk ,oa lafo/kku esa cuk, x, fu;eksa dks dBksjrk ls ykxw
fd, tkus ds dkj.k vc nfyr efgykvksa ds tks Hkko mnfor gksrs
tk jgs gSa] mlesa vo'; deh vkrh tk jgh gSA f'k{kk vkSj lekurk
ds mís'; dks ysdj nfyr efgykvksa dks izHkko'khy :i esa l'kä
gksrh tk jgh gSA
Hkkjrh; tula[;k esa nfyr dk izfr'kr 16-6 gSA izR;sd 6
Hkkjrh; esa ,d Hkkjrh; nfyr gSA muesa ls efgyk nfyr dk vk/
kk Hkkx gSA
efgyk nfyr efgyk l'kfädj.k dks nfyr vkanksyu ns'k
jkT; /keZ 'kks"k.k ds nwljs rjhdksa vkSj laLd`fr ij [kqy dj fopkj
djuk] ifjHkkf"kr djuk gksxk] ftlesa ,d Lora= lekurk vkSj
HkkbZpkjs ij vk/kkfjr ,d u;k nfyr efgyk l'kä lekt cukuk
gksxkA ‘efjmeÛe& efuebkeâ’ keâer meomÙelee keâe Megukeâ Yegieleeve je°^erÙeke=âle yeQkeâeW Éeje meerOes
lUnHkZ % š^ebmeheâj Ùee pecee efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ yeQkeâ keâe efJeJejCe efvecveevegmeej nw-
¼1½ vxzoky] MkW-th-ds- % Hkkjr esa lekt] i`- 110] 11] 112] yeQkeâ : mšsš yeQkeâ Dee@heâ FefC[Ùee
113- yeÇ ebÛe : Deesu[ heueeefmeÙee, Fvoewj,
¼2½ MkW- iwj.k ey % iapk;rh jkt ,oa nfyr usr`Ro] i`- 127- keâes[ - SBIN 000 3432
¼3½ 'kekZ] MkW- vfEcdk izlkn % NÙkhlx<+ esa ekuokf/kdkj] i`- Keeles keâe veece : efjmeÛe& efuebkeâ,
256] 257- Keelee vebyej - 63025612815
¼4½ MkW- ,l- vf[kys'k % Hkkjrh; lekt % eqís ,oa leL;k,¡] Yegieleeve keâer cetue jmeero, MeesOe-he$e SJeb meer[er kesâ meeLe keâeÙee&ueÙeerve
i`- 681] 682- heles hej Yespevee DeefveJeeÙe& nw~
¼5½ prqosZnh] v:.k % Hkkjr esa ekuokf/kdkj] i`- 68-

UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal-168  Vol-XVII (1)  March-2018  79

 An International,

March 2002
Registered & Refereed
P olitical Science

Since
UGC Approved Journal
Monthly Journal :
Research Link Research Link - 168, Vol - XVII (1), March - 2018, Page No. 80-81
ISSN - 0973-1628  RNI - MPHIN-2002-7041  Impact Factor - 2015 - 2.782

meJe&eMf e#ee DeefYeÙeeve kesâ ef›eâÙeevJeÙeve ceW peveØeefleefveefOeÙeeW keâer Yetecf ekeâe keâe
efJeMues<eCeelcekeâ DeOÙeÙeve (jeÙehegj efpeues keâer «eece hebÛeeÙeleeW kesâ meboYe& ceW)
Øemlegle MeesOehe$e meJe&efMe#ee DeefYeÙeeve kesâ ef›eâÙeevJeÙeve ceW peveØeefleefveefOeÙeeW keâer Yetefcekeâe keâe
efJeMues<eCeelcekeâ DeOÙeÙeve mes mecyebefOele nw~ meJe&efMe#ee DeefYeÙeeve Yeejle mejkeâej keâe Skeâ ØecegKe keâeÙe&›eâce
nw, efpemekeâer Meg®Deele Dešueefyenejer JeepehesÙeer Éeje Skeâ efveef§ele meceÙeeJeefOe kesâ lejerkesâ mes ØeeLeefcekeâ efMe#ee
kesâ meeJe&YeewefcekeâjCe keâes Øeehle keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee ieÙee~ pewmee efkeâ YeejleerÙe mebefJeOeeve kesâ 86JeW mebMeesOeve
Éeje efveoxefMele efkeâÙee ieÙee nw, efpemekesâ lenle 6 mes 14 meeue kesâ yeÛÛeeW (2001 ceW 205 efceefueÙeve
Devegceeefvele) keâer cegheäle Deewj DeefveJeeÙe& efMe#ee kesâ ØeeJeOeeve keâes ceewefuekeâ DeefOekeâej yeveeÙee ieÙee nw~ Fme
keâeÙe&›eâce keâe GösMÙe iegCeJeòee Jeeueer ØeeLeefcekeâ efMe#ee kesâ meeJe&YeewefcekeâerkeâjCe keâes Øeehle keâjvee nw~
meJe&efMe#ee DeefYeÙeeve ceW 8 cegKÙe keâeÙe&›eâce nw, FmeceW DeeF&meer[erSme, DeebieveyeeÌ[er Deewj kesâpeeryeerJeerDeeF& Yeer
Meeefceue nw~ keâmletjyee ieeBOeer yeeefuekeâe efJeÅeeueÙe Ùeespevee keâer Meg®Deele 2004 ceW ngF&, efpemeceW meejer
ueÌ[efkeâÙeeW keâes ØeeLeefcekeâ efMe#ee osves keâe mehevee osKee ieÙee, yeeo ceW Ùen Ùeespevee meJe&efMe#ee DeefYeÙeeve kesâ
meeLe efJeueÙe nes ieF& nw~ kegBâpeer Meyo : meeJe&YeewefcekeâerkeâjCe, ceewefuekeâ DeefOekeâej, meJe&efMe#ee DeefYeÙeeve~
[e@.megveerlee efceßee* SJeb kebâÛeve yebpeejs**

izLrkouk % ¼2½ 6 ls 14 o"kZ ds cPpksa ds Ldwyksa dk izca/k djkukA

^^f'k{kk ls fodkl] lq[k vkSj lqfo/kk ds reke jkLrs [kqyrs
gSaA^^ blfy, lafo/kku ds 86 osa la'kks/ku ds vuqlkj izkjafHkd
f'k{kk izkIr djuk lHkh dk ekSfyd vf/kdkj cu x;k gSA vr%
lHkh dks fu%'kqYd izkjafHkd f'k{kk nsus dh O;oLFkk djuk 'kklu
dh uSfrd o laoS/kkfud drZO; gSA ns'k esa f'k{kk dks vxzlj vkSj
vxz.kh cukus ds fy, rFkk yksxksa dks tkx:d f'kf{kr cgqvk;keh
cukus ds fy, 'kklu dk ljkguh; dne gSA tufgr dh
leL;kvksa dks tM+ ls [kRe djus ds fy,] yksxksa dks ih<+h nj
ih<+h f'kf{kr cukus] mUgsa xq.koRrkiw.kZ f'k{kk nsus ds fy, dsUnz
rFkk jkT; 'kklu dh Hkkxhnkjh ls lapkfyr Þjktho xk¡/kh f'k{kk
fe'kuß ds rgr~ ÞloZf'k{kk vfHk;kuß pyk;k tk jgk gSA bls ns'k
ds lHkh LFkkuksa lapkfyr djus dk y{; gSA Þjktho xk¡/kh f'k{kk
fe'kuß ,d iathd`r Lo'kklh laLFkk gSA NRrhlx<+ izns'k esa
Þjktho xk¡/kh f'k{kk fe'kuß &loZf'k{kk fe'ku o"kZ 2001&02 ls
lapkfyr fd;k tk jgk gSA bldk xBu 19 ekpZ 2001 dks gqvk
gSA bl vfHk;ku ds ek/;e ls izkjafHkd f'k{kk dk yksdO;kihdj.k
fd;k tk pqdk gSA blds rgr~ 6&14 o"kZ vk;q oxZ ds lHkh
cPpksa dks d{kk 5oha rFkk d{kk 8oha rd vfuok;Z fu%'kqYd ,oa
xq.koRrk;qDr f'k{kk iznku fd;k tkuk gSA
jktho xk¡/kh f'k{kk fe'ku ds mn~ns'; %
¼1½ 6 ls 14 o"kZ vk;q oxZ ds lHkh cPpksa dks mi;ksxh vkSj
iklafxd izkjafHkd f'k{kk iznku djukA
¼3½ leqnk; esa lfØ;rkA
¼4½ {ks=h; leqnk; dh lgHkkfxrkA
¼5½ Lkekftd dk;ksZ esa lfØ;rkA
¼6½ ySafxx fo"kerkvksa dk vUr djukA
jktho xk¡/kh f'k{kk fe'ku ds y{; %
¼1½ lHkh cPpksa }kjk 5 o"kZ dh izkFkfed Ldwy f'k{kk iwjh
djkukA
¼2½ lHkh cPpksa }kjk 8 o"kZ dh ekf/ed Ldwy f'k{kk iwjh
djkukA
¼3½ izkjafHkd f'k{kk ij fo'ks"k /;ku nsukA
¼4½ thou ds fy, f'k{kk ds Lrj dks larks"ktud Lrj
rd c<+kukA
¼5½ 'kr~ izfr'kr cPPkksa dks f'k{kk esa cuk;s j[kukA
v/;;u fo"k; dk jktuhfrd egRo %
v/;;u fo"k; dh dk;Ziz.kkyh esa tuizfrfuf/k dh Hkwfedk%
jktho xk¡/kh f'k{kk fe'ku ,d iathd`r laLFkk gSA bldk
xBu 19 ekpZ 2001 dks fd;k x;kA fe'ku esa lk/kkj.k lHkk esa
ekuuh; eq[;ea=h th NRrhlx<+ insu lHkkifr gS rFkk Ldwy
f'k{kk ,oa vkfnetkfr] vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa vU; fiNM+k oxZ
dY;k.k foHkkx ds ea=h insu milHkkifr gSA NRrhlx<+ 'kklu
ds eq[; lfpo ,oa vkfne tkfr] vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa vU;
fiNM+k oxZ dY;k.k] foRr] iapk;r ,oa xzkeh.k fodkl efgyk

*meneÙekeâ ØeeOÙeehekeâ (jepeveerefle efJe%eeve efJeYeeie), MeemekeâerÙe veJeerve ceneefJeÅeeueÙe, Kegmeeaheej, efYeueeF&-ogie& (ÚòeermeieÌ{)
**MeesOeÚe$ee, mes" Deej.meer.Sme.keâuee SJeb JeeefCepÙe ceneefJeÅeeueÙe, ogie& (ÚòeermeieÌ{)
UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal-168  Vol-XVII (1)  March-2018  80
,oa cky fodkl foHkkx ds lfpo insu lnL; gSA NRrhlx<+
'kklu Ldwy f'k{kk foHkkx ds lfpo insu lnL; gSA vk;qDr
lwpuk ,oa izdk'ku lapkyd] ,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- lapkyd] yksd
f'k{k.k lapkyuky;] fe'ku lapkyd jktho xk¡/kh f'k{kk fe'ku
,oa vfrfjDr fe'ku lapkyd jktho xk¡/kh f'k{kk fe'ku insu
lnL; gSA euksuhr lnL;ksa esa ekuuh; eq[;ea=h }kjk fofHkUUk
{ks=ksa esa dk;Zjr O;fDr] tuizfrfuf/k] iapk;r izfrfuf/k 'kkfey
gSA bl lHkk esa ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ea=ky; }kjk euksuhr
lnL; ,oa dsUnz ljdkj }kjk euksuhr fofHkUUk Jsf.k;ksa ds O;fDr
'kkfey gSA fe'ku ds dk;Zdkfj.kh ds v/;{k eq[; lfpo] NRrhlx<+
'kklu insu v/;{k gSA jkT; 'kklu ds fofHkUu foHkkxksa ds lfpo
insu lnL; gSA jktho xk¡/kh fe'ku ds lapkyd insu lnL;
lfpo gS A ekuuh; eq [;ea=h }kjk euksf ur ,oa iapk;r
izfrfuf/k 'kkfey gSA
'kks/k lkfgR; dk iqujkoyksdu %
¼1½ nkl] Mh-,u-¼2002½] bUgksaus gfj;k.kk esa izkFkfed
Lrj dh f'k{kk ,oa leqnk; dh Hkkxhnkjh dk D;k izHkko gS ,oa
izkFkfed Lrj dh f'k{kk ij bUgksaus fo'ks"k v/;;u fd;k gSA
¼2½ f}osn h] vkj-,l- ,oa 'kekZ ts- ih- ¼1977½] us
pj.kc) Ldwyh dk;ZØeksa dk ewY;kdau e/;izns'k ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ
esa v?;;u dj crk;k gS fd Ldwy esa f'k{kk ds fy, dkSu&dkSu
ls dk;ZØe vk;ksftr fd;s tkrs gSa rFkk mu dk;Zdzeksa ds rgr~
dSlh f'k{kk nh tkrh gSA
¼3½ xSUV ¼1998½] bl lkfgR; esa Øec) Ldwyksa dh
J`a[kyk 1]2]3]4]5 tks fd jktho xk¡/kh f'k{kk fe'ku Hkksiky ij
vk/kkfjr gSA bl lkfgR; esa jktho xk¡/kh f'k{kk fe'ku dh
;kstukvksa ,oa dk;ZØeksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA
mn~ns'; %
¼1½ ftys esa loZf'k{kk vfHk;ku dh dk;Ziz.kkyh dks tkuukA
¼2½ ftys esa loZf'k{kk vfHk;ku dh dk;Ziz.kkyh esa tu
izfrfuf/k dh Hkwfedk dk egRoA
¼3½ jk;iqj ftys esa loZf'k{kk vfHk;ku jktho xk¡/kh f'k{kk
fe'ku ds varxZr vftZr miyfC/k;k¡A
¼4½ jktho xk¡/kh f'k{kk fe'ku ds y{;ksa rFkk mn~ns';ksa dks
iwjk djus ds fy, fe'ku }kjk cukbZ xbZZ ;kstukvksa dh tkudkjh
gkfly djukA
¼5½ fe'ku ds fy, ftyk iz'kklu dk uokpkj f'k{kk
;kstuk dks tkuukA
¼6½ fe'ku ds fy, ykHkkfUor {ks=ksa dk ewY;kdau djukA
ifjdYiuk %
¼1½ jktho xk¡/kh f'k{kk fe'ku ds fy, tuizfrfuf/k;ksa dh
Hkwfedk larqf"Vhiw.kZ ,oa izxfr'khy gks ldrh gSA
¼2½ f'k{kk Lrj ftyk ds lkFk&lkFk ns'k esa Hkh c<+sxkA
¼3½ dk;Z{ks= ds tuizfrfuf/k vR;f/kd tkx:d ,oa
mRrstukiw.kZ dk;Z ij /;ku vkdf"kZr gkssaxsA
¼4½ 'kgjksa dh f'k{kk xk¡oksa esa igq¡psxhA
¼5½ jk;iqj ftyk lEiw.kZ f'k{kk mUeq[k gksxkA
¼6½ f'k{kk dks vf/kd ljy ,oa lqfo/kk ;qDr cuk;k tk,xk
UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal-168  Vol-XVII (1)  March-2018  81
¼7½ xk¡oksa ds yksxksa dks f'k{kk ds izfr tkx:drk vk,xhA
v/;;u {ks= %
v/;;u {ks= NRrhlx<+ dk jk;iqj ftyk gSA jk;Ikqj ftys esa
4 fodkl[k.M gSA /kjlhaok] vkjax] frYnk vkSj vHkuiqj mijksDr
lHkh fodkl[k.Mksa ij jktho xk¡/kh f'k{kk fe'ku dk v/;;u djuk
gSA ftlds varxZr 300 mRrjnkrkvksa ls mudk loZf'k{kk vfHk;ku ds
ckjs esa vfHker izkIr djuk] fo'ys"k.k djukA blesa 4 fodkl[k.Mksa
ls p;fur lHkh yksxksa ls lk{kkRdkj ysuk gSA
fu"d"kZ %
izkjafHkd f'k{kk ds loZO;kihdj.k gsrq loZf'k{kk vfHk;ku dk
dk;kZUo;u Hkjr ds eq[; dk;ZØe ds rkSj ij fd;k tk jgk gSA
blds lexz y{;ksa esa 'kkfey gS& lkoZHkkSfed lqyHkrk] f'k{kk esa
lkekftd Js.kh ,oa ckyd&ckfydk ds varjksa dks nwj djuk rFkk
cPPkksa ds vf/kxe Lrjksa esa esa c<+ksRrjhA blesa vU; ckrksa ds
lkFk&lkFk u;s Ldwyksa dk fuekZ.k ,oa [kksyk tkuk] vfrfjDr
v/;kid] fu;fer v/;kid] lsokdkyhu izf'k{k.k] fu%'kqYd
ikB~;iqLrdsa] x.kos'k lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, vdknfed
lalk/ku lgk;rk ,oa vf/kxe ifj.kkeksa esa lq/kkj djus ds fy,
fu%'kqYd lgk;rk iznku fd;k tkuk 'kkfey gSA
fu%'kqYd vkSj vfuok;Z cky f'k{kk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e 2009
U;k;ksfpr dkuwuh <k¡ps dk izko/kku djrk gS] tks 6&14 o"kZ dh
vk;q ds lHkh cPpksa dks eq¶r vkSj vfuok;Z izos'k] mifLFkfr vkSj
izkjafHkd f'k{kk dks iwjk djus dk vf/kdkj nsrk gSA ;g cPPkksa ds
lkE;rk vkSj xSj&HksnHkko ds fl/nkarksa ij vk/kkfjr vf/kdkj ds
fy, izko/kku djrk gSA blls Hkh vf/kd egRoiw.kZ ;g gS fd
cPPkksa dk ,slh f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj nsrk gS tks Mj] ncko vkSj
fpark ls eqDr gSA
lanHkZ %
¼1½ vxzoky] vkj-lh- ¼2007½ % Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk fodkl
rFkk jk"Vªh; vkanksyu] ,l-lh-,.M daiuh fyfeVsM] fnYyhA
¼2½ cktis;h] lqHkk"k ¼2007½ % NRrhlx<+ esa jktuSfrd lkekftdj.k]
yksdok.kh laLFkk] 'kkgnjk] fnYyhA
¼3½ xqIrk]Mh-lh- ¼1972½ % bafM;u xouZesaV ,.M ikfyfVDl]
fnYyhA
¼4½ tSu] iq[kjkt ¼2003½ % Hkkjrh; 'kklu ,oa jktuhfr] vkxjk]
lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds'kUlA
¼5½ d';i] lqHkk"k ¼1997½ % gekjk lafo/kku] us'kuy cqd VªLV]
ubZ fnYyhA
osclkbV %
(1) www.ssachhattisgarhorg.com
(2) www.cg.gov.in

 An International,

March 2002
Registered & Refereed
P olitical Science

Since
UGC Approved Journal
Monthly Journal :
Research Link Research Link - 168, Vol - XVII (1), March - 2018, Page No. 82-84
ISSN - 0973-1628  RNI - MPHIN-2002-7041  Impact Factor - 2015 - 2.782

meernesj efJeOeevemeYee #es$e : Skeâ DeOÙeÙeve

Øemlegle MeesOehe$e meernesj efJeOeevemeYee #es$e kesâ efJemle=le DeOÙeÙeve mes mecyebefOele nw~ ceOÙeØeosMe
efJeOeevemeYee kesâ 230 efveJee&Ûeve #es$e ceW mes Skeâ #es$e meernesj nw~ Yeewieesefuekeâ Âef°keâesCe mes meernesj ceeueJee keâer
meceleue Yetefce hej yemee ngDee nw~ Ùen 22.32 mes 23.40 De#eebMe Gòej leLee 76.22 mes 78.03 os#eebMe
hetJe& kesâ yeerÛe ceW efmLele nw~ meernesj efJeOeevemeYee #es$e jepeveereflekeâ Âef° mes Dehevee cenlJehetCe& mLeeve jKelee nw~
ØeejbYe ceW Yeesheeue, meernsej keâer Skeâ lenmeerue cee$e Lee~ meernesj efpeues ceW 4 efJeOeevemeYee #es$e nw, yegOeveer,
Dee°e, FÚeJej leLee meernesj yegOeveer efJeOeevemeYee #es$e mes cegKÙeceb$eer ßeer efMeJejepeefmebn Ûeewneve nw~ meernesj keâe
ØeeÛeerve veece ‘efmeæhegj’ nw~ ÙeneB cegKÙele: efnvot, cegefmuece, efmeKe, F&meeF& leLee pewve jnles nQ~ ÙeneB keâer mebmke=âefle
YeejleerÙe mebmke=âefle mes Deesle-Øeesle nw~

[e@.DeeYee pewve

e/;izns'k fo/kkulHkk fuokZpu ds 230 {ks= esa ls ,d
{ks= lhgksj fo/kkulHkk gSA ;g lkekU; fo/kkulHkk {ks= ds vUrxZr
gSA e/;izns'k esa 154 lkekU;] 36 vuqlwfpr tkfr rFkk 40
vuqlfw pr tutkfr okys {ks= gSAa lhgksj fo/kkulHkk {ks= jktuhfrd
n`f"V ls viuk egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gSA izkjaHk esa Hkksiky
¼orZeku esa e/;izns'k dh jkt/kkuh½ lhgksj ftys ds varxZr vkrk
Fkk Hkksiky] lhgksj dh ,d rglhy ek= FkkA lhgksj fo/kkulHkk
{ks= dh jktuhfr bl {ks= ds okrkoj.k ,oa tulkekU; ls
izHkkfor gksrh gSA vr% {ks= dk v/;;u djus ls iwoZ ;gk¡ ds
okrkoj.k dks le>uk vko';d gSA
HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr %
fLFkfr ,oa {ks=Qy % HkkSxksfyd n`f"Vdks.k ls lhgksj
ekyok dh lery Hkwfe ij clk gqvk gSA ;g 22-32 ls 23-40
v{kka'k mRrj RkFkk 76-22 ls 78-03 ns'kka'k iwoZ ds chp esa fLFkr
gSA lhgksj e/;izns'k dh jkt/kkuh Hkksiky ls ek= 39 fdyksehVj
dh nwjh ij HkksIkky&bankSj ekxZ ij fLFkr gSA blds mRrj esa
Hkksiky] iwoZ esa jk;lsu] nf{k.k iwoZ esa gks'kaxkckn] mRrj if'pe esa
'kktkiqj rFkk if'pe esa nsokl ftyk fLFkr gSA lhgksj dk
{ks=Qy 6578-00 oxZ fdyksehVj ¼tux.kuk o"kZ 2001 ds vuqlkj½
gSA ;g leqnzh lrg ls yxHkx 1500 QhV dh lkekU; Å¡pkbZ
ij fLFkr gS] fdUrq lokZf/kd Å¡pkbZ 2107 QhV lhgksj rglhy
ds xzke vekek; uked LFkku ij gSA
tyok;q % lhgksj ftys dh tyok;q le'khrks".k gSA ;gk¡
dk lokZf/kd rkieku ebZ esa 45 fMxzh lsfYl;l ¼o"kZ 2010½ rFkk
U;wure rkieku tuojh eas 4-5 fMxzh lsfYl;l ¼o"kZ 2011½
fjdkWMZ fd;k x;kA tyok;q dh n`f"V lss o"kkZ dk ekSle twu ls
e/; flrEcj ekg rd jgrk gSA nf{k.k&if'Pke ekulwu ls bl
DeefleefLe efJeÉeve (jepeveerefleMeeŒe efJeYeeie), MeemekeâerÙe ceneefJeÅeeueÙe, kesâmejer-meeiej (ceOÙeØeosMe)
{ks= esa vkSlr o"kkZ 815 fe-eh- ds yxHkx gks tkrh gSA lhgksj
ftys dk ou {ks= 1]526]-63 oxZ fdyksehVj rd QSyk gqvk gSA
ftlesa lkxkSu] lky] lktM] rsUnq] egqvk] [kSj] ckal] ccwy]
bjjkZ] cgsM+k vkaoyk vkfn o`{k cgqrk;r esa ik, tkrs gSaA blds
vykok vkS"k/kh; ouLifr Hkh ikbZ tkrh gSA lhgksj esa ou xzke dh
la[;k 35 gSA lhgksj dh thou nkf;uh unh lhou ¼f'koorh½ dk
lh/kk izokg vkSj ty laca/k xaxk ls gSA lhou] ikoZrh RkFkk pacy
;s lkjh ufn;k¡ mÙkj dh vksj cgrh gS] ;s bu ufn;ksa dh
izkd`frd fo'ks"krk gSA
,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe % lhgksj dk izkphu uke ^^fl)iqj**
gSA lhou unh ds dkj.k bldk uke fl)iqj iM+kA vaxzstksa ds
dkj.k ckn es fl)iqj ls lhgksj cu x;kA lhgksj ftyk ,sfrgkfld
,oa d`f"k iz/kku ftyk gSA e/;izns'k ds xBu ds iwoZ ;g Hkksiky
jkT; ds nks ftyksa esa ls ,d FkkA ftls ^futkre&,&e'kjhd ds
uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA vDVwcj 1972 ls iwoZ jkt/kkuh Hkksiky
blh ftys ds vUrxZr vkrh FkhA
lhgksj ftys dk bfrgkl %
9 oha 'krkCnh ds izkjaHk ls 13 oha 'krkCnh ds e/; rd
ekyok] ftlesa lhgksj ftyk Hkh 'kkfey gS& ijekj jktkvksa ds
vk/khu jgkA ckn esa ;g ejkBksa ds v/khu gks x;kA ejkBk lkezkT;
ls lhgksj ftys dss vyx gks tkus ij ;g eqfLYke 'kkldksa ds
vk/khu jgkA vafre eqfLye 'kkld uokc gehnmYYkk [kk¡ Fks]
ftudk dk;Zdky twu 1948 dks lekIr gqvk FkkA bl izdkj
lhgksj pUnzxqIr izFke] g"kZo/kZu] jktHkkst] v'kksd n xzsV] is'kok
phQ] ejkBk] ijekj] jkuh] deykorh vkSj Hkksiky ds uokc ds
'kklu ds v/khu jgkA
lhgksj ftys dh LFkkiuk iwoZ Hkksiky jkT; essa 1880 esa gqbZA

UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal-168  Vol-XVII (1)  March-2018  82

izkjaHk esa Hkksiky] lhgksj ftys ds vUrxZr vkrk FkkA Hkksiky] vDVwcj] 1972 dks lhgksj vkSj Hkksiky nks ftys cuk, x, rFkk
lhgksj dh ,d rglhy ek= FkkA 2 vDVwcj 1972 dks lhgksj lhgksj ftys dks 4 fo/kkulHkk {ks=ksa&lhgksj] vk"Vk] bNkoj vkSj
ftyk dk foHkktu gqvk ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i nks ftys& cq/kuh esa ckaVk x;kA lhgksj fo/kkulHkk {ks= ls nks lnL;h; {ks=
Hkksiky rFkk lhgksj dk fuekZ.k gqvkA Hkh lekIr dj fn;k x;kA vc izR;sd {ks= ls ,d lnL; pquk
jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu eas lhgksj dh Hkwfedk % tkrk gSA lhgksj fo/kkulHkk {ks= ds vUrxZRk fuEufyf[kr xk¡o
yxHkx 50 lkyksa ds la?k"kZ ds ckn 15 vxLr] 1947 dks vkrs gSa& ck¡fl;k] iksVj] xok] nqjxako] pkanoM] ekuiqjk] Nrjiqj]
gekjk ns'k Lora= gqvkA bl vkanksyu esa jkT; ifj"kn] tks dkdw[ksM+h] exjnk] lkruokMh] yks/khiqjk] eaqxkoyh] lhy[ksM+k]
dkaxzsl ds frjaxs >.Ms ds uhps dke djrh Fkh] blds usrk ia- cj[skM+k glu] lqvk[ksM+h] ikMfy;k] ea>sMk] lakdyk] pjuky]
prqj ukjk;.k ekyoh;] [kku 'kkfdj vyh [kk¡] ;kák vyh [kk¡] vkNkjksgh] ejgsBh] ihyw[ksMh+ ] ifM+;kyk] xksikyiqjk] Nrjh jlwyiwjk]
ckcw dkark izlkn] ia- j?kqunau O;kl] ';ke laqnj lDlsuk rFkk ihiy[ksM+k] ou[ksM+k] vgeniqj] nsgjh] vteruxj] gfr;k[ksM+k]
Jherh :De.kh noh vkfn us le;&le; ij tu vkanksyu dk fguksrh] [kkbZ[ksM+k lksBh] cjhZ] ?kkViyklh] ikufcgkj] fgxksuh]
usr`Ro fd;kA nksjkgk] ikl] teqfu;k [kqnZ] cjksMhdyk] lÙkksjfu;k] Mkscjk]
1949 dk foyhuhdj.k vkUnksyu % xqy[ksMh+ ] dkneiqj] /kksch[ksMh+ ] dpukfj;k] [ktwfj;k dyk] ukSuh[ksMh+
Hkksiky ds RkRdkyhu uokc gehn~mYyk [kk¡ us Hkh Hkkjrh; dkth eqgkyh] 'ks[kiqjk] Vksyk] fctksjk teksfu;k rkykc] Fkwuk[kqnZ
la?k esa lfEefyr gksus ls badkj dj fn;k ftlds dkj.k bl {ks= vkSj lhgksjA
dh turk us mu ij ncko Mkyk vkSj fnlEcj 1948 esa tksjnkj lkekftd fLFkfr %
rjhds ls iwjs Hkksiky jkT; esa foyhuhdj.k vkUnksyu 'kq: fd;kA fdlh Hkh {ks= dh jktuhfr ogk¡ ds lkekftd fLFkfr ds
bl vkanksyu esa loZth fo".qnÙk feJk] /kuflax lwQh] ckcwyky vuq:i gksrh gSA lekt ds ykxksa ds jhfr&fjokt] /kkfeZd fLFkfr]
vk;Z] pUnuey] cuoj] jkeizlkn beykg] Jherh :De.kh nsoh ifj/kku] 'kS{kf.kd Lrj] tSLkk gksxk oSlh gh ml {ks= dh jktuhfr
O;kl] pUnz fd'kksj O;kl] vejpUnz jksfgyk] fcgkjhyky iVsy] gksxhA lkekftd lajpuk dks le>us ds fy, gesa tula[;k]
uanyky vk;Z xkSjh'kadj lekf?k;k] mn;flag vk;Z] ia- j?kquUnu /keZ] tkfr] Hkk"kk] R;kSgkj] jhfr&fjokt] ifj/kku vkfn dk v/;;u
O;kl vkSj Jherh /kus'ojh nsoh pkScs vkfn us Hkkx fy;k vkSj djuk gksxk tks fuEukuqlkj gS %
tsy ;k=k dhA igyh fxj¶rkjh vizSy 1948 esa fo".kqnÙk feJk tula[;k % tula[;k jktuhfr dk egRoiw.kZ dkjd gS
dh gqbZA foyhuhdj.k vkanksyu tu vkanksyu Fkk blesa lHkh oxksZ D;ksafd yksdra= jktuhfr esa turk dh losZlokZ gksrh gSA lhgksj
us Hkkx fy;kA xkSjh'kadj lekf?k;k us fgUnq egklHkk dh rjQ ls ftys dh tula[;k o"kZ 1901 ls 2011 rd fuEu rkfydk ds
blesa Hkkx fy;kAJherh :De.kh nsoh us 13 tuojh 1949 dks vuqlkj gS %
efgykvkas ds tqywl dk usRk`Ro djrs gq;s iqjkuh futker dk rkfydk Øekad 1 % lhgksj ftys dk {ks=Qy]
?ksjko fd; Jherh /kus'ojh nsoh us frjaxk >.Mk futker ds tula[ ;k rFkk tula[;k dk ?kUkRo
Åij Qgjk;k rFkk O;kl th us ogk¡ j[ks gq, gfFk;kjksa ij dCtk tula[;k {ks=Qy oxZ tula[ ;k dk ?kuRo
djds ;s ?kks"k.kk dh fd vkt ls uokch jkT; [kRe gks pqdk gS tula[;k
o"kZ fd- eh- ¼izf roxZ fd-eh-½
vkSj Hkksiky jkT; Hkkjrh; la?k esa foyhu fd;k tkrk gSA ljnkj 1901 vizkIr 220839 vizkIr
iVsy Hkkjr ds x`gea=h Fks mUgksusa vius fo'ks"k nwr Jh oh- ih- 1911 vizkIr 225865 vizkIr
esuu dks Hkksiky Hkstk vkSj fLFkfr dk tk;tk fy;kA Jh esuu 1921 vizkIr 243785 vizkIr
vkSj uokc ds chp le>kSrk gqvk] ftlds vuqlkj 1 twu] 1949 1931 4015-31 263882 66
dks uokch jkT; iw.kZRk% lekIr gks x;k vkSj Hkksiky jkT; Hkkjrh; 1941 4173-02 279646 67
la?k esa 'kkfey dj fy;k x;k rFkk ns'k ds lkFk ;s bykdk Hkh 1951 6516-51 285451 44
Lora= gks x;kA 1961 6579-22 382969 58
lhgksj fo/kkulHkk {ks= % 1971 6579-22 512764 78
jkT; fo/kkulHkk ds izFke pquko 1952 esa gq,A ml le; 1981 6578-00 657381 100
1991 6578-00 841358 128
lhgksj ftys esa 14 fo/kkulHkk {ks= Fks] ftlls 18 lnL; pqus
2011 6578-00 1078912 164
tkrs FksA ckn eas fo/kkulHkk dk iquZxBu] 1956 ds dkuwu ds
L=ksr % ftyk lkaf[;dh iqfLrdk o"kZ 2010-
varxZr fd;k x;k bl ,DV ds }kjk lhgksj ftys ls 6
izfrfuf/k] 4 fo/kkulHkk {ks=ksa ls pqus x, vkSj lhgksj fo/kkulHkk rkfydk 1 ds vuqlkj o"kZ 2001 esa lhgksj ftys dh tula[;k
{ks= dks nks lnL;h; fo/kkulHkk {ks= cuk;k x;k] ftlesa ,d 1078912 gS rFkk tula[;k dk ?kUkRo 164 O;fDr izfroxZ fdykksehVj
lhV vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fy, vkjf{kr dh xbZA 1964 esa lhgksj gSA lhgksj ftys esa 4 fo/kkulHkk {ks= cq/kuh] vk"Vk bNkoj vkSj
ftys dh fo/kkulHkk {ks=kas dk iquZxBu fd;k x;k vkSj blds lhgksj gSA tcfd ;gk¡ 8 rglhy&lhgksj] vk"Vk] bNkoj] cq/kuh]
vUrxZr lhgksj ftys dks 7 fo/kkulHkk {ks=ksa esa ckaVk x;k blesa ul:Yykxat] jsgVh] ';keiqj vkSj tkoj gSA lhgksj rglhy esa
vk"Vk fo/kkulHkk dkss vuqlwfpr tkfr gsrq vkjf{kr j[kkA 2 lu~ 2001 esa vuqlwfpr tkfr tula[;k 63857 gS tks dqy
UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal-168  Vol-XVII (1)  March-2018  83
tula[;k dk 17-94 izfr'kr gS blh rjg vuqlwfpr tutkfr dh
tula[;k 11161 gS] tks dqy tula[;kdk 3-14 izfr'kr gSA L=h
iq:"k dk vuqikr lu~ 2001 ds vuqlkj 910 gSA
tkfr ,oa /keZ %
;gk¡ eq[;r% fgUnw] eqfLye] fl[k] bZlkbZ rFk tSu jgrs gSaA
fgUnw esa Hkh Bkdqj] {k=h;] jktiwr] czkã.k] yks/kh] pekj] oybZ]
[kkrh] dkNh] vghj] dqehZ RkFkk eqfLye esa iBku 'ks[k jgr gSaA
blds vfrfjDr ;gk¡ ij xksaM] fdjkj rFkk ehuk tutkfr ds yksx
Hkh jgrs gSAa ;gk¡ lHkh /keksZa dks ekuus okys yksx jgrs gSAa lhgksj uxj
ds dLck eksgYys esa Jh jke eafnj ,oa izkphu TkSu eafnj fLFkr gSa]
tks vfr'k; {ks= gSaA ;gk¡ 4 tSu eafnj gSa] tks viuh fof'k"Vrkk
cuk, gq, gSaA izkphu bfrgkl dh n`f"V ls is'kok dkyhu x.ks'k
eafnj viuh fof'k"Vrk ,oa oSHko fy, lhgksj es fLFkr gSA lhgksj
{ks= esa eq[; :i ls fgUnw vkSj eqfLye laiznk; vf/kd la[;k eaas
jgrs gSa os /kkfeZd vk/kkj ij jktuhfr dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA
Hkk"kk] lk{kjrk ,oa laLd`fr %
lhgksj dh Hkh eq[; Hkk"kk fgUnh gh gSA ekyok esa fLFkr gksus
ds dkj. ;gk¡ ekyoh Hkh cksyh tkrh gSA blds vfrfjDr ÅnZw]
iatkch] ejkBh] flU/kh] xqtjkrh vkfn cksfy;k¡ Hkh cksyh tkrh gSaA
ftys esa 1991 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj dh rqyuk esa o"kZ 2001 esa
lk{kjrk izfr'kr esa 23-40 izfr'kr dh c<+ksÙkjh gqbZA orZeku esa
lk{kjrk dk izfr'kr 63-83 izfr'kr gS bl vof/k esa efgykvksa dh
lk{kjrk esa 25-96 izfr'kr dh o`f) gqbZ o"kZ 1991 esa 57-98 izfr'kr
iq:"k lk{kj Fks vc 78-14 izfr'kr lk{kj gSA
;gk¡ ij lHkh rht R;kSgkj tSls&n'kgjk] nhikoyh] gksyh
jk[kh] bZn] eqgjZe] CkSlk[kh] fØlel Ms] xq:ukud t;arh] egkohj
t;arh cM+s mRlkg vkSj mYykl iwoZd eukbZ tkrh gSA edj
laØkfr] xqMh iM+ok vkfn R;kSgkjksa dk Hkh fo'ks"k egRo gSA ;gk¡ dbZ
lkaLd`frd laxBu gS tks dfo lEesyu xk;u] oknu rFkk fo'ks"k
voljksa ij >kadh bR;kfn dk vk;kstu djrs gSA
vkfFkZd fLFkfr %
lhgksj fo/kkulHkk {ks= ds vkfFkZd igywvkas esa d`f"k] m|ksx]
ifjogu Je vkSj jkstxkj] jkTkLo izkfIr;k¡ rFkk ;kstuk izko/kku
dk mYys[kuh; LFkku gSA ftudk foospu bl izdkj gS %
d`f"k ,oa m|ksx % lhgksj d`f"k iz/kku ftyk gSA xUuk
mRiknu ds ekeys esa vusd ckj jk"Vªh; Lrj ij mlus lQyrk,¡
vftZRk dh gSaA d`f"k foHkkx }kjk fd, x, l?ku iz;klksa dk vlj
d`f"k ij ldkjkRed :i ls iM+k gSA ck;ksxsl la;a=] m|kfudh
fodkl vkSj tSfod [krh eas Hkh ftys esa vPNh lQyrk,¡ vftZr
dh gSaA lhgksj ftyk vkS|kSfxd n`f"V ls fiNM+k gqvk gS ;gk¡ dqy
LFkkfir m|ksx dh la[;k 93 gS blesa fu;ksftr O;fDr 230 gS rFkk
fu;kstu 117-37 yk[k :- lhgksj ftys esa y?kq m|ksx] e/;e
m|ksx vkSj o`gn m|ksxksa dh fLFkfr Bhd ugha gSA 'kq: esa budh
la[;k T;knk Fkh ij orZeku esa ;s ?kVrh gh tk jgh gSA lhgksj ftys
eaas e/;izns'k jkT; lM+d ifjogu fuxe gsrq lgk;d m|ksxksa dh
LFkkiuk gsrq vkS|kSfxd laLFkku gSA ;gk¡ osthVsfoy vkbZy] fjQkbUM
vkbZy] feYd izklsflax] Øk¶V isij] jsYos ds fy, lhesUV Lyhij
,oa i'kq vkgkj dk mRiknu gksrk gSA
UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal-168  Vol-XVII (1)  March-2018  84
ifjogu] Je ,oa jkstxkj % lhgksj uxj Hkksiky bankSj
jsYos ekxZ ij fLFkr gSA lhgksj rglhy esa iDdh lM+dksa dk fuekZ.k
iz/kkuea=h lM+d ;kstuk ds rgr 12-2 fd-eh- rFkk yksd fuekZ.k
foHkkx ds }kjk 16-78 fd-eh- fd;k x;k] tcfd dPph lM+dkas dk
yksd fuekZ.k foHkkx }kjk 13-50 fd- eh- fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA lhgksj
rglhy esa dPph vkSj iDdh lM+dksa dh yEckbZ dh rqyuk esa iDdh
lM+ds vf/kd gS] tks ;gk¡ dh vkfFkZd le`f) dk izrhd gS rFkk ,slh
fLFkfr ls jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;k¡ dks izkRs lkgu feyrk gSA ftys eas
jkstxkj dk;kZy; eas iathd`r O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k lu~ 2010 ds
vuqlkj 50]613 gSA bl izdkj lhgksj dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dk
fo'ys"k.k djus ls irk pyrk gS fd ;gk¡ dh turk eq[; :i ls
d`f"k ij fuHkZj gSA vkS|kSfxd n`f"V ls Hkys gh ;g fiNM+k gqvk gS
ijUrq ;gk¡ m|ksxksa dh laHkkouk,¡ vf/kd gS ljdkj bl fn'kk esa
iz;kl Hkh dj jgh gSSA lhgksj uxj dh ifjogu ,oa lapkj O;oLFkk
Hkh vPNh gSA tks ;gk¡ ds vkfFkZd fodkl es lg;ksx djrh gSA
iz'kklfud fLFkfr % iz'kklfud n`f"V ls lhgksj ftyk
vkB rglhyksa lhgksj] bNkoj] vk"Vk] cq/kuh] ul:Yykxat]
jsgVh] ';keiqj vkSj tkoj ds tfj;s iz'kkflr gSA tkoj ftys dh
ubZ rglhy gSA blds xBu dh ?kks"k.kk 12 twu] 2008 dks
eq[;ea=h Jh f'kojkt flag pkSgku ds }kjk dh xbZ FkhA ftys esa
ik¡p fodkl[k.M gS tks lhgksj] vk"Vk] bNkoj] cq/kuh ,oa
ul:Yykxat gSA lhgksj ftys esa 4 fo/kkulHkk {ks= gS cq/kuh
fo/kkulHkk ¼fo/kkulHkk {ks= Øekad 156½] vk"Vk fo/kkulHkk
¼fo/kkulHkk {ks= Øekad 157½] bNkoj fo/kkulHkk ¼fo/kkulHkk {ks=
Øekad 158½] rFkk lhgksj fo/kkulHkk {ks= ftldk fo/kkulHkk
Øekad 159 gSA cq/kuh fo/kkulHkk {ks= ls eq[;ea=h Jh f'kojkt
flag pkSgku gSA lhgksj ftys esa 2 uxj ikfyd lhgksj vkSj vk"Vk
gSA ;gk¡ 7 uxj iapk;r bPNkoj] tkoj] 'kkgxat dksBjh]
ul:Yykxat] cq/kuh] jsagVh gSaA ;gk¡ ik¡p tuin iapk;r lhgksj]
vk"Vk] bNkoj] cq/kuh] ul:Yykxat gSA dqy xzkeksa dh la[;k
1072 gS vkckn xzke 1019 gSA xzke iapk;r dh la[;k 497 gSaA
16 jktLo fujh{kd e.My rFkk 199 iVokjh gYds gSAa fo|qrhd`r
xzke dh la[;k 1016 gS] tcfd is;ty lqfo/kk ;qDr xzkeksa dh
la[;k 1019 gSA bl izdkj lhgksj fo/kkulHkk {ks= jktuhfrd
n`f"V ls viuk egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gSA
lanHkZ %
¼1½ xtsfV;j vkWQ bafM;k] e-iz- lhgkj] Hkksiky 1989 ¼'kkldh;
izdk'ku½A ¼2½ lDlsuk] ';ke lqUnj % Lora=rk laxzke lsukuh&
^^Hkksiky jkT; ds Lok/khurk laxzke dk bfrgkl**A ¼3½ lekf/k;k]
xkSjh'kadj % iafMr j?kquUnu O;kl Lora=rk laxzke lsukuh ls lk{kkRdkj
ls izkIr tkudkjh ij vk/kkfjrA ¼4½ e/;izns'k ds lanHkZ esa 2010-
¼5½ lhgksj fo/kkulHkk iqfLrdk 2010- ¼6½ ekWfjl tkWUl ikWfyZ;kesUV
bu bafM;k yanu 1957] i`"B 2- ¼7½ ftyk lkaf[;dh iqfLrdk 2010]
i`"B 14- ¼8½ lhgksj ftyk ,d fodkl] ftyk tu laidZ dk;kZy;
lhgksj e iz-A
