Professional Documents
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IN AUSTRALIAN WATERWAYS
RESEARCH AND
POLICY HIGHLIGHTS
NATIONAL DROWNING REPORT 2018
72%
249
28%
PEOPLE DROWNED IN
AUSTRALIAN WATERWAYS
27 60
15
87
3
40
10
Note: Arrows reflect 2017/18 progress against the 10 year average.
2
TOP 3 LOCATIONS CONTENTS
56 Methods
TOP 3 ACTIVITIES
58 2017/18 Research and Policy Highlights
26% SWIMMING
& RECREATING
15% BOATING
14% FALLS
3
FOREWORD
People, and Families not Cases or Data Swimming and Water Safety Skills
We must always be mindful that this is a report filled We are absolutely committed to the notion that all
with the stories of real people impacted in a most tragic Australian children have the right to a comprehensive
way by drowning. It includes people who lost their swimming and water safety education. The skills of
lives to drowning, the families they left behind, the swimming, survival swimming, and basic rescue are all
rescuers who made valiant efforts to save their life, and lifesavers, yet we know that there are many barriers;
the communities that are reminded as they pass the including cost, distance, awareness, and access in
causeway, swimming pool, rock platform, beach or river communities most at risk of drowning. In May 2018, we
swimming holes. convened the second National Swimming and Water
Safety Symposium, bringing together policy makers,
water safety organisations and academics from across
Non-fatal Drowning Australia. Our focus continues to be on relaunching the
National Swimming and Water Safety Framework.
We continue to grow our understandings of the impacts
of both fatal and non-fatal drowning. Those who survive
a drowning incident, often do so while suffering from
an array of lifelong health impacts. In some cases these Strengthening Partnerships
impacts lead to premature death. This year’s Royal Life Saving National Drowning
Report is the 24th iteration. It is our most rigorous and
comprehensive analysis to date. The Royal Life Saving
Young lives saved National Fatal Drowning Database now stretches back 16
years, and almost 5,000 cases. Partnerships with others
The most pleasing item to report this year relates to the
are critical to its value in prevention terms. Coroners,
reduction in drowning of children under the age of five.
Federal, State and Local Governments, Institutions and
A 38% reduction when compared to last year, and 36%
other industry bodies have used the dataset to inform
against the 10 year average is very positive. Parents must
the development of drowning prevention policy.
continually be reminded to Keep Watch, and ensure that
their pool fence and gate are in good working order.
4
NATIONAL DROWNING REPORT 2018 5
FATAL AND NON-FATAL DROWNING IN AUSTRALIA
1.63
deaths in aquatic locations
1.48
1.42
1.38
1.38
1.36
1.33
across Australia between
1.27
1.23
1.22
1.22
1.18
1 July 2017 and 30 June 2018.
1.17
1.16
1.09
1.12
1.01
This is a 14% reduction on 2016/17
322
and an 11% reduction on the ten
303
300
295
293
291
288
280
279
year average.
277
275
273
269
264
261
259
249
The crude drowning rate is 1.01
drowning deaths per 100,000
population, compared to a 10 year
average rate of 1.22.
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
2010/11
2011/12
2012/13
2013/14
2014/15
2015/16
2016/17
2017/18
10 Yr Avg
the relationship between numbers
of fatal and non-fatal incidents for
each age group between 2002/03
and 2014/15, we estimate there were Number of Deaths/Year Number of Deaths/100,000 Population
551 non-fatal drowning incidents
requiring hospitalisation in 2017/18, Figure 1: Unintentional Drowning Deaths and Death Rates,
assuming the historical ratios Australia 2002/03 to 2017/18, 10 Year Average
between the number of fatal and
non-fatal incidents held constant.
4.83
4.72
4.66
4.62
4.59
4.57
4.52
4.49
4.38
rate of 3.23 drowning incidents per
4.21
4.17
4.01
100,000 population.
3.75
823
791
822
3.23
752
717
703
689
671
672
677
671
578
625
619
679
624
551
322
303
300
291
295
293
288
280
279
275
277
273
269
264
261
259
249
REDUCTION IN DROWNING
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
2010/11
2011/12
2012/13
2013/14
2014/15
2015/16
2016/17
2017/18
10 Yr Avg
DEATHS ON 2016/17
DROWNING INCIDENTS IN
AUSTRALIA IN 2017/18
6
CASE STUDY
With 2020 only two years away, we have begun to track This population-based approach takes into account
our progress against the goal of reducing drowning changes in the size of the population being protected,
by 50%, to identify areas where interventions have and is consistent with how we monitor most other public
been successful and those where additional effort is health outcomes.
urgently required. A range of factors have impacted the
achievability of the 50% reduction target. These include
changes in the size and make-up of the Australian
population, which is increasingly older and features
larger numbers of tourists and overseas born residents Factors impacting achievement
(see Factors impacting achievement). Since 2002/03 there has been a:
In order to partially adjust for the changes in our target • 28% population increase
population, the graphics below show progress in the rate
of drowning per 100,000 people. To avoid overstating • 55% population increase in people aged 65+
the effects of one year peaks and troughs, these figures
• 71% increase in people born overseas
compare 3 year averages from the start (2002/03–
2004/05) to our most recent data (2015/16-2017/18) for • 71% increase in overseas inbound tourism
the four key life stages outlined in the Australian Water
Safety Strategy 2016-2020. • 100% increase in international students
fatal drowning rate/100,000 pop
3 year average age-specific
2002/03 to 2004/05
2015/16 to 2017/18
1.91
35-44 years age group. The 18
1.62
drowning deaths this year of
young children under five years of
age, represents a 36% reduction
1.21
on the 10 year average of 28
1.10
1.04
drowning deaths.
0.87
0.72
0.63
22
65 16 11
6 3 9
0 3 44
9 7 29
3 4
18
ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA
Figure 4: Drowning Deaths by Sex and State and Territory, Drowning Death Rates
31 30
28 28 29
26 27
21
18
2 7 7
5 5
3
0-4 5-9 10-14 15-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+
DROWNING DEATHS 2017/18 10 year average
AMONG CHILDREN UNDER
FIVE DOWN BY 36% ON Figure 5: Drowning Deaths by Age Group, 2017/18, 10 Year Average
THE 10 YEAR AVERAGE Please note: There was one drowning death in Queensland where age was unknown.
8
CASE STUDY
YEARS OF LIFE
10,335 LOST DUE TO
FATAL DROWNING
40
throughout the year with the
38
largest proportion taking place
in Summer (42%).
27
25
Fatal drowning peaked in December
21
with 40 deaths, followed by January
17
with 38 deaths.
16
15
14
13
12
11
Sunday was the most common day
for fatal drowning, accounting for
23% of all deaths.
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
April
May
June
51% of all drowning deaths
in 2017/18 occurred in the
afternoon hours.
57
42
39
34
31
25
21
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
10
CASE STUDY
Unknown Bathing
13% 9%
Watercraft
2% Boating
15%
Diving
4%
Swimming
& Recreating
25%
Fall 14%
Rock Fishing 2%
Fishing
Rescue Non- Jumped
4%
2% aquatic In
RIVERS, CREEKS AND 2%
STREAMS REMAIN THE Transport
LEADING LOCATION FOR 8%
DROWNING IN AUSTRALIA
Figure 10: Drowning Deaths by Activity Immediately Prior, 2017/18,
10 Year Average
12
DROWNING DEATHS BY LOCATION
61
RIVER/CREEK/STREAM
46
BEACHES
40
OCEAN/HARBOUR
33
SWIMMING POOLS
106
deaths in rivers, creeks and
streams across Australia in
83
80
78
77
74
2017/18. This represents a 10%
73
73
70
70
68
68
68
67
63
reduction on 2016/17 and a
61
58
16% reduction when compared
to the 10 year average.
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
2010/11
2011/12
2012/13
2013/14
2014/15
2015/16
2016/17
2017/18
10 Yr Avg
deaths, with 12 fatalities. This year,
there were no drowning deaths in
the 5-9 years and the 15-17 years
age groups in rivers.
Figure 11: Drowning Deaths in River/Creek/Stream Locations 2002/03
In 28% of cases the activity prior to to 2017/18, 10 Year Average
drowning in a river was unknown,
indicating the person was alone
when they drowned and the
activity prior to drowning was 12
not witnessed. 11
10 10 10
9 9 9 9
8 8
7
6
5
3
2 2 2
1 0 1 0
0-4 5-9 10-14 15-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+
2017/18 10 year average
17
14
13 13
12
11 11
10
RIVER DROWNING DEATHS
7
HAVE DECREASED BY 16% IN
2017/18 WHEN COMPARED 4
3 1 3 1 3 3 1
0 2 2 0 0 2 0
TO THE 10 YEAR AVERAGE
Boating
Diving
Fall
Fishing
Jumped In
Non-aquatic
Transport
Rescue
Swept Away
Swimming &
Recreating
Watercraft
Other
Unknown
UNKNOWN ACTIVITIES
ACCOUNTED FOR 28%
OF DROWNING DEATHS
IN RIVERS IN 2017/18
14
CASE STUDY
RESEARCH USES MIXED
METHODS TO REVISE FATAL
RIVER DROWNING RATES
Royal Life Saving and James Cook
University researchers have published
a study in the Injury Prevention journal
examining river visitation and its impact
on drowning risk. Using fatal river
drowning data from the Royal Life Saving
National Fatal Drowning Database and
nationally representative survey data on
river visitation, river drowning risk based
on exposure for adults was estimated.
The study also examined differences in
traditional river drowning rates per 100,000
population when exposure was considered.
65
61
deaths at Australian beaches
57
55
in 2017/18. This represents a
53
49
47
47
6% reduction on 2016/17 and a
46
46
44
43
41
2% reduction when compared
38
38
35
32
to the ten year average.
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
2010/11
2011/12
2012/13
2013/14
2014/15
2015/16
2016/17
2017/18
10 Yr Avg
drowning deaths at beaches of
children under 10 years.
12
9 9
8
7
6 6 6
5 5 5
4
3 3
1 1 2 1 2 1
0 0
0-4 5-9 10-14 15-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+
2017/18 10 year average
Figure 15: Beach Drowning Deaths by Age Group, 201/18, 10 Year Average
32
26
BEACH DROWNINGS
DOWN 2% AGAINST
THE 10 YEAR AVERAGE
7
1 5 1 1 4
4 4 3 3
0 2
Boating
Diving
Recue
Swimming &
Recreating
Watercraft
Other
Unknown
23% INCREASE ON BEACH Figure 16: Beach Drowning Deaths by Activity Immediately Prior to Drowning,
2017/18, 10 Year Average
DROWNING DEATHS AS A
RESULT OF SWIMMING AND
RECREATING, COMPARED
TO 10 YEAR AVERAGE
16
CASE STUDY
DROWNING AS A
GLOBAL ISSUE
Drowning is a serious and neglected public
health issue which the World Health
Organization (WHO) estimates claims the
lives of 360,000 people every year around
the world. More than 90% of these
drowning deaths occur in low and middle
income countries, many of which are in
our region.
Cambodia 11.2
China 3.9
Other countries in the region
Fiji 8.0
Philippines 5.5
Thailand 8.2
Australia 0.8
Canada 0.9
Similar economies
United States
of America 1.4
74
deaths at ocean/harbour
64
locations in 2017/18,
54
representing an 11% reduction
50
45
45
45
45
on 2016/17 and a 9% reduction
44
42
42
42
40
39
37
37
on the ten year average.
30
The 65-74 years age group recorded
the highest number of drowning
deaths at ocean/harbour locations,
an increase of 50% on the 10 year
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
2010/11
2011/12
2012/13
2013/14
2014/15
2015/16
2016/17
2017/18
10 Yr Avg
average. There were no drowning
deaths among children under 10
years of age or adolescents aged
15 to 17 years in ocean/harbour
locations in 2017/18. Figure 18: Ocean/Harbour Drowning Deaths 2002/03 to 2017/18,
10 Year Average
Boating-related incidents accounted
for 70% of drowning deaths at
ocean/harbour locations in 2017/18, 9
a 22% increase when compared to
8 8 8
the ten year average.
7 7
6 6 6
5
3 3 3
2
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0-4 5-9 10-14 15-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+
2017/18 10 year average
28
23
OCEAN/HARBOUR
DROWNING DEATHS
REDUCE BY 9% COMPARED
5
TO THE 10 YEAR AVERAGE 11
4 2 2
0 1 1 1 3 3
0
Boating
Diving
Fall
Non-aquatic
Transport
Watercraft
Other
Unknown
18
CASE STUDY
MULTIPLE FATALITY EVENTS
There were 8 multiple fatality events
(MFEs) in 2017/18 that claimed the lives of
21 people.
08
MULTIPLE FATALITY EVENTS
IN 2017/18 THAT CLAIMED
THE LIVES OF 21 PEOPLE
57
deaths in swimming pools
51
50
in Australia in 2017/18. This
47
46
45
44
44
43
41
represents a 25% decrease
41
40
37
36
compared to 2016/17 and a
33
32
20% decrease against the 10
year average.
21
Public swimming pools accounted
for just 9% of all drowning deaths
in swimming pools in Australia in
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
2010/11
2011/12
2012/13
2013/14
2014/15
2015/16
2016/17
2017/18
10 Yr Avg
2017/18.
0-4 5-9 10-14 15-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+
2017/18 10 year average
22
18
SWIMMING POOL
DROWNING DEATHS 15
DECREASE BY 20% AGAINST
THE 10 YEAR AVERAGE 10
2 4
1 3
Fall
Swimming &
Recreating
Other
Unknown
FALLS INTO SWIMMING Figure 23: Swimming Pool Drowning Deaths by Activity Immediately Prior
POOLS WERE THE LEADING to Drowning, 2017/18, 10 Year Average
ACTIVITY IMMEDIATELY
PRIOR TO DROWNING
20
CASE STUDY
NATIONAL AQUATIC
INDUSTRY SAFETY AWARDS
Six representatives from Australia’s Aquatic
Industry have been recognised in the
National Aquatic Industry Safety Awards.
Presented by Royal Life Saving Society –
Australia, the group of individuals and
organisations have been recognised for
their significant contribution to aquatic
safety within their community.
18
CHILDREN AGED 0-4 YEARS
9
CHILDREN AGED 5-14 YEARS
29
YOUNG PEOPLE AGED 15-24 YEARS
103
MALES AGED 25-64 YEARS
52
PEOPLE AGED 65 YEARS AND OVER
23
LIFE STAGE IN FOCUS: CHILDREN AGED 0-4 YEARS
42
42
0-4 years who drowned in
39
37
35
35
Australia in 2017/18. This is a
33
38% reduction on 2016/17 and a
29
28
28
27
26
36% reduction when compared
25
22
21
to the 10 year average.
20
18
Swimming pools were the leading
location for drowning among this
age group, accounting for 67% of
all drowning deaths. Swimming pool
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
2010/11
2011/12
2012/13
2013/14
2014/15
2015/16
2016/17
2017/18
10 Yr Avg
drowning deaths in children under
five have reduced by 20% when
compared to the 10 year average.
Accidental falls into water remain Figure 24: Drowning Deaths of Children 0-4 Years, 2002/03 to 2017/18,
the leading activity prior to 10 Year Average
drowning among children under
five, with 14 drowning deaths or
78% of all drowning deaths. 15
12
4
3 3 1 3 3
0 2
DROWNING DEATHS 21
AMONG CHILDREN UNDER
FIVE DOWN BY 36% ON
THE 10 YEAR AVERAGE 14
4 4 1 1
0 0
Bathing
Fall
Swimming &
Recreating
Other
24
CASE STUDY
ANALYSIS OF CAUSAL
FACTORS FOR DROWNING
OF CHILDREN UNDER
FIVE IN NSW PRIVATE
SWIMMING POOLS
Children under the age of five are at
the highest risk of drowning, with home
swimming pools the leading location for
fatalities. Strategies for the prevention
of child drowning include active adult
supervision, restricting a child’s access to
water, water awareness and resuscitation.
22
5-14 years who drowned in
Australia in 2017/18. This is a
16
16
25% reduction on 2016/17
14
14
14
14
and when compared to the
12
12
12
11
11
10 year average.
10
10
10
9
Bathtub/Spa Baths, Beaches and
Lakes/Dam/Lagoons each recorded
two drowning deaths each. River/
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
2010/11
2011/12
2012/13
2013/14
2014/15
2015/16
2016/17
2017/18
10 Yr Avg
Creek/Stream locations saw a 75%
reduction against the 10 year
average in 2017/18.
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
0 0 0
CHILD DROWNINGS AT
RIVERS, CREEKS AND 5 5
STREAMS DOWN BY 75%
IN 2017/18 COMPARED TO
THE 10 YEAR AVERAGE
3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0
Bathing
Boating
Fall
Non-aquatic
Transport
Swimming &
Recreating
Watercraft
Other
26
CASE STUDY
SECONDARY SCHOOL
CHILDREN AGED 13-15
YEARS ATTENDING
PRIVATE SWIM SCHOOLS
This research follows on from the report
‘Benchmarking Australian children’s
swimming and water safety skills: swim
school data part one’, which presented the
swimming and water safety skills of primary
school children aged 5-12 years attending
private swim school lessons. This report
analyses the skills of secondary school
children aged 13-15 years (teenagers)
attending private lessons.
43
aged 15-24 years who drowned
40
39
35
35
35
in Australia in 2017/18. This is
34
33
33
32
32
31
31
a 7% reduction on 2016/17
29
28
26
25
and a 12% reduction on the
10 year average.
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
2010/11
2011/12
2012/13
2013/14
2014/15
2015/16
2016/17
2017/18
10 Yr Avg
was followed by river/creek/
stream locations which accounted
for 31%. There were no
swimming pool drowning deaths
among this age group in 2017/18.
Figure 30: Drowning Deaths of Young People 15-24 Years, 2002/03 to
Swimming and recreating was 2017/18, 10 Year Average
the leading activity immediately
prior to drowning in 2017/18,
accounting for 48% of all 11
drowning deaths in this age 10
group. There were no drowning 9
deaths associated with boating-
related incidents in this age group 7
in 2017/18.
4 4
3 3 3 3 3
1 1
2
0 0
Figure 31: Drowning Deaths of Young People 15-24 Years by Location, 2017/18,
10 Year Average
14
12
DROWNING DEATHS
IN THIS AGE GROUP
DECLINED BY 12% AGAINST
THE 10 YEAR AVERAGE 1 1
2
1
2 4 2
1
2 4 2
3 3 3 3 3
0 0
Bathing
Boating
Diving
Fall
Jumped-In
Non-aquatic
Transport
Swimming &
Recreating
Watercraft
Other
Unknown
Figure 32: Drowning Deaths of Young People 15-24 Years by Activity Immediately
Prior to Drowning, 2017/18, 10 Year Average
28
CASE STUDY
FATAL DROWNINGS
UNDERREPORTED USING
ICD-10 CODING
Royal Life Saving researchers have published
a study in the journal BMJ Open (Dec 2017).
The study examined fatal drowning counts
via International Classification of Diseases
(ICD)-10 classifications using single and
multiple underlying causes of death, and
compared this to multi-source data collected
by Royal Life Saving.
148
141
140
deaths of males aged 25-64
134
131
129
125
124
years in Australia in 2017/18.
122
118
116
114
113
113
111
106
This is a 10% reduction on
103
2016/17 and a 16% reduction on
the 10 year average.
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
2010/11
2011/12
2012/13
2013/14
2014/15
2015/16
2016/17
2017/18
10 Yr Avg
all drowning deaths in this age
group. River drowning deaths
among this cohort in 2017/18 have
reduced by 18% when compared
to the 10 year average. Figure 33: Drowning Deaths of Males Aged 25-64 Years, 2002/03 to 2017/18,
10 Year Average
Boating-related incidents
accounted for 20% of all drowning
deaths of males 25-64 years in 33
2017/18, followed by swimming
and recreating, which accounted 27 27
for 19% of all drowning deaths in 25
this cohort. 22
18
14
11 11 12
8
6 3 3 2 3
Figure 34: Drowning Deaths of Males Aged 25-64 Years by Location, 2017/18,
10 Year Average
A 16% REDUCTION IN 28
DROWNING DEATHS OF
MALES 25-64 YEARS 21 20 3
20
RECORDED AGAINST THE 15
10 YEAR AVERAGE 11 12
9 9 9 10
6 3 3 7 8 3 6 2 5
5 4 4 5
Bathing
Boating
Diving
Fall
Fishing
Non-aquatic
Transport
Rescue
Rock Fishing
Swimming &
Recreating
Watercraft
Other
Unknown
Figure 35: Drowning Deaths of Males Aged 25-64 Years by Activity Immediately
Prior to Drowning, 2017/18, 10 Year Average
RIVERS, CREEKS AND
STREAMS THE LEADING
LOCATION FOR DROWNING
AMONG MALES 25-64 YEARS
30
CASE STUDY
DON’T LET YOUR MATES
DRINK AND DROWN
In the past decade, 1,995 men have
drowned in preventable tragedies. Two in
five men had drugs and/or alcohol in their
system. Men are four times more likely to
drown than women, with males accounting
for 80% of all drowning deaths.
MALES ACCOUNT
FOR 80% OF ALL
DROWNING DEATHS
24% OF MALE
DROWNING DEATHS
INVOLVED ALCOHOL
69
of people aged 65 years and
64
63
59
59
over in Australia in 2017/18.
58
57
56
54
53
This is a 26% reduction on
52
51
50
2016/17 and a 9% reduction on
45
43
the 10 year average.
39
38
Rivers, creeks and streams were
the leading location for drowning
among this age group in 2017/18,
accounting for 29% of all deaths.
Beach drowning deaths among
this age group declined by 33%
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
2010/11
2011/12
2012/13
2013/14
2014/15
2015/16
2016/17
2017/18
10 Yr Avg
in 2017/18, compared to the 10
year average.
11
10
9 9 9
6
5 5
4
3
2 2 1
0
Bathtub Beach Lake/Dam Ocean/ River/Creek Rocks Swimming Other
/Spa Bath /Lagoon Harbour /Stream Pool
12 12
11 11
3
8
7 7 7
6
5 5
4
1 1 1 3
2 2 0 2
Bathing
Boating
Fall
Fishing
Non-aquatic
Transport
Rock Fishing
Swimming &
Recreating
Watercraft
Other
Unknown
BOATING-RELATED
INCIDENTS THE LEADING 2017/18 10 year average
CAUSE OF DROWNING
DEATHS AMONG PEOPLE Figure 38: Drowning Deaths of People Aged 65 Years and Over by Activity
65 YEARS AND OVER Immediately Prior to Drowning, 2017/18, 10 Year Average
32
CASE STUDY
DROWNING DEATHS
BY REMOTENESS
By collecting data on the postcode of the
drowning incident location, it is possible to
determine the remoteness classification of
the location of the drowning incident.
REMOTE/
8% VERY REMOTE
34
Estimating the dollar value of health gains Results
Royal Life Saving used the Australian government’s Value of a Based on the dollar value
Statistical Life Year to estimate the dollar value of the costs of of these improved health
physical inactivity - $48 billion a year – as well as the health care outcomes, the report shows
costs and reduced productivity stemming from physical inactivity. that an extra swimming pool
Overall, we estimate that the additional ill health someone who visit by a randomly selected
falls in the “physically inactive” bracket can expect costs society Australian is worth, on
an additional $4,576 each year, compared to $1,185 for people in average, $26.39, meaning that
the low activity group. This means that additional exercise which Australia’s aquatic facilities
moves someone from inactive to low activity leads to health produce $2.8 billion in health
gains worth $3,391 in that year alone. benefits each year, over and
above their value as sources
Based on a data-set provided by the Australian Institute of Health of recreation, community and
and Welfare showing exactly how much Australians currently aquatic education.
exercise, we simulated the effect of an average pool visit’s
worth of exercise to a randomly selected person. Calculating the
average impact on health burden over millions of simulations,
we found that, on average, a swimming pool visit leads to health Source: Barnsley, P. Peden, A. Scarr, J.
(2017) Economic Benefits of Public
benefits worth $26.39. The graph below shows how those gains Aquatic Facilities, Royal Life Saving
break down in the case of a single person moving from inactive Society – Australia, Sydney.
to low activity.
48
PEOPLE WHO DROWNED
HAD PRE-EXISTING
MEDICAL CONDITIONS
36
VISITOR STATUS DRUGS & ALCOHOL
In 74 cases (30%) the person who drowned There were 31 people who drowned who were
was known to be a visitor to the location where known to have recorded positive readings
they drowned. Of these, 40 people drowned for alcohol in their bloodstream at the time
within their own State or Territory in a postcode of drowning. 81% recorded a blood alcohol
that was 100km or further from their residential concentration that was equal to or greater than the
postcode. A further 17 people were visiting a legal limit for operating boats and motor vehicles
different State or Territory when they drowned. in most States and Territories (0.05%). Of those,
32% recorded a blood alcohol concentration that
This year, 17 people who drowned were overseas was 1.5 times the legal limit (0.150%) or higher.
tourists, predominately from North America (35%)
and Europe (24%). Overseas tourists commonly There were 28 people who drowned that were
drowned at beaches (35%) and ocean harbour known to have some kind of drug in their system
locations (35%). The most common activities when they drowned. In almost two-fifths (39%)
being undertaken immediately prior to drowning of cases, the drug(s) consumed was known to
were non-aquatic transport incidents (47%) and be illegal or an abuse of legal drugs. Commonly
swimming and recreating (29%). occurring illegal drugs were cannabis (36%) and
methamphetamine (18%).
Regardless of how far you live from the aquatic
environment you visit, particularly with inland The consumption of illegal drugs and/or alcohol
waterways, conditions can change rapidly prior to undertaking aquatic activity is known to
and without warning. Where possible you increase the risk of drowning as they can impair
should check with a local resident regarding judgment, slow reaction times, impair coordination
the conditions prior to entering the water. and result in a greater risk-taking behaviour.
International tourists to Australia should ensure
they take care when diving in the ocean, to Some medications can also increase the risk of
always swim at patrolled beaches between the drowning as they may make people unsteady
flags and to take care when recreating in and on their feet or slow reaction times. Mixing
around our inland waterways. prescription medication with alcohol can also
increase a person’s risk of drowning. Royal Life
Saving strongly urges people to refrain from
consuming alcohol or taking illicit drugs when
around water, as well as considering the possible
side effects of prescription medication.
74 31
PEOPLE DROWNED WHO PEOPLE DROWNED WHO
WERE VISITORS TO THE RECORDED POSITIVE
INCIDENT LOCATION READINGS FOR ALCOHOL
37
STATE AND TERRITORY FATAL DROWNING ANALYSIS
27 60
15
87
3
40
10
OUR PEOPLE
ARE OUR MOST
VALUABLE ASSET”
38
AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY
1.04
0.97
0.72
5
0.50
0.51
4
4
4
families and may not have the funds to pay for structured
0.29
0.29
3
3
0.27
0.25
0.00
2
2
1
1
1
1
0 0
In 2017/2018, the program received additional funding
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
2010/11
2011/12
2012/13
2013/14
2014/15
2015/16
2016/17
2017/18
10 Yr Avg
Figure ACT1: Unintentional Drowning Deaths and Crude This year, 370 children from around Canberra participated
Death Rates, Australian Capital Territory, in the Swim 4 Life program.
2002/03 to 2017/18, 10 Year Average
“At the beginning of the program, Ava could swim
maybe 10 metres or so freestyle,” said Kate. “Now, she’s
learned breaststroke, some backstroke and some water
safety skills.”
40
NEW SOUTH WALES
1.68
1.71
1.62
1.54
1.53
drowned in New South Wales
1.43
1.43
1.40
1.41
1.38
1.34
1.31
1.27
1.25
in 2017/18. This is a 7%
1.20
1.19
1.10
reduction on last year and
117
111
108
108
an 11% reduction on the
104
104
102
102
101
98
97
96
95
93
91
90
87
10 year average.
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
2010/11
2011/12
2012/13
2013/14
2014/15
2015/16
2016/17
2017/18
10 Yr Avg
the highest number of drownings
with 16 deaths.
Rivers, creeks and streams were the Number of Deaths /Year Number of Deaths/100,000 Population
leading location for drowning in
New South Wales and almost one
quarter (24%) of deaths occurred Figure NSW1: Unintentional Drowning Deaths and Crude Death Rates, New
while swimming and recreating. South Wales, 2002/03 to 2017/18, 10 Year Average
7 7 7
6
5 5
4
3
1 1 2 1 1 2 1
0 0 0 0
0-4 5-9 10-14 15-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+
Male Female
Figure NSW2: Drowning Deaths by Age Group and Sex, New South Wales,
PEOPLE WHO DROWNED 2017/18
IN NEW SOUTH WALES
IN 2017/18
42
Swimming Other
Bathtub A key focus of Royal Life
/Spa Bath
Pool 1% Saving Society New South
9%
10% Wales’ prevention strategies
and water safety messages
are to increase awareness of
Rocks
15% the hazards associated with
Beach different aquatic environments
22% and the drowning risk they
pose to different age groups.
Fall
Swimming
17%
& Recreating
24%
Jumped In
2%
Non-
Rock Rescue aquatic
Fishing 4% Transport
7% 7%
Figure NSW4: Activity Prior to Drowning, New South Wales, 2017/18
Spring
20%
Summer
Winter 47%
14%
Autumn
19%
6.53
6.44
6.08
drowned in the Northern
5.70
5.34
Territory in 2017/18. This is a
13% reduction on last year
4.24
4.09
3.95
3.89
3.71
3.46
and a 22% reduction on the 10
3.26
2.84
year average.
2.39
1.33
1.22
15
14
57% of those who drowned in the
1.46
13
13
13
Northern Territory were male.
10
9
9
9
8
8
7
The 25-44 years age group
5
3
3
3
accounted for 71% of all deaths.
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
2010/11
2011/12
2012/13
2013/14
2014/15
2015/16
2016/17
2017/18
10 Yr Avg
Rivers, creeks and streams and
swimming pools were the leading
locations for drowning in the
Number of Deaths /Year Number of Deaths/100,000 Population
Northern Territory and almost half
(43%) of deaths in the NT occurred
while swimming and recreating. Figure NT1: Unintentional Drowning Deaths and Crude Death Rates,
Northern Territory, 2002/03 to 2017/18, 10 Year Average
71% of drowning deaths in the
NT last year took place in the
dry season.
3
2 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0-4 5-9 10-14 15-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+
44
A key focus of Royal Life Saving
Society Northern Territory’s
Other prevention strategies and
14% Ocean water safety messages are
/Harbour
to increase awareness of
28%
the hazards associated with
different aquatic environments
and the drowning risk they
Swimming
pose to different age groups.
Pool
29%
River/Creek Key messages include:
/Stream • Children need constant
29% supervision around water – Keep
our kids safe and Keep Watch
• Never swim alone
Figure NT3: Location of Drowning Deaths, Northern Territory, 2017/18 • Be aware and be prepared for
changes in aquatic conditions
• Be aware of strong currents,
submerged objects and fast
flowing water. Always Respect the
River #BeRiverSafe
• Alcohol affects your swimming
Boating ability and judgment of
29% dangerous situations, look after
your mates and family – don’t
drink and drown!
• Our ocean is great for fishing and
Swimming
boating – keep your mates safe
& Recreating
Fishing on your boat and have a sober
43% skipper in charge of the boat
14%
• Always wear a lifejacket, it buys
Jumped In
you time to survive
14%
• We share our ocean and rivers
with crocodiles so Be Crocwise
Figure NT4: Activity Prior to Drowning, Northern Territory, 2017/18
Wet Season
29%
Dry Season
71%
1.97
1.90
1.80
1.79
1.70
1.72
drowned in Queensland in
1.63
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.44
1.42
1.40
1.38
2017/18. This is an 18% reduction
1.23
1.21
1.21
on last year and a 13% reduction
79
79
78
78
on the 10 year average.
73
71
69
67
67
65
65
64
63
60
60
59
58
67% of those who drowned in
Queensland were male.
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
2010/11
2011/12
2012/13
2013/14
2014/15
2015/16
2016/17
2017/18
10 Yr Avg
The 65-74 years age group
recorded the highest number of
drowning deaths, accounting for
18% of all deaths. Number of Deaths /Year Number of Deaths/100,000 Population
5 5
4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3
2 2
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
0-4 5-9 10-14 15-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+
Male Female
Figure QLD2: Drowning Deaths by Age Group and Sex, Queensland, 2017/18
*Please note there was one case in Queensland with unknown age.
46
Bathtub
Other /Spa Bath A key focus of Royal Life
3% 7% Saving Society Queensland’s
prevention strategies and
Swimming
water safety messages are
Pool Beach to increase awareness of
15% 10% the hazards associated with
Lake/Dam
/Lagoon 7% different aquatic environments
and the drowning risk they
pose to different age groups.
River/Creek Ocean
/Stream /Harbour Key messages include:
31% 27% • Alcohol affects your swimming
ability and judgment of
dangerous situations
• Learn to swim and be aware of
Figure QLD3: Location of Drowning Deaths, Queensland, 2017/18 variable conditions
• Be aware of strong currents,
submerged objects and slippery
Unknown banks. Always Respect the River
Watercraft 5%
• Swim between the red and yellow
3% Bathing flags at beaches wherever possible
8% • Always actively supervise children
around water
Swimming
& Recreating Boating • Always wear a lifejacket, it buys
17% 20% you time to survive
Rescue
2% Diving
Non-aquatic 7%
Transport
17% Fall
17%
Jumped In Fishing
2% 2%
Summer
Spring 28%
33%
Autumn
Winter 17%
22%
1.55
1.43
1.42
drowned in South Australia
1.25
in 2017/18. This is the same
1.11
1.00
number of drowning deaths
0.90
0.91
0.87
0.87
25
0.84
0.83
0.79
recorded last year and the same
0.76
23
0.76
0.74
22
0.70
as the 10 year average.
19
17
17
15
15
15
15
14
14
13
13
60% of those who drowned in
12
12
11
South Australia were male.
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
2010/11
2011/12
2012/13
2013/14
2014/15
2015/16
2016/17
2017/18
10 Yr Avg
55 years and older.
2 2 2
1 1 1
0 0 0
0-4 5-9 10-14 15-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+
PEOPLE WHO DROWNED Figure SA2: Drowning Deaths by Age Group, South Australia, 2017/18
IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA
IN 2017/18
48
A key focus of Royal Life Saving
Swimming Society South Australia’s
Pool 13% prevention strategies and
Bathtub
/Spa Bath water safety messages are
River/Creek 27% to increase awareness of
/Stream
13% the hazards associated with
different aquatic environments
and the drowning risk they
Ocean
/Harbour Beach pose to different age groups.
20% 20%
Key messages include:
• Be aware of the role of pre-
existing medical conditions and
Lake/Dam their impact on drowning risk
/Lagoon
• Always swim between the flags at
7%
patrolled beaches
Figure SA3: Location of Drowning Deaths, South Australia, 2017/18 • Never swim alone
• Alcohol affects your swimming
ability and judgment of
dangerous situations
Unknown • Always wear a lifejacket, it buys
13% you time to survive
Bathing
27%
Swimming
& Recreating Boating
27% 13%
Diving
Fall
7%
7%
Non-aquatic
Transport
7%
Spring
27%
Summer
40%
Winter
33%
2.97
2.93
2.74
drowned in Tasmania in
2.55
2.47
2017/18. This is both a 9%
2.15
2.15
2.12
reduction on last year and the
2.04
2.07
2.01
1.95
1.91
10 year average.
1.75
1.74
1.56
1.42
70% of those who drowned in
15
14
14
Tasmania were male.
13
12
11
11
11
10
10
10
10
10
40% of those who drowned in
9
8
Tasmania this year were aged 55
7
years and older.
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
2010/11
2011/12
2012/13
2013/14
2014/15
2015/16
2016/17
2017/18
10 Yr Avg
accounted for the highest
proportion of drowning deaths in
Tasmania last year (40%). Boating-
related incidents accounted for half Number of Deaths /Year Number of Deaths/100,000 Population
of all drowning deaths in Tasmania.
Figure TAS1: Unintentional Drowning Deaths and Crude Death Rates,
The largest proportion of drowning Tasmania, 2002/03 to 2017/18, 10 Year Average
deaths in Tasmania last year
occurred in Autumn (40%).
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0
0-4 5-9 10-14 15-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+
BOATING-RELATED
INCIDENTS ACCOUNTED FOR
HALF OF ALL DROWNING
DEATHS IN TASMANIA
50
Bathtub/Spa Bath A key focus of Royal Life Saving
10% Society Tasmania’s prevention
Swimming strategies and water safety
Pool Lake/Dam/Lagoon messages are to increase
10% 10% awareness of the hazards
associated with different
Rocks
20% aquatic environments and the
drowning risk they pose to
different age groups.
River/Creek
/Stream Ocean Key messages include:
10% /Harbour
40% • When boating, check the forecast
for inland and open waterways
before heading out
• Always wear a lifejacket, it buys
Figure TAS3: Location of Drowning Deaths, Tasmania, 2017/18 you time to survive
• Be aware of strong currents,
submerged objects and cold water.
Always Respect the River
Bathing • Keep your distance from rocky
Swimming 10% outcrops and never go alone
& Recreating • Constant adult supervision is vital
20% for children under five years, be it
pools or bathtubs
Fall
20%
Boating
50%
Spring
20% Summer
30%
Winter
10%
Autumn
40%
1.08
1.02
1.01
drowned in Victoria in 2017/18.
This is an 11% reduction on last
0.83
0.81
year and the same as the 10
0.73
0.71
0.70
0.70
0.69
0.69
0.68
0.68
year average.
0.65
0.63
0.63
0.58
53
51
49
73% of those who drowned in
48
45
Victoria were male.
43
42
40
40
40
39
38
37
37
36
36
The 35-44 years age group
32
recorded the highest number of
drowning deaths, accounting for
25% of all deaths.
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
2010/11
2011/12
2012/13
2013/14
2014/15
2015/16
2016/17
2017/18
10 Yr Avg
beaches. Swimming and recreating
was the leading activity being
undertaken prior to drowning,
Number of Deaths /Year Number of Deaths/100,000 Population
accounting for 40% of all
drowning deaths.
Figure VIC1: Unintentional Drowning Deaths and Crude Death Rates,
60% of drowning deaths in Victoria Victoria, 2002/03 to 2017/18, 10 Year Average
last year took place in Summer.
10
6
5
4
3
2
1 0 1 0
0-4 5-9 10-14 15-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+
PEOPLE WHO DROWNED Figure VIC2: Drowning Deaths by Age Group, Victoria, 2017/18
IN VICTORIA IN 2017/18
52
Other 3% A key focus of Life Saving
Victoria’s prevention strategies
and water safety messages
Swimming
Rocks Pool are to increase awareness
5% 13% of the risks associated with
Beach
swimming and recreational
35%
activities at both coastal and
River/Creek inland waterways.
/Stream
17% Key messages include:
Ocean Lake/Dam • Be aware and prepared for
/Harbour /Lagoon conditions
10% 17% • Read safety signs to understand
dangers
• Swim between the red and yellow
Figure VIC3: Location of Drowning Deaths, Victoria, 2017/18 flags at beaches wherever possible
• Never swim alone
• Alcohol affects your swimming
ability and judgment of
Boating Diving 3% dangerous situations
12% Fall 3% • Always wear a lifejacket, it buys
Unknown Non-aquatic Transport 2% you time to survive
33% Rescue 2%
Rock Fishing 2%
Swimming
Watercraft & Recreating
3% 40%
Spring
18%
Winter
7%
Autumn Summer
15% 60%
2.05
drowned in Western Australia
last year. This is a 31% reduction
1.66
on last year and a 21% reduction
1.52
1.51
on the 10 year average.
1.40
1.41
1.38
1.19
1.19
67% of those who drowned in
1.07
1.04
Western Australia were male.
51
The biggest reductions this year in
39
38
Western Australia, were seen in the
36
35
34
34
30
28
27
reduction on the five year average.
26
Swimming pools were the leading
location for drowning in Western
Australia last year, accounting
2008/09
2009/10
2010/11
2011/12
2012/13
2013/14
2014/15
2015/16
2016/17
2017/18
10 Yr Avg
for 19% of all deaths. Falls into
water were the leading activity
immediately prior to drowning.
Number of Deaths /Year Number of Deaths/100,000 Population
41% of drowning deaths in
Western Australia last year took
place in Summer. Figure WA1: Unintentional Drowning Deaths and Crude Death Rates,
Western Australia, 2008/09 to 2017/18, 10 Year Average
17
11
10
9
5
3 1 3
0 2
PEOPLE WHO DROWNED 0-4 5-14 15-24 25-54 55+
IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA
2017/18 Five year average
IN 2017/18
Figure WA2: Drowning Deaths by Age Group and Sex, Western Australia,
2017/18
54
A key focus of Royal Life Saving
Other Bathtub Society Western Australia’s
7% /Spa Bath
prevention strategies and
11%
Swimming water safety messages are
Pool Beach to increase awareness of
19% 15%
the hazards associated with
Lake/Dam different aquatic environments
/Lagoon 4% and the drowning risk they
Rocks Ocean pose to different age groups.
18% /Harbour
15%
Key messages include:
• Supervise children when around
water
River/Creek/Stream • Check pool barriers are compliant
11% and in good working order
• Learn to Swim and Survive
Figure WA3: Location of Drowning Deaths, Western Australia, 2017/18
• Learn lifesaving skills
• Check conditions before activity
Swimming Bathing
& Recreating 15%
Rock Fishing 7% 15%
Boating
Non-aquatic 11%
Transport 4%
Jumped In Diving
7% 8%
Fishing
11% Fall
22%
Spring
22%
Summer
41%
Winter
11%
Autumn
26%
Information presented in the Royal Life Saving The category of ‘Swimming Pool’ includes home
swimming pools, public swimming pools, hotel and
National Drowning Report 2018 has been
motel pools and portable swimming pools among others.
collated from the National Coronial Information In the absence of up-to-date data on non-fatal
System (NCIS), State and Territory Coronial offices drowning, non-fatal drowning incidents in 2015/16,
and year round media monitoring. Cases are 2016/17 and 2017/18 were estimated using the observed
ratios of fatal to non-fatal incidents for each age group
collated in partnership with Royal Life Saving and sex between 2002/03 and 2014/15. The applicable
State and Territory Member Organisations average ratio of fatal to non-fatal incidents over that
(STMOs) and Surf Life Saving Australia and are period was then used to project the likely number
analysed by Royal Life Saving Society – Australia. of non-fatal incidents based on the number of fatal
incidents for that age group and sex in 2015/16, 2016/17
and 2017/18, respectively.
Royal Life Saving uses a media monitoring service
(broadcast, print and online) all year round to identify
Since available counts of non-fatal incidents do not
drowning deaths reported in the media. This information
include all drowning incidents, the proportion of
is then corroborated with information from the NCIS,
missing incidents was estimated based on a four year
police reports and Royal Life Saving STMOs before being
sample of fatal incident data which compared incident
included in the National Drowning Report.
counts using both broad and restrictive definitions of
‘drowning’. The estimated proportion of drowning
All care is taken to ensure that the information in this
incidents not captured in existing non-fatal data for each
report is as accurate as possible. Figures may change
age group was then used to scale-up estimates of non-
depending upon the ongoing coronial investigations
fatal incidents to arrive at a projection comparable with
and findings as 81% of cases were still under
the broad definition of drowning used to count fatal
investigation (i.e. open) at the time of the production
drowning incidents in this report.
of this report. Royal Life Saving regularly publishes
more detailed studies, which are a stronger basis for
policy planning purposes.
56
2018 SNAPSHOT OF FINDINGS
249
18 (7%) drowning deaths occurred in children aged 0-4 years
This year’s figure is a 14% reduction on 40 (16%) drowning deaths occurred in Victoria
2016/17 and an 11% reduction on the
27 (11%) drowning deaths occurred in Western Australia
10 year average of 279 drowning deaths.
A NATION FREE
FROM DROWNING”
57
2017/18 RESEARCH AND POLICY HIGHLIGHTS
DATA REQUESTS
ACADEMIC ARTICLES
AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS
PRESENTATIONS
REPORTS PUBLISHED
PROVIDED
SUBMISSIONS MADE
DELIVERED
PUBLISHED
GOVERNMENT
60
22
13
11
4
2
58
ATTENDEES AT ROYAL LIFE
95 SAVING SYMPOSIUMS
RESEARCH REPORT
35,236 ONLINE PAGE VIEWS
TOTAL MEDIA
105,273,196 AUDIENCE
59
CASE STUDY: SWIMMING AND WATER SAFETY EDUCATION SYMPOSIUM 2018
In May 2018, Royal Life The Swimming and Water Safety Education action statements are:
Saving convened the second
• Strengthen school and vacation swimming and water safety
National Swimming and
programs in the community;
Water Safety Education
Symposium in Sydney. The • Revise the National Swimming and Water Safety Framework;
first Symposium produced six • Set and report progress against a National Benchmark;
high level action statements • Devise strategies to increase access and participation for
aimed at building a national those ‘at risk’;
approach to increasing • Improve availability and access to aquatic facilities;
swimming and water safety
• Increase the swimming and lifesaving skills of Secondary
education for all Australian
School students.
children. Representatives
from across Government, the
Education Sector, Academia
and the Aquatic Industry This second symposium focussed on the following key areas:
came together to reconfirm 1. State and Territory Government programs
the sector’s commitment to • To provide a complete Australia-wide perspective of State and
Territory school and vacation swimming and water safety programs
collaboration and progression
towards these statements. 2. The National Swimming and Water Safety Framework
• To consider the revised draft of the Framework
• To discuss strategies for implementation and promotion of
the Framework
60
Results of the Symposium In summary
The Symposium delegates committed to the following actions: Royal Life Saving, in partnership
• Launch of the National Swimming and Water Safety with Government and industry
Framework. stakeholders, will continue
• Promotion and advocacy of the Framework as the industry to work together to identify
standard for swimming and water safety education solutions and opportunities
• Investigate ways to improve the quality of swimming and that will enable all Australian
water safety education programs for children under 5 and children to access and learn
their families essential swimming and water
• Explore opportunities for partnerships and strategies to safety skills and knowledge,
improve access and participation opportunities for children regardless of their cultural
with disabilities background, location or socio-
• Investigate swimming and water safety programs that offer economic status. To date,
greater flexibility, less structure and that meet the motivation much has been achieved to
needs of secondary school students (and beyond) address the issues surrounding
• Advocate for improved investment towards new and existing swimming and water safety
aquatic infrastructure to increase access and inclusion for education however more work
high-risk populations is still required.
62
SUGGESTED CITATION:
Royal Life Saving Society – Australia (2018)
Royal Life Saving National Drowning
Report 2018, Sydney Australia.
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facebook.com/RoyalLifeSaving
twitter.com/royallifesaving
youtube.com/RoyalLifeSavingAust
royallifesaving.com.au
64