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BASICS
Energy conversion in Pelton turbine
Turbine are divided in two main groups:
Impuls turbines;
Reaction turbines;
For both types fluid flows through the rotor blades. By passing the rotor the moment of the fluid is
changed in the circumferential direction and the effect is the tangential force on the rotor. The rotor
is then rotated and perform technical work, while the fluid leaving the rotor with low energy.
For impulse turbines there is no change of static pressure through the rotor. In reaction turbine
static pressure drops, when the fluid passes through the rotor. In both cases the energy is initially
stored in the form of potential energy (elevated tank). Impulse turbine has one or more jets in
which the pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy. In blade passage the jet is diverted and
due to changes in impulse kinetic energy is transformed into mechanical work. Fluid jets push
blades and lose most of there kinetic energy. In reaction turbine conversion from pressure to
kinetic energy is taking place gradually.
General interdependence of different forms of energy, based on the first law of thermodynamics
refering to the unit mass passing through the balance border (the turbine), is:
v2
WS d g dz v dp W fr (1),
2
where:
WS transformed energy of the fluid,
d v / 2 fluid kinetic energy change,
2
The rotor has special double rotor blades, the sharp blade in the middle of the blade divide the water
jet into two parts (inflow of water without impact). Cut out in the middle part of the double blade
extend the effect of jet on the middle part of the previous blade. Inflow is partial, the pressure in the
blade passage is not changed, therefore Pelton turbine is impulse turbine!
The volumet flow of water and the power of Pelton turbine is controlled by moving the needle in
the nozzle, which is located in turbine stator (Figure 2).
8 4
2 3
Pump Motor
PC 1
9
REZERVOIR
Orifice 7
Flow
Diferencialni
pressure sensor
Outflow
valve Orifice pressure
difference
control valve (6), which is coupled with a pipe on the pressure side of pump,
sensors to monitor the performance of Pelton turbine,
differential pressure sensor (7) SPW1, which indicates the volume flow of water mounted
on the suction side of the pump,
data acquisition IFD4 (8),
PC (9) for data processing.
To monitor the performance of Pelton turbine the following sensors are available:
a) pressure sensor (10): It consists of piezo-electric sensor and appropriate signal converter.
The sensor measures pressure at the valve inlet.
b) rotational speed meter (11): It consists of infrared optical switch that is connected to signal
converter and used to measure the rotational speed of the turbine rotor. Optical switch is
mounted next to the rotor hub on which is reflective tape to facilitate the measurement of
speed.
c) the braking force sensor (12): At brakes bar are resistance strain gages, which are linked to
the corresponding signal converter. The sensor is designed to measure the braking force
applied to the rotor. Turbine speed is controlled by adjusting the tape tension brake through
bolt.
4
CHARACTERISTICS OF PELTON TURBINE
Volume flow, V
The volume flow through the turbine is the volume that goes through the system per unit of time. It
is expressed in cubic meters per second, m3/s. The unit uses orifice built-in suction tube for the
measurement of V . The calculation uses well-known equation, which relates the pressure drop
through the aperture to volume flow:
C d d 2 2 p 0
V (2),
4
5
CHARACTERISTICS OF PELTON TURBINE
where C d 0,63 orifice coefficient, d 0,009 m orifice diameter and 998,2 kg/m 3 fluid
density.
Pressure height, H
The term head refers to the geodetic
height of the water level measured from
the base level. In the case of turbines is
an interesting amount of water pressure
at the inlet to the rotor, which of course
has a direct impact on the turbine
characteristics.
H H m1 H m2 (3).
In the model FM3SU pressure is measured at the inlet to the turbine p1. Since pressure at turbine
outlet is at a atmospheric pressure, we can say that it is differential pressure through the turbine. So
the pressure is actually measured height H in the form of differential pressure p1, which is later
converted into water column height p1 / g .
M Fb r (5),
where Fb is breaking force and r 0,024 m diameter of breaking wheel.
6
CHARACTERISTICS OF PELTON TURBINE
t h m (6),
7
CHARACTERISTICS OF PELTON TURBINE
EXERCISE PROTOCOL
80
turbine efficiency t %
Our purpose in practice is to establish 1,2k turbine efficiency
60
t
the characteristic curves of the turbine in 40
two different water volume flows. 1k 20
Characteristic curves give the dependence 0
Moment M
Moment M Nm
of torque, braking force and the efficiency 0,8k
Power, Pg W
regarding the operation of their turbines in 30
0 0
0 40 80 120
Manufacturers provide information Rotational speed n , min-1
regarding the operation of their turbines in
the form of characteristic curves as shown Figure 7: Characteristic curves
in the following diagram (Fig. 8).
10,0
7,5
75,0
power, W
5,0 62,5
= 50 %
50,0
45 37,5
2,5 25,0
40
.
35 V = 12,5 cm 3
0,0
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
rotational speed, 1/s
Figure 8: The actual design of the operational characteristics of Pelton turbine at different volume flows
This diagram (Fig. 8) allows the determination of velocity and volume flow at which the turbine is
operated to have requested power and best efficiency.
8
CHARACTERISTICS OF PELTON TURBINE
PROTOCOL
1. Close the throttle valve and run the pump (engine is thus running at minimum load). Open the
throttle valve to the end.
2. Adjust the volume flow through the needle valve to 0.000310 m3 / s.
3. Determine the appropriate steps so that you gradually increase the force on the shaft and record
8 to 12 measuring points before the turbine is completely stopped (speed drop of the turbine -
step approx. 5Hz).
Loosen the screw that the braking force is equal to zero. When the measured parameters
are stabilized start measurement. Save the first item of characteristic curve. Perform
measurements with the push on the button “Take Sample''. All four output signals are
recorded in the table ( p 0 , p1 , n in Fb ).
Lightly tighten the screw, let the system to stabilize and record the second measuring
point.
Repeat to the smallest possible speed so that the turbine does not stop, according to the
previously selected step.
4. Now reduce the volume flow by the throttle valve to 0.000260 m3 s and do the measurements
again.
5. The latest measurements do with a fully open throttle valve and reduce the volume flow to
0.000260 m3/s with needle valve.
TASKS
Use the appropriate formulas for each measured point to calculate:
o volume flow
o pressure altitude
o torque
o output power
o available power
o and finally turbine efficiency.