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TRAINING MANUAL
Version 1.1
USING
RELEASE 2.2
Phil-LiDar Project
Eco-FARMI, Visayas State University
Visca, Baybay City, Leyte
QGIS Training Manual
Published by:
Visayas State University
Visca Baybay City,Leyte
ISBN
00000000
Project Partners:
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Foreword
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Message
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Table of contents
1. OVERVIEW .................................................................................................................... 5
1.1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ......................................................................................... 5
1.2 REQUIREMENTS: ....................................................................................................... 5
1.3 How to use this tutorial .............................................................................................. 5
2. ADDING YOUR FIRST LAYER................................................................................... 6
2.1 PREPARE A MAP ....................................................................................................... 6
3. AN OVERVIEW OF THE INTERFACE...................................................................... 7
3.1 THE BASICS ................................................................................................................. 7
3.1.1 The Layer List ........................................................................................................ 8
3.1.2 The Browser Panel ................................................................................................ 8
3.1.3 Toolbars .................................................................................................................. 9
3.1.4 The Map Canvas ................................................................................................... 9
3.1.5 The Status Bar ........................................................................................................ 9
4. CREATING A BASIC MAP ........................................................................................ 10
4.1 Working with Vector Data ....................................................................................... 10
4.1.1 Viewing layer attributes .................................................................................... 10
4.1.2 Loading Vector Data From Shapefiles ............................................................. 11
4.1.3 Reordering the Layers ........................................................................................ 11
4.2 SYMBOLOGY ............................................................................................................ 12
4.2.1 Changing colors .................................................................................................. 12
4.2.2 Changing Symbol Structure .............................................................................. 13
4.2.3 Scale-based Visibility.......................................................................................... 15
4.2.4 Adding Symbol Layers ...................................................................................... 15
4.2.5 Ordering Symbol Levels .................................................................................... 18
4.2.6 Symbol layer type ............................................................................................... 21
5. Classifying Vector Data .............................................................................................. 27
5.1 Attribute Data ............................................................................................................ 27
5.2 The Label Tool............................................................................................................ 28
5.2.1 Changing Label Options................................................................................... 29
5.2.2 Using Labels Instead of Layer Symbology .................................................... 32
5.2.3 Labeling Lines ................................................................................................... 35
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1. OVERVIEW
GIS is a cross-platform free and open-source desktop geographic information system (GIS)
application that provides data viewing, editing, and analysis. According to ESRI, geographic infor-
mation system (GIS) is a computer-based tool for mapping and analyzing things that exist and events
that happen on earth. GIS technology integrates common database operations such as query and sta-
tistical analysis with the unique visualization and geographic analysis benefits offered by maps.
Moreover, similar to other software GIS systems, QGIS allows users to create maps with many
layers using different map projections. Maps can be assembled in different formats and for different
uses. QGIS allows maps to be composed of raster or vector layers. Typical for this kind of software,
the vector data is stored as either point, line, orpolygon-feature. Different kinds of raster images are
supported, and the software can georeference images.
1.2 REQUIREMENTS:
1. QGIS Software version 2.2
2. A folder with sample training data (this sample data will be given)
installed on your computer
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Now you’re familiar with the function of the Add Vector Layer button, but what
about all the others? How does this interface work? Before we proceed with the
more involved stuff, let’s first take a look at the general layout of the QGIS inter-
face.
Goal for this lesson: To understand the basics of QGIS user interface.
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Note: A vector layer is a dataset, usually of a specific kind of object, such as roads, build-
ings, etc. A vector layer can consist of either points, lines or polygons.
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3.1.3 Toolbars
Your most oft-used sets of tools can be turned into toolbars for basic access.
Provides access to most of the same functions as the menus, plus additional tools for interact-
ing with the map
Each toolbar item has popup help available (hover your mouse over it)
Every menu bar can be moved around according to your needs.
Every menu bar can be switched on or off using your right mouse
Exercise 1
Try to identify the five elements listed above on your own screen, without looking to the dia-
gram above. See if you can determine their names and functions. You will become more fa-
miliar with these elements as you use them in the coming days.
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Exercise 2
Try to find each of these tools on your screen. What is their purpose?
.
To see all the data available to you, with the roads layer selected in the Layers panel:
Click on this button:
It will show you a table with more data about the roads layer. This extra data is called at-
tribute data. The lines that you can see on your map represent where the roads go; this is
the spatial data.
You may now close the attribute table.
Vector data represents features in terms of points, lines and polygons on a coordinate
plane. It is usually used to store discrete features, like roads and city blocks.
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4.2 SYMBOLOGY
The symbology of a layer is its visual appearance on the map. The basic strength of GIS over
other ways of representing data with spatial aspects is that with GIS, you have a dynamic visual
representation of the data you’re working with.
Goal for this lesson: To be able to create any symbology you want for any vector layer.
In Properties window:
Select the Style tab at the extreme left:
EXERCISE 3
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In the Symbol Layers panel, expand the Fill dropdown (if necessary) and select the Simple fill
option:
Click on the Border style dropdown. At the moment, it should be showing a short line and
the words Solid Line.
Change this to No Pen.
Click OK.
Now the landuse layer won’t have any lines between areas.
Exercise 4
Change the buildings layer’s symbology again so that it is has a darker blue outline.
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4.2.3 Scale-based Visibility
Sometimes you will find that a layer is not suitable for a given scale. For example, a dataset of
all the continents may have low detail, and not be very accurate at street level. When that happens,
you want to be able to hide the dataset at inappropriate scales.
Go back to the landuse layer’s symbol properties panel (by clicking Simple fill in the Symbol
layers panel).
In this example, the current symbol has no outline (i.e., it uses the No Pen border style).
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Select the Fill in the Symbol layers panel. Then click the Add symbol
Click on it and the dialogue will change to look somewhat like this:
Now there’s a second symbol layer. Being a solid color, it will of course completely
hide the previous kind of symbol. Plus, it has a Solid Line border style, which we don’t
want. Clearly this symbol has to be changed.
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Click OK. Now you can see your results and tweak them as needed.
You can even add multiple extra symbol layers and create a kind of texture for your layer
that way.
Exercise 5
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Select the Line layer in the Symbol layers panel, then click Advanced -> Symbol levels... in
the bottom right-hand corner of the window. This will open a dialog like this:
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Select Enable symbol levels. You can then set the layer ordering of each symbol by entering the
corresponding level number. 0 is the bottom layer.
In our case, we want to reverse the ordering, like this:
This will render the dashed, white line above the thick Pink line.
• Click OK twice to return to the map.
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Also note that the meeting points of roads are now “merged”, so that one road is not rendered
above another.
When you’re done, remember to save the symbol itself so as not to lose your work if
you change the symbol again in the future. You can save your current symbol style by click-
ing the Save Style ... button under the Style tab of the Layer Properties dialog. Generally, you
should save as QGIS Layer Style File.
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Save your style under QGISworkingFolder/styles. You can load a previously saved
style at any time by clicking the Load Style ... button. Before you change a style, keep in mind
Exercise 6
The roads must be narrow and mid-gray, with a thin, pale yellow outline. Remember
that you may need to change the layer rendering order via the Advanced -> Symbol lev-
els... dialog
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You can access the various symbol layer types by selecting the Simple marker layer in the
Symbol layers panel, then click the Symbol layer type dropdown:
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Investigate the various options available to you, and choose a symbol with styling you
think is appropriate.
If in doubt, use a round Simple marker with a white border and pale green fill, with a size
of 3.00 and an Outline width of 0.5.
Select the Simple marker layer in the Symbol layers panel. Change the symbol properties to
match this dialog:
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Ensure that the symbol levels are correct (via the Advanced -> Symbol levels dialog we
used earlier) before applying the style.
Once you have applied the style, take a look at its results on the map. As you can see,
these symbols change direction along with the road but don’t always bend along with it.
This is useful for some purposes, but not for others. If you prefer, you can change the symbol
layer in question back to the way it was before.
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As a result, you have a textured symbol for the water layer, with the added benefit that
you can change the size, shape and distance of the individual dots that make up the
texture.
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The goal of this lesson: To explore the attribute data of an object and understand what the various data can
be useful for.
Open the attribute table for the places layer (refer back to the section “Working with Vec-
tor Data” if necessary).
We now know how to use the attribute table to see what is actually in the data we’re
using. Any dataset will only be useful to us if it has the attributes that we care about. If we
know which attributes we need, we can quickly decide if we’re able to use a given dataset,
or if we need to look for another one that has the required attribute data.
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The Goal for this lesson: To apply useful and good-looking labels to a layer.
Note: The Layer Properties dialog does have a Labels tab, which now offers the same
functionality, but for this example we’ll use the Label tool, accessed via a toolbar
button.
Before being able to access the Label tool, you will need to ensure that it has been activated.
You’ll need to choose which field in the attributes will be used for the labels. In the previous
lesson, you decided that the NAME field was the most suitable one for this purpose.
Click OK
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That’s the font problem solved! Now let’s look at the problem of the labels overlapping
the points, but before we do that, let’s take a look at the Buffer option.
Click Apply.
You’ll see that this adds a colored buffer or border to the place labels, making them easier
to pick out on the map:
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Now we can address the positioning of the labels in relation to their point markers.
Click Apply.
You’ll see that the labels are no longer overlapping their point markers.
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So, to prevent this kind of misunderstanding, it’s often useful to deactivate the point sym-
bols and replace them completely with labels.
In QGIS, you can do this by changing the position of the labels to be rendered directly over
the points they refer to
Open the Layer labeling settings dialog for the places layer
Select the Placement option from the options list.
Click on the Offset from point button.
This will reveal the Quadrant options which you can use to set the position of the label
in relation to the point marker. In this case, we want the label to be centered on the
point, so choose the center quadrant:
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Hide the point symbols by editing the layer style as usual, and setting the size of
the Ellipse marker width and height to 0:
Right-click on the places layer in the Layers list
Select the menu item Properties in the menu that appears
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Click OK
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We will now reformat the roads layer so that they are easy to understand:
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You can also set the label text format to have a dark-grey or black Color and a light-yellow
buffer to look visible on the map.
The map will look like this, depending on scale:
When you zoom in the map, You’ll see that some of the road names appear more than once
and that’s not always necessary. To prevent this from happening:
In the Label labelling settings dialog, choose the Rendering option and select the Merge connected
lines to avoid duplicate labels:
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Click ok
Another useful function is to prevent labels being drawn for features too short to be of notice.
In the same Rendering panel, set the value of Suppress labeling of features smaller than ... to
5mm and note the results when you click Apply.
Try out different Placement settings as well. As we’ve seen before, the horizontal option is not
a good idea in this case, so let’s try the curved option instead.
Select the Curved option in the Placement panel of the Layer labeling settings dialog.
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5.3 Classification
The goal for this lesson: To learn how to classify vector data effectively.
Click OK.
You’ll see something like this:
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Now our landuse polygons are appropriately colored and are classified so that areas with
the same land use are the same color. You may wish to remove the black border from the
landuse layer:
Open Layer Properties, go to the Style tab and select Symbol.
Change the symbol by removing the border from the Simple Fill layer and click OK.
You’ll see that the landuse polygon outlines have been removed, leaving just our new fill
colours for each categorisation.
If you wish to, you can change the fill color for each landuse area by double-clicking the
relevant color block:
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This empty category is used to color any objects which do not have a landuse value defined
or which have a NULL value. It is important to keep this empty category so that areas with a
NULL value are still represented on the map. You may like to change the color to more obvi-
ously represent a blank or NULL value.
Remember to save your map now so that you don’t lose all your hard-earned changes!
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If you’re only following the basic-level content, use the knowledge you gained in the previ-
ous lesson to classify the buildings layer. Set the categorization against the building col-
umn and use the Spectral color ramp.
Note: Remember to zoom into an urban area to see the results.
6. Plugins Installation
Plugins in QGIS add useful features to the software. Plugins are written by QGIS developers
and other independent users who want to extend the core functionality of the software.
These plugins are made available in QGIS for all the users.
The goal for this lesson: To learn how to enable Core Plugins as well as download and in-
stall external plugins. To also learn how to locate plugin from the QGSI once they are in-
stalled.
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Even if this is your first time using QGIS, you will see a lot of plugins listed under the In-
stalled tab. This is because they are Core Plugins and were installed during QGIS installa-
tion.
Let’s enable one of the plugins. Check on the checkbox next to Coordinate Capture. This
will enable the plugin and you will be able to use it. One thing to note is that plugins
have the ability to insert menu items at various locations and create new panels and
toolbars. Sometimes it is difficult to know how to find the newly enabled tools. Once
clue is to look in the plugin description. Here the description says Category: Vector. That
indicates that the plugin would be found under the Vector menu once enabled. Click
Close.
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Now that the Coordinate Capture is enabled, you can go to the Vector —> Coordinate
Capture to use the functionality added by the plugin.
Open QGIS. Click on Plugins ‣ Manage and Install Plugins.... to open the Plugin Manag-
er dialog.
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For this tutorial, let’s find and install a plugin called ‘OpenLAyer Plugin’. You can also
type in search tab. Click on theOpenLayer Plugin. Next, click on Install plugin button to
install it.
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Once the plugin is downloaded and installed, you will see a confirmation dialog.
If you noticed, there was no mention of the plugin category in the description. That
makes it hard to determine how to access the newly installed plugin. Most external
plugins are installed under the Plugins menu itself in QGIS. Click on Plugins à
OpenLayer Plugins and you will see the newly installed plugin. Usually, external
plugins also install a button in the Plugins toolbar also. You may also use that button to
access the plugin.
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Goal for this lesson: To learn how to import spreadsheet or csv files
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In the Create a Layer from a Delimited Text File dialog, click on Browse and specify
the path to the text file you downloaded. In the File format section, select Custom de-
limiters and check Comma. The Geometry definition section will be auto-populated if
it finds a suitable X and Y coordinate fields. In our case they are LONGITUDE and
LATITUDE. You may change it if the import selects the wrong fields. Click OK.
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You may see some errors displayed in the next dialog. The errors in this file are mainly due to
missing X or Y fields. You may examine these errors and fix the problems in your source file. For
this tutorial, you may ignore these errors.
Next, a Coordinate Reference System Selector will ask you to select a coordinate refer-
ence system. Since the earthquake coordinates are in latitudes and longitudes, you
should select WGS 84. Click OK.
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You will now see that the data will be imported and displayed in the QGIS canvas.
Note that QGIS is holding the point’s layer created in memory. You may want to right
click on the layer and SAVE AS a SHAPEFILE (or your preferred format) for later use
After exporting to SHP, right click to remove the DELIMITED TEXT LAYER (table sam-
ple) and use the ADD VECTOR layer tool to add your new Shapefile (sample points).
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Go to your QGIS interface then select add raster layer then add your scanned map.
Change the view option into Aerial View to a more detailed map.
Then you can now screen capture using print screen (then paste it in paint) or the snip-
ping tool. Then save it in your working folder.
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Note: In this lesson, we’ll now use the vsu image as raster data.
The goal for this lesson: To learn how to work with raster data in the QGIS environment
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If you do not see that menu item, you will need to enable the Georeferencer GDAL plugin
from Plugins —> Manage and install Plugins —> Installed
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Navigate to the downloaded JPG file (VSU map) and click Open.
In the Coordinate Reference System Selector, choose WGS 84 EPSG:4326, then click OK.
Now click on the Add Point button on the toolbar and select an easily identifiable location
on the image. Corners, intersections, poles etc. make good control points.
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Once you click on the image at a control point location, you will see a pop-up asking you
to enter map coordinates. Click the button From map canvas.
Find the same location in your reference layer, i.e. the bing map layer and click there.
The coordinates are auto-populated from your click on the map canvas. Click Ok. Simi-
larly, choose at least 4 points on the image and add their coordinates from the reference
layer.
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You can also try this instead of using the From Map Canvas:
If you already have specific coordinates, you can just enter it in either decimal format or in
degree format in the dialogue box. Then Click Ok.
Note: X = Longitude = Easting
Y = Latitude = Northing
Read the instruction on how to enter map coordinates in the dialog box.
You need at least four (4) GCPs to correctly georeference the map.
Once completed the “adding of points” Click “Start georeferencing” icon
Now go to Settings —> Transformation settings.
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Choose the settings as shown below. Make sure you the Load in QGIS when done button
is checked. Click OK. Back in the Georeferencer window, go to File —> Start georefer-
encing. This will start the process of warping the image using the GCPs and creating the
target raster.
Note: We will use
“Linear” in trans-
formation since
we are going to
use only four (4)
points
Once the process finishes, you will see the georeferenced layer loaded in QGIS.
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To check: if you see the coordinates that you input before are already in the status bar, then
the map is already geoferenced.
The georeferencing is now complete. But as always, it’s a good practice to verify your
work. If error occurs, it can be further improved by taking more control points, changing
transformation parameters and trying a different datum.
But before you start, if you don’t have a vector dataset on your map, you can start creating
and defining your own new vector data.
You’ll need to open the New Vector Layer dialog that will allow you to define a new layer.
Navigate to and click on the menu entry Layer —> New —> New Shapefile Layer.
You’ll be presented with the following dialog:
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For our activity, we’re going to be creating new features which describes areas. For
such features, you’ll need to create a polygon dataset.
The next field allows you to specify the Coordinate Reference System, or CRS. A CRS speci-
fies how to describe a point on Earth in terms of coordinates, and because there are many
different ways to do this, there are many different CRSs. The CRS of this project is WGS84,
so it’s already correct by default:
Next there is a collection of fields grouped under New attribute. By default, a new layer has
only one attribute, the id field (which you should see in the Attributes list) below. However,
in order for the data you create to be useful, you actually need to say something about the
features you’ll be creating in this new layer. For our current purposes, it will be enough to
add one field called buildings.
Replicate the setup below, then click the Add to attributes list button:
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Four other relevant buttons are still inactive, but will become active when we start interact-
ing with our new data:
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Start digitizing by clicking on a point somewhere along the edge of one of the buildings.
Place more points by clicking further along the edge, until the shape you’re drawing
completely covers the building.
After placing your last point, right-click to finish drawing the polygon. This will finalize
the feature and show you the Attributes dialog.
Fill in the values as below:
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Remember, if you’ve made a mistake while digitizing a feature, you can always edit it after
you’re done creating it. If you’ve made a mistake, continue digitizing until you’re done cre-
ating the feature as above. Then:
You can style the fill, outline and label placement and formatting of the buildings using
techniques learnt in earlier lessons. In our example, we will use a dashed outline of light
purple color with no fill.
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Click on the browse button and browse for the image that corresponds to the building
feature selected. The complete file path of the image will be added.
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1. Type: Open
2. Name: Open Image
3. Insert expression: Image
4. Insert Field
5. Add to Action List
The action is already added. Now test the new action created.
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The goal for this lesson: To use the QGIS Map Composer to create a basic map with all the
required settings.
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Size: A4 (210x297mm)
Orientation: Landscape
Quality: 300dpi
Now you’ve got the page layout the way you wanted it, but this page is still blank. It clearly
lacks a map. Let’s fix that!
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Zoom and pan the map in the main QGIS window. You can also pan the map using the
When zooming in, the map view will not refresh by itself. This is so that it doesn’t waste
your time redrawing the map while you’re zooming the page to where you want it, but it
also means that if you zoom in or out, the map will be at the wrong resolution and will look
ugly or unreadable.
Remember that the size and position you’ve given the map doesn’t need to be final. You can
always come back and change it in item properties if you’re not satisfied. For now, you
need to ensure that you’ve saved your work on this map. Because a Composer in QGIS is
part of the main map file, you’ll need to save your main project. Go to the main QGIS win-
dow (the one with the Layers list and all the other familiar elements you were working with
before), and save your project from there as usual.
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As you move the title, you’ll notice that guidelines appear to help you position the title in
the center of the page. However, there is also a tool to help position the title relative to the
A small lock icon will appear in the corner to tell you that an element can’t be dragged right
now. You can always right-click on an element again to unlock it, though.
Now the label is centered to the map, but not the contents. To center the contents of the la-
bel:
Click on the Item Properties tab in the side panel of the Composer window.
Change the text of the label to VSU MAPS
Use this interface to set the font and alignment options:
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Choose a large but sensible font and set the Horizontal Alignment to Center.
You can also change the font color, but it’s probably best to keep it black as per the default.
The default setting is not to add a frame to the title’s text box. However, if you wish to add a
frame, you can do so:
In the Item Properties tab, scroll down until you see the Frame option.
Click the Frame checkbox to enable the frame. You can also change the frame’s color and
width.
In the Item Properties tab, you’ll find the Legend items panel.
Delete unnecessary layer from the legend by clicking the minus button:
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To add an image, click the add image icon, place the element with the left mouse but-
ton on the print composer canvas and position and customize its appearance in the im-
age item properties tab.
The image Item Properties tab provides following functionalities:
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The Main properties and Search directories dialogs of the Image Item Properties tab pro-
vide following functionalities:
The Main properties dialog shows the current image that is displayed in the image item.
Click on the [...] button to select a file on your computer.
This dialog shows all pictures stored in the selected directories.
The Search directories area allows to add and remove directories with images in SVG
format to the picture database.
Activating the Sync with map checkbox synchronizes the rotation of a picture in
the QGIS map canvas (i.e. a rotated north arrow) with the appropriate print composer
image.
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Export as Image
Export as SVG
Export as PDF
Exporting as an image will give you a selection of various common image formats to choose
from. This is probably the simplest option, but the image it creates is “dead” and difficult to
edit. The other two options are more common.
If you’re sending the map to a cartographer (who may want to edit the map for publication),
it’s best to export as an SVG. SVG stands for “Scalable Vector Graphic”, and can be imported
to programs like Inkscape or other vector image editing software.
If you need to send the map to a client, it’s most common to use a PDF, because it’s easier to
set up printing options for a PDF. Some cartographers may prefer PDF as well, if they have a
program that allows them to import and edit this format.
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References:
The official Training Manual can be found here:
http://docs.qgis.org/latest/en/docs/training-manual.index.html
Rudiger Thiede, Tim Sutton, Horst Duster, Marcelle Sutton, 2014 Sept 14, QGIS-2.2 Training Manual
downloaded @ docs.qgis.org/2.2/pdf/en/QGIS-2.2UserGuide-en.pdf
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Appendix: Pretest/Post-test
2. In creating basic maps, what data is the most commonly used and that describes geographic data in
terms of points that may be connected into lines and polygons?
a. Raster data
b. Vector data
c. Attribute data
d. Spatial data
4. It is used in a GIS application when we want to display information that is continuous across an area
and cannot easily be divided into vector features.
a. Raster data
b. Vector data
c. Attribute data
d. Spatial data
5. It is a specific file format that allows you to store GIS data in an associated group of files. It is also
a popular vector data GIS format
a. Keyhole Markup Language (kml)
b. Shapefile
c. geoTIFF
d. Geography Markup Language (GML)
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12. It provides location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth.
a. Tracker
b. GPS
c. Satellite
13. In importing spreadsheet or csv file, you need ____________.
a. Vector data
b. Raster data
c. Coordinates
14. You need at least four (4) GCPs to correctly georeference the map.
a. TRUE
b. FALSE
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1. In creating basic maps, what data is the most commonly used and that describes geographic data in
terms of points that may be connected into lines and polygons?
a. Raster data
b. Vector data
c. Attribute data
d. Spatial data
2. It is used in a GIS application when we want to display information that is continuous across an area
and cannot easily be divided into vector features.
a. Raster data
b. Vector data
c. Attribute data
d. Spatial data
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8. It is a specific file format that allows you to store GIS data in an associated group of files. It is also a
popular vector data GIS format
a. Keyhole Markup Language (kml)
b. Shapefile
c. geoTIFF
12. A map is the only way to visualize the results of a geographic analysis.
a. TRUE
b. FALSE
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14. It provides location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth.
a. Tracker
b. GPS
c. trimble
15. You need at least four (2) GCPs to correctly georeference the map.
a. TRUE
b. FALSE
2. What are the three types of symbols when adding a new vector layer?
a.
b.
c.
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1. Compare between Raster and Vector Model for representing geographic features; illustrate by fig-
ures.
2. Demonstrate that you know your way around the Print Composer.
3. What is a csvt file and why is it useful?
4. Briefly explain how you will join a csv data file to a vector shape file.
5. Open properties dialog for a vector layer and explain briefly what the Styles, Labels, Fields,
Metadata, and Joins tabs are for.
6. How will you create a point layer by importing a CSV file containing geographic coordinates?
7. Explain how you will create a new vector layer of polygons, points, or lines.
8. Show you know your way around the Georeferencer plugin in QGIS.
9. Discuss how to set snapping options to make vertex matching while drawing polygons by hand
easier.
10. Discuss the steps on how you will link image to your raster data.
11. In your opinion, how important the QGIS application on foresters, engineers and professors?
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