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ROSITAWATI INDRATI
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19/11/2018 MUSCLE-ROS
MUSCLE TISSUE
Functions of muscle tissue
Movement Their cells are called fibers
Maintenance of posture because they are elongated
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
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Types of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal
•Attach to and move skeleton
•40% of body weight
•Fibers = multinucleate cells (embryonic cells fuse)
•Cells with obvious striations
•Contractions are voluntary
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Skeletal muscle
Epimysium:
surrounds
whole muscle
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Each muscle: one nerve, one Skeletal
artery, one vein
Branch repeatedly Muscle
Attachments
One bone to another
Cross at least one movable joint
Origin: the less movable attachment
Insertion: is pulled toward the
origin
Usually one bone moves while the
other remains fixed
In muscles of the limb, origin lies
proximal to the insertion (by
convention)
Note: origin and insertion may
switch depending on body position
and movement produced
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Attachments continued
Many muscles span two or more joints
Called biarticular or multijoint muscles
Cause movements at two joints
Direct or “fleshy” attachments
Attachments so short that muscle appears to
attach directly to bone
Indirect: connective tissue extends well beyond the
muscle (more common)
Tendon: cordlike (most muscles have tendons)
Aponeurosis: flat sheet
Raised bone markings where tendons meet
bones
Tubercles, trochanters, crests, etc.
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Some sites showing animations
of muscle contraction
http://entochem.tamu.edu/MuscleStrucContractswf/i
ndex.html
http://www.brookscole.com/chemistry_d/templates/s
tudent_resources/shared_resources/animations/muscl
es/muscles.html
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Skeletal muscle
Fibers (each is one
cell) have striations
Myofibrils are This big
organelles of the cell: cylinder is a
fiber: 1 cell -an organelle
these are made up of
filaments
Sarcomere
Basic unit of
contraction
Myofibrils are long
rows of repeating
sarcomeres
Boundaries: Z discs (or
lines)
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Myofibrils
Made of three types of filaments (or myofilaments):
Thick (myosin)
Thin (actin)
Elastic (titin)
______actin
_____________myosin
titin_____
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Sliding Filament Model
__relaxed sarcomere__ _partly contracted_
fully contracted
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EM (electron
microscope): parts of
2 myofibrils
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum is smooth ER
Tubules surround myofibrils
Cross-channels called “terminal cisternae”
Store Ca++ and release when muscle stimulated to contract
To thin filaments triggering sliding filament mechanism of contraction
T tubules are continuous with sarcolemma, therefore whole muscle
(deep parts as well) contracts simultaneously
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Neuromuscular
Junction
Motor neurons innervate muscle
fibers
Motor end plate is where they
meet
Neurotransmitters are released
by nerve signal: this initiates
calcium ion release and muscle
contraction
Motor Unit: a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates (these all
contract together)
•Average is 150, but range is four to several hundred muscle fibers in a motor unit
•The finer the movement, the fewer muscle fibers /motor unit
•The fibers are spread throughout the muscle, so stimulation of a single motor
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unit causes a weak contraction
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Types of skeletal muscle fibers
Fast, slow and intermediate
Whether or not they predominantly use oxygen to
produce ATP (the energy molecule used in muscle
contraction)
Oxidative – aerobic (use oxygen)
Glycolytic – make ATP by glycolysis (break down of
sugars without oxygen=anaerobic)
Fast fibers: “white fibers” – large, predominantly
anaerobic, fatigue rapidly (rely on glycogen reserves);
most of the skeletal muscle fibers are fast
Slow fibers: “red fibers” – half the diameter, 3X slower,
but can continue contracting; aerobic, more mitochondria,
myoglobin
Intermediate: in between
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A skeletal muscle contracts when its motor units
are stimulated
Amount of tension depends on
1. the frequency of stimulation
2. the number of motor units involved
Single, momentary contraction is called a muscle
twitch
All or none principle: each muscle fiber either
contracts completely or not at all
Amount of force: depends on how many motor
units are activated
Muscle tone
Even at rest, some motor units are active: tense the
muscle even though not causing movement: “resting
tone”
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Muscle hypertrophy
Weight training (repeated intense workouts): increases
diameter and strength of “fast” muscle fibers by increasing
production of
Mitochondria
Actin and myosin protein
Myofilaments containing these contractile proteins
The myofibril organelles these myofilaments form
Fibers enlarge (hypertrophy) as number and size of
myofibrils increase
[Muscle fibers (=muscle cells) don’t increase in number
but increase in diameter producing large muscles]
Cardiac muscle
Bundles form thick
myocardium
Cardiac muscle cells are single
cells (not called fibers)
Cells branch
Cells join at intercalated
discs
1-2 nuclei in center
Here “fiber” = long row of
joined cardiac muscle cells
Inherent rhythmicity: each
cell! (muscle cells beat
separately without any
stimulation)
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Smooth muscle
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WASSALAM
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