Chemistry Summary Notes – Chemical Earth

1.2.2 “Particle Theory” all things are made of atoms and atoms can be represented
diagrammatically. Elements contain only one type of atom, compounds contain
different atoms joined chemically and mixtures are compounds and elements thrown
together.

1.2.3 Atmosphere: mixture of gaseous elements such as nitrogen, oxygen and argon
with small amounts of compounds like water and carbon dioxide. Hydrosphere: Water
mixture containing oxygen, nitrogen and compounds like carbon dioxide, sodium,
calcium and magnesium chlorides/sulfates. Lithosphere: rocks, sand, soils and mineral
ores are all mixtures mostly containing compounds. Sand is silicon dioxide.
Biosphere: animals, plants, algae and bacteria consist of mixtures of carbon-
containing compounds e.g. carbohydrates, proteins, fats and vitamins.

1.2.4 To separate: solids of different sizes (sieving), solids and liquids (filtration,
sedimentation and evaporation), dissolved solids in liquids (solution, evaporation,
fractional distillation), liquids (distillation, decantation) and gases (fractional
distillation).

1.2.6 Gravimetric analysis is useful in determining percentage composition. It could

also be used by a mining company wanting to know if an ore body is financially
viable to mine.

2.2.1 The more reactive an element is, the less likely it will exist as an uncombined
element.

2.2.2 Metals: shiney, conduct electricity and are malleable. Non-metals: don’t conduct
electricity and are not malleable. Semimetals: not malleable, conduct electricity under
certain conditions.

2.2.3 Metals used as conductors because of electrical conductivity and non-metals are
used as insulators because of their inability to conduct electricity.

3.2.1 Matter is made of particles that are continuously moving and interacting.

3.2.3 Mass no. is the number of protons and neutrons. Atomic no. is the number of
protons and electrons.

3.2.4 When an ion is formed it means an element has gained or lost an electron.

3.2.5 Periodic table shows valency which can be used to predict how many electrons
gained\lost when ion formed.

3.2.6 LEWIS DOT DIAGRAMS FOR IONIC AND COVALENT BONDING

3.2.7 Ionic compounds are the result of an electrostatic force of attraction between
ions of opposite charge.

3.2.10 Covalent molecules share electrons

4.2.1 Physical change involves no change to chemical composition, whereas chemical
change involves rearrangement of particles.

4.2.2 The physical change of boiling water involves less energy, no new substance
and separates out the bonds instead of the electrolysis of water which requires
more energy, produces hydrogen and oxygen gas and breaks bonds.

4.2.3 Compounds can, under certain conditions, be decomposed into their

constituent elements or simpler compounds. This is done by adding energy as
heat, light or electricity. Heat decomposes copper carbonate, electricity
decomposes water and light decomposes silver salt.

4.2.4 Amount of energy used to separate atoms in a compound is an indication of

the strength of the attraction or bonds between them.

5.2.* Covalent Molecular: liquid or gas at room temperature, soft hardness, low
melting point, no conductivity, e.g. Water. Covalent Network: solid at room
temperature, brittle hardness, extremely high melting point, no conductivity, e.g. SiO2.
Ionic: solid at room temperature, brittle harness, high melting point, no conductivity
in solid, high conductivity in liquid, e.g. NaCl. Metallic: mostly solid at room
temperature, soft hardness, high melting point, high conductivity, e.g. Mg.