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Exercise 1.
Using the data in the following table, plot a graph of partition coefficients versus all the
REE for individual minerals in basaltic magmas.
Partition coefficients for the REE for various representative minerals in basaltic melts
(from Rollinson (1993).
olivine opx cpx plag
La 0.0067 - 0.0560 0.1900
Ce 0.0060 0.0200 0.0920 0.1100
Nd 0.0059 0.0300 0.2300 0.0900
Sm 0.0070 0.0500 0.4450 0.0720
Eu 0.0074 0.0500 0.4740 0.4430
Gd 0.0100 0.0900 0.5560 0.0710
Dy 0.0130 0.1500 0.5820 0.0630
Er 0.0256 0.2300 0.5830 0.0570
Yb 0.0491 0.3400 0.5420 0.0560
Lu 0.0454 0.4200 0.5060 0.0530
Use a logscale on the YAxis and plot ALL the REE (leave a blank cell for any REE
where no data is available. If you have not used Excel before a stepbystep guide on
how to create this plot is given at the end of this exercise.
Exercise 2
Repeat exercise 1 using the following partition coefficients for granitic/rhyolitic
compositions.
Partition coefficients for the REE for various representative minerals in rhyolitic melts
(from Rollinson (1993).
cpx hbld bt garnet quartz plag k-spar zircon
La 1.11 - 5.71 0.39 0.02 0.38 0.08 16.90
Ce 1.83 1.52 4.36 0.69 0.01 0.27 0.04 16.75
Nd 3.30 4.26 2.56 0.60 0.02 0.20 0.04 13.30
Sm 5.23 7.77 2.12 2.04 0.01 0.17 0.03 14.40
Eu 4.10 5.14 2.02 0.52 0.06 5.42 4.45 16.00
Gd - 10.0 - - - 0.13 - 12.00
Tb 7.53 - 1.96 6.98 0.02 - 0.03 37.00
Dy 7.30 13.0 1.72 11.90 0.02 0.11 0.06 101.5
Er - 12.0 - 28.05 - - - 135.0
Yb 6.37 8.38 1.47 43.48 0.02 0.09 0.03 527.0
Lu 5.93 5.50 1.62 39.78 0.01 0.09 0.03 641.5
Exercise 3.
The following data table contains REE data for a suite of basalts related by fractional
crystallisation. Plot chondritenormalised REE diagrams for the basalts (using the
1: REE and trace element data presentation lab exercise, TEW 21.11.18
chondrite normalising values of Anders and Grevesse (1989)), and using your results
from exercise 1 answer the following question.
What was the most likely fractionating mineral and why?
Basalts related by fractional crystallization
A B C D E F
La 3.200 3.485 3.834 4.272 4.840 5.610
Ce 9.404 10.328 11.469 12.917 14.816 17.426
Nd 8.629 9.497 10.572 11.938 13.735 16.214
Sm 3.251 3.585 3.999 4.527 5.223 6.186
Eu 1.232 1.307 1.396 1.503 1.638 1.813
Gd 4.889 5.392 6.015 6.809 7.858 9.308
Dy 5.986 6.607 7.377 8.361 9.660 11.459
Er 3.856 4.259 4.759 5.398 6.242 7.413
Yb 3.586 3.960 4.426 5.021 5.807 6.898
Lu 0.526 0.581 0.650 0.737 0.853 1.014
Data sources:
Anders and Grevesse (1989) Abundances of the elements: meteoric and solar. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta 53, 197214.
Boynton (1984) Geochemistry of the REE: Meteorite studies. In: Henderson (ed.) Rare earth element
geochemistry, Elsevier, pp. 63114
Evensen et al. (1978) Rare earth abundances in chondritic meteorites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
42, 11991212.
Haskin et al. (1968) Relative and absolute terrestrial abundances of the rare earths. In Ahrens (ed) Origin
and distribution of the elements, vol.1 Pergamon, pp 889911.
Masuda et al. (1973) Fine structures of mutually normalized rare earth patterns of chondrites. Geochimica
et Cosmochimica Acta 37, 239248
2: REE and trace element data presentation lab exercise, TEW 21.11.18
McLennan (1989) Rare earth elements in sedimentary rocks: influence of provenance and sedimentary
processes. In Lippin and McKay Reviews in Mineralogy 21, pp 169200
Wakita et al. (1971) Abundances of the 14 REE and 12 other trace elements in Apollo 12 samples: five
igneous and 1 breccia rocks and four soils. Proc. 2nd Lunar Conf. Pergamon, pp 13191329
Exercise 4.
In the following table the REE composition of a rhyolitic melt is given. Plot a chondrite
normalised diagram of this melt composition using the normalising values of Anders and
Grevesse (1989). Using your results from exercise 2, sketch how would you expect the
REE patterns to look following fractional crystallisation of hornblende? What about
following fractional crystallisation of garnet? What about plagioclase and alkalifeldspar
and quartz combined?
What effect would removal of zircon have, but why would you expect this effect to be
minimal?
REE composition of rhyolitic melt
La 37.8
Ce 74.4
Nd 36.0
Sm 6.92
Eu 1.45
Gd 5.60
Tb 0.89
Tm 0.45
Yb 3.00
Lu 0.43
Exercise 5.
It is common in geochemistry to describe REE plots in terms of being
a) LREEenriched (having patterns which slope down from left to right), i.e.
CeN/YbN>1, and degree of enrichment relative to chondrite (=LaN)
b) LREEdepleted (having patterns which slope down from right to left), i.e.
CeN/YbN<1,
c) Flat or Chondritic (with X times chondritic abundances),
d) Flat or depleted or enriched HREE (e.g DyN/YbN 1, >1 or <1),
e) Having a positive or negative Eu anomaly, where the Eu anomaly is defined as
the difference of the measured value from and interpolated smooth REE pattern,
and calculated as Eu/Eu* = (EuN/(SmN*GdN)).
Use the chondrite values of Boynton (above) to plot a chondrite normalized diagram
showing the post Archean average shale composition (PAAS) (an estimate of the average
3: REE and trace element data presentation lab exercise, TEW 21.11.18
composition of the Earths upper crust from Mclennan, 1989) and the two basaltic
samples from East Greenland given below.
Sample La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
PAAS 38.2 79.6 8.83 33.9 5.55 1.08 4.66 0.774 4.68 0.991 2.85 0.405 2.82 0.433
83885 10.37 26.96 18.75 5.063 1.697 5.656 5.645 3.085 2.625 0.374
404262 1.173 3.853 4.531 1.946 0.808 3.132 4.006 2.604 2.409 0.349
Describe the REE patterns using the terminology described above (LREEenriched etc).
Exercise 6:
The following data table contains analyses of selected lavas from Salina Volcano in Italy.
The lavas range from basalt to dacite (SiO2 = 5166%) and have evolved primarily by
fractional crystallization.
Plot chondrite and MORB normalized spider diagrams for the data set and describe their
general characteristics in terms of general enrichments or depletions of elements with
respect to MORB and chondrite.
Use the following normalizing values of Thompson (1982) (Chondrite) and Pearce
(1983) (MORB).
Thompson Rb Ba Th U K Ta Nb La Ce Sr Nd P Hf Zr Sm Ti Tb Yb
Chondrite .635 6.99 .084 0.021 240 .041 .713 .708 1.833 21.1 1.366 92 .309 11.2 .444 1280 .108 4.55
Pearce Sr K2O Rb Ba Th Ta Nb Ce P2O5 Zr Hf Sm TiO2 Y Yb
MORB 120 .15 2 20 .2 .18 3.5 10 .12 90 2.4 3.3 1.5 30 3.4
Note: Pearce provides normalizing values appropriate for data given in weight percent
(e.g. K2O, P2O5, TiO2) and ppm. However, the normalizing values of Thompson are only
for normalization of data given as ppm, therefore you will need to convert the wt% data
from Salina (K2O, P2O5, TiO2) to ppm values. To do this determine which proportion of
the weight percent value is represented by the element of interest using atomic weights,
and then multiply by 10000 (10000ppm = 1 wt%).
e.g. Weight fraction of K in K2O = (39.0983 x 2)/(39.0983 x 2 + 15.994) = 0.8302
therefore K(ppm) = 8302 x K2O wt%
At.Wt. K = 39.0983
At.Wt. P = 30.9738
At.Wt. Ti = 47.88
At.Wt. O = 15.994.
Are there any obvious anomalies in the patterns, and can they be related to fractionation
of any particular crystal phase?
4: REE and trace element data presentation lab exercise, TEW 21.11.18
What features would you expect to see in the REE patterns of these rocks?
5: REE and trace element data presentation lab exercise, TEW 21.11.18
Selected trace element data from representative samples of Salina Volcano.
sample 124(co 125(Co) 1113(Ca) 50(1) 30(8) 35(7) 65(6) 14(4) 39(3) 47(2)
)
basalt basalt basalt basaltic basaltic andesite andesite andesite dacite dacite
andesite andesite
Ba 351 316 280 212 376 455 496 574 652 714
Rb 26.4 29.7 23.9 22.2 30.7 40 48.3 59.2 68.1 78.7
Th 3.39 2.87 2.38 2.1 3.45 4.37 5.11 6.02 7.26 7.83
K 1.09 1.24 1.07 0.95 1.4 1.71 1.97 2.37 2.7 2.98
Nb 3.14 2.89 3.19 2.86 3.64 4.42 5.35 6.34 6.19 6.37
Ta 0.194 0.179 0.167 0.205 0.222 0.291 0.351 0.422 0.428 0.457
La 17.3 15.26 12.87 11.34 16.41 19.75 22.19 25.01 26.23 27.49
Ce 33.92 30.33 25.66 23.8 31.27 37.98 42.37 47.14 49.35 50.23
Sr 778 642 553 725 620 599 576 631 547 488
Nd 16.24 13.92 13.23 13.14 15.99 18.16 19.41 21.34 21.97 20.92
P 0.17 0.19 0.15 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.2 0.15 0.12
Sm 3.57 3.23 2.87 3.24 3.51 3.86 4.24 4.37 3.95 4.07
Zr 52.5 50.1 43.6 50.2 63.4 77.2 89.9 106 119 130
Hf 1.52 1.32 1.21 1.45 1.77 2.19 2.6 2.75 3.21 3.45
Ti 0.61 0.65 0.62 0.66 0.6 0.58 0.59 0.53 0.39 0.32
Tb 0.47 0.44 0.45 0.47 0.51 0.57 0.64 0.63 0.55 0.54
Y 15.8 15.1 15.2 16.1 17.2 19.1 20.9 21.9 21.1 20.3
Tm 0.25 0.23 0.22 0.26 0.27 0.31 0.36 0.34 0.36 0.35
Yb 1.63 1.45 1.61 1.73 1.85 2.09 2.44 2.35 2.54 2.53
V 313 300 304 285 270 250 204 140 69.3 34.5
Ni 35.9 31.4 39.6 12.3 11 8.9 7 4.5 3.5 2.2
Cr 61.1 45.2 104 9.1 8.2 6.1 6.1 2.9 3.2 2.2
(Source= Gertisser and Keller (2000) From basalt to dacite: origin and evolution of the calcalkaline series
of Salina, Aeolian Arc, Italy. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology139: 607626)
Stepbystep to how to plot a line diagram in Excel (e.g. exercise 1).
1) Highlight the cells you would like to graph (e.g. Olivine B6:B15) with left mouse button
2) Select chart wizard
3) Select Line graph
4) Click finish (you can work your way through next .. next .. next etc if you want)
5) To get a complete line. Any gaps you have in the data set will not be joined up on the graph. To
fix this go to Tools, options, chart, plot empty cells as interpolated.
6) To change scale to logarithmic. Double click on the Yaxis, go to scale and select logarithmic.
You can also designate here where you want the Xaxis to cross (0.001).
7) To label the Xaxis and data series. Right mouse click on the chart and go to source data, click on
a series and in name enter the title you want (e.g. Olivine), click on the small spreadsheet button
on category (x) labels then highlight those cells you would like displayed along the Xaxis (e.g.
LaLu, A6:A15).
6: REE and trace element data presentation lab exercise, TEW 21.11.18
8) Right click on the chart, go to chart options and format chart, here you can give axes names, and
also name the graph.
7: REE and trace element data presentation lab exercise, TEW 21.11.18