CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 General:
Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of electric
charge. Various common phenomena are related to electricity, including lightning, static
electricity, electric heating, electric discharges and many others.

The presence of an electric charge, which can be either positive or negative, produces an
electric field. The movement of electric charges is an electric current and produces a magnetic
field.
Electricity is at the heart of many modern technologies, being used for:

 Electric power where electric current is used to energize equipment;

 Electronics which deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical
components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and
associated passive interconnection technologies.
1.2 History:
Long before any knowledge of electricity existed, people were aware of shocks from electric
fish. Ancient Egyptian texts dating from 2750 BCE referred to these fish as the "Thunderer of
the Nile", and described them as the "protectors" of all other fish. Electric fish were again
reported millennia later by ancient Greek, Roman and Arabic naturalists and physicians.
Several ancient writers, such as Pliny the Elder and Scribonius Largus, attested to the numbing
effect of electric shocks delivered by catfish and electric rays, and knew that such shocks could
travel along conducting objects. Patients suffering from ailments such as gout or headache were
directed to touch electric fish in the hope that the powerful jolt might cure them.

Ancient cultures around the Mediterranean knew that certain objects, such as rods of amber,
could be rubbed with cat's fur to attract light objects like feathers. According to a controversial
theory, the Parthians may have had knowledge of electroplating, based on the 1936 discovery
of the Baghdad Battery, which resembles a galvanic cell, though it is uncertain whether the
artifact was electrical in nature.

Electricity would remain little more than an intellectual curiosity for millennia until 1600, when
the English scientist William Gilbert wrote De Magnete, in which he made a careful study of
electricity and magnetism, distinguishing the lodestone effect from static electricity produced
by rubbing amber. He coined the New Latin word electricus ("of amber" or "like amber", from
ἤλεκτρον, elektron, the Greek word for "amber") to refer to the property of attracting small
objects after being rubbed. This association gave rise to the English words "electric" and
"electricity", which made their first appearance in print in Thomas Browne's Pseudodoxia
Epidemica of 1646.

Later in the 18th century, Benjamin Franklin conducted extensive research in electricity, selling
his possessions to fund his work. In June 1752 he is reputed to have attached a metal key to the
bottom of a dampened kite string and flown the kite in a storm-threatened sky. A succession of

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sparks jumping from the key to the back of his hand showed that lightning was indeed electrical
in nature.

Alessandro Volta's battery, or voltaic pile, of 1800, made from alternating layers of zinc and
copper, provided scientists with a more reliable source of electrical energy than the electrostatic
machines previously used. The recognition of electromagnetism, the unity of electric and
magnetic phenomena, is due to Hans Christian Orsted and André-Marie Ampère in 1819–1820.
Michael Faraday invented the electric motor in 1821, and Georg Ohm mathematically analyzed
the electrical circuit in 1827. Electricity and magnetism (and light) were definitively linked by
James Clerk Maxwell, in 1861 and 1862.
While the early 19th century had seen rapid progress in electrical science, the late 19th century
would see the greatest progress in electrical engineering. Through such people as Alexander
Graham Bell, Otto Blathy, Thomas Edison, Galileo Ferraris, Oliver Heaviside, Anyos Jedlik,
William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, Charles Algernon Parsons, Werner von Siemens, Joseph
Swan, Reginald Fessenden, Nikola Tesla and George Westinghouse, electricity turned from a
scientific curiosity into an essential tool for modern life, becoming a driving force of the Second
Industrial Revolution.

1.3 Basic Terms:

 Current (I) -The flow of an electric charge through a conductor. An electric current can
be compared to the flow of water in a pipe. Measured in amperes.
 Alternating Current (AC) - An electric current that reverses its direction many times a
second at regular intervals.
 Direct Current (DC) - An electric current that flows in only one direction.
 Ampere (A) - A unit of measure for the intensity of an electric current flowing in a
circuit. One ampere is equal to a current flow of one coulomb per second.
 Coulomb (C) - The coulomb is the standard unit of electric charge in the International
System of Units (SI). It is a dimensionless quantity. the coulomb is the equivalent of
one ampere-second.
 Voltage - An electromotive force or "pressure" that causes electrons to flow and can be
compared to water pressure which causes water to flow in a pipe. Measured in volts.
 Volt (V) - A unit measure of voltage. One volt is equal to the difference of potential
that would drive one ampere of current against one-ohm resistance.
 Resistance - The opposition to the passage of an electric current. Electrical resistance
can be compared to the friction experienced by water when flowing through a pipe.
Measured in ohms.
 Power - The rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit.
Measured in Watts.
 Watt (W) - A unit of electrical power. One watt is equivalent to one joule per second,
corresponding to the power in an electric circuit in which the potential difference is one
volt and the current one ampere.
 Watt-hour (Wh) - A unit of electrical energy equivalent to a power consumption of one
watt for one hour.

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 Kilowatt-hour (kWh) - The product of power in kW and time in hours. Equal to 1000
Watt-hours. For example, if a 100W light bulb is used for 4 hours, 0.4kWhs of energy
will be used (100W x 1kW / 1000 Watts x 4 hours). Electrical energy is sold in units of
kWh.
 Demand - The average value of power over a specified period of time.
 Installed capacity - The net capacity measured at the terminals of the stations, i.e., after
deduction of the power absorbed by the auxiliary installations and the losses in the
station transformers.
 Utilities - Undertakings of which the essential purpose is the production, transmission
and distribution of electric energy. These may be private companies, cooperative
organizations, local or regional authorities, nationalized undertakings or governmental
organizations.
 Non-Utilities - An Independent Power Producer which is not a public utility, but which
owns facilities to generate electric power for sale to utilities and end users. They may
be privately held facilities, corporations, cooperatives such as rural solar or wind energy
producers, and non-energy industrial concerns capable of feeding excess energy into
the system.

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 CHAPTER 2: ELECTRICITY SECTOR IN INDIA
2.1 History:
The first demonstration of an electric light in Calcutta (now Kolkata) was conducted on 24 July
1879 by P.W. Fleury & Co. On 7 January 1897, Kilburn & Co secured the Calcutta electric
lighting license as agents of the Indian Electric Co, which was registered in London on 15
January 1897. A month later, the company was renamed the Calcutta Electric Supply
Corporation. Mumbai saw electric lighting demonstration for the first time in 1882 at Crawford
Market and the Bombay Electric Supply & Tramways Company (BEST) set up a generating
station in 1905 to provide electricity for the tramway.

The first hydroelectric installation in India was installed near a tea estate at Sidrapong for the
Darjeeling Municipality in 1897. The first electric street light in Asia was lit on 5 August 1905
in Bangalore. The first electric train in the country ran on the Harbor Line between Bombay's
Victoria Terminus and Kurla on 3 February 1925. On 18 August 2015, Cochin International
Airport became the world's first fully solar powered airport with the inauguration of a dedicated
solar plant.

2.2 Overview:
The power sector in India is mainly governed by the Ministry of Power. There are three major
pillars of power sector these are Generation, Transmission, and Distribution. As far as
generation is concerned it is mainly divided into three sectors these are Central Sector, State
Sector, and Private Sector.

Central Sector or Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs), constitute 29.9% (1,02,926 MW) of total
installed capacity i.e., 3,44,689 MW (as on 31/12/2012) in India. Major PSUs involved in the
generation of electricity include NHPC Ltd., NTPC Ltd., and Nuclear Power Corporation of
India (NPCIL).
Besides PSUs, several state-level corporations are there which accounts for about 24.6%
(84,627) of overall generation, such as Jharkhand State Electricity Board (JSEB), Maharashtra
State Electricity Board (MSEB), Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB), in Gujarat (MGVCL,
PGVCL, DGVCL, UGVCL four distribution Companies and one controlling body GUVNL,
and one generation company GSEC), are also involved in the generation and intra-state
distribution of electricity.

Other than PSUs and state level corporations, private sector enterprises also play a major role
in generation, transmission and distribution, about 45.6% (1,57,136 MW) of total installed
capacity is generated by private sector.

The Power Grid Corporation of India is responsible for the inter-state transmission of electricity
and the development of national grid.

The Ministry of Power is the apex body responsible for the development of electrical energy
in India. This ministry started functioning independently from 2 July 1992; earlier, it was

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known as the Ministry of Energy. The Union Minister of Power at present is Sushil Kumar
Shinde and Minister of State for Power is K.C Venugopal.

India is the world's third largest producer and third largest consumer of electricity. accounting
for 6.4% of global energy consumption, with Maharashtra as the leading electricity generator
among Indian states. Due to India’s economic rise, the demand for energy has grown at an
average of 3.6% per annum over the past 30 years. The per capita electricity consumption is
low compared to many countries despite cheaper electricity tariff in India. The per capita power
consumption in India is 1,149 KWh/yr, which is very minimal as compared to global average
of 2,674 KWh/yr.

2.3 Installed capacity:

The total installed power generation capacity is sum of utility capacity, captive power capacity
and other non-utilities. The total installed capacity is after deducting the retired capacity (if
any). As of 31 March 2017 (i.e. end of 12th five-year plan), the achieved thermal power
generation capacity addition excluding renewable power is 91,730 MW against the target of
161,403 MW during the 12th five-year plan. Nearly 70,000 MW is in various stages of
construction as on 31 March 2017. Total installed capacity sector wise is given in Table 1.
Total installed capacity in terms of fuel is given in Table 2.

Sector MW % of Total
State Sector 84,627 24.6%
Central Sector 102,926 29.9%
Private Sector 157,136 45.6%
Total 3,44,689
Table 1: Total Installed Capacity (As on 31.08.2018) - Source: Central Electricity Authority (CEA)

Fuel MW % of Total
Total Thermal 2,21,803 64.3%
Coal 1,96,098 56.9%
Gas 24,867 7.2%
Oil 838 0.2%
Hydro (Renewable) 45,457 13.2%
Nuclear 6,780 2.0%
RES* (MNRE) 70,649 20.5%
Total 3,44,689
Table 2: Installed capacity in terms of Fuel (As on 31.08.2018) - Source: CEA
* Installed capacity in respect of RES (MNRE) as on 30.06.2018.
RES (Renewable Energy Sources) include Small Hydro Project, Biomass Gasifier, Biomass Power, Urban
& Industrial Waste Power, Solar and Wind Energy.

2.4 Transmission and Distribution Losses:

Despite considerable improvement since the turn of the century, India has one of the highest
levels of electricity transmission and distribution (T&D) losses in the world. T&D losses

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represent electricity that is generated but does not reach intended customers. India's T&D losses
are almost 20% of generation, more than twice the world average and nearly three times as
large as T&D losses in the United States.

Electricity losses are the result of technical inefficiency and theft. Technical losses occur
because of the resistance of wires and equipment as electricity passes through. Some loss is
inevitable, but in places with good technical efficiency and low theft, T&D losses generally
range between 6% and 8%. Most of India's T&D losses result from theft, which occurs when
consumed electricity is not accounted for. Electricity is typically stolen by bypassing or
tampering with the meter, or by bribing utility meter readers or billing agents.

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 CHAPTER 3: SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY
3.1 General:
There are two types of sources of energy:

 Nonrenewable Sources of Energy: Most of the energy we use comes from fossil fuels,
such as coal, natural gas and petroleum. Uranium is another nonrenewable source. Once
these natural resources are used up, they are gone forever.
 Renewable Sources of Energy: Renewable sources of energy can be used over and over
again. Renewable resources include solar energy, wind, geothermal energy, biomass
and hydropower. They generate much less pollution, both in gathering and production,
than nonrenewable sources.
3.2 Nonrenewable Sources:
 Thermal Power:
India's electricity sector consumes about 72% of the coal produced in the country.

 Pollution from thermal power plants:

The high ash content in India's coal affects the thermal power plant's potential
emissions. Therefore, India's Ministry of Environment and Forests has mandated the
use of beneficiated coals whose ash content has been reduced to 34% (or lower) in
power plants in urban, ecologically sensitive and other critically polluted areas, and
ecologically sensitive areas. India has an extensive review process, one that includes
environment impact assessment, prior to a thermal power plant being approved for
construction and commissioning. The Ministry of Environment and Forests has
published a technical guidance manual to help project proposers and to prevent
environmental pollution in India from thermal power plants. The operating coal fired
power stations both in utility and captive power sectors need to invest nearly ₹12.5
million per MW capacity for installing pollution control equipment to comply with the
latest emission norms notified by the Ministry of Environment and Forests in the year
2016. India has banned import of pet coke for using as fuel.

 Coal supply constraints:

A large part of Indian coal reserve is similar to Gondwana coal. It is of low calorific
value and high ash content. The carbon content is low in India's coal, and toxic trace
element concentrations are negligible. The natural fuel value of Indian coal is poor. On
average, the Indian power plants using India's coal supply consume about 0.7 kg of coal
to generate a kWh, whereas United States thermal power plants consume about 0.45 kg
of coal per kWh.

 Natural gas supply constraints:

The installed capacity of natural gas-based power plants as of 31 July 2018 is nearly
24,867 MW. These base load power plants are operating at overall PLF of 25% only
due to severe shortage of Natural gas in the country. Imported LNG was too costly for

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 the power generation. Many of these power stations are shut down throughout the year
for lack of natural gas supply. Indian government has taken steps to enhance the
generation from the stranded gas-based power plants for meeting peak load demand by
waiving applicable import duties and taxes due to drastic fall in the LNG and crude oil
international prices.

 Retirement of old thermal power plants

India's coal-fired, oil-fired and natural gas-fired thermal power plants are inefficient
and offer significant potential for greenhouse gas (CO2) emission reduction through
better technologies. India's thermal power plants emit 50% to 120% more CO2 per kWh
produced when compared to the average emissions from their European Union (EU-
27) counterparts. The central government has firmed up plans to shut down 11,000 MW
of coal-based power generation capacity that are at least 25 years old and contributing
more pollution. In captive power sector, there is no retirement policy yet for the thermal
power plants which are contributing to excessive pollution due to their vintage
technology and aging. Recently few old diesel generator plants and gas turbine plants
(Vatwa 100 MW) were also decommissioned. However, their residual life can be used
effectively for ancillary services by keeping them in working condition and connected
to grid.
3.3 Renewable Sources:

India's renewable energy sector is amongst the world's most active players in renewable energy
use, especially solar and wind electricity generation. As of 31 March 2018, India had grid
connected installed capacity of about 69.02 GW. Non-conventional renewable technologies-
based electricity capacity exceeding the capacity of major hydroelectric power for the first time
in history.

Type Capacity
Wind 34,046
Solar 21,651
Small Hydro Power Projects 4,485
Biomass Power & Gasification and Bagasse Cogeneration 8,700
Waste to Power 138
Total - Grid Connected Power 69,020
Table 3-Renewable energy installed capacity in India (as of 31 March 2018) (Source: CEA)

India has 69.02 GW installed capacity Renewable energy, bidding process for further 115 GW
will be completed by the end of FY 2019-20 to achieve a total of 175 GW total installed
capacity by 31 March 2022, and the central govt has set up US$350 million fund to finance the
solar projects.

 Hydro power
It is the most widely used form of renewable energy. India is blessed with immense
amount of hydro-electric potential and ranks 5th in terms of exploitable hydro-potential
on global scenario. The hydro-electric power plants at Darjeeling and

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 Shivanasamudram were established in 1898 and 1902 respectively and were among the
first in Asia. India is endowed with economically exploitable and viable hydro potential
assessed to be about 125,570 MW at 60% load factor. India ranked fourth globally by
underutilized hydro power potential. In addition, 6740 MW from Small, Mini, and
Micro Hydro potential have been assessed. Also, 56 sites for pumped storage schemes
with an aggregate installed capacity of 94,000 MW have been identified.

The installed capacity as of 31 March 2018 is approximately 45,293.42 MW which is

13.17% of total installed utility capacity in India. In addition, 4486 MW capacity from
Small, Mini, and Micro Hydro schemes have been installed. The public sector has a
predominant share of 97% in this sector. National Hydroelectric Power Corporation
(NHPC), Northeast Electric Power Company (NEEPCO), Satluj jal vidyut nigam
(SJVNL), Tehri Hydro Development Corporation, NTPC-Hydro are a few public sector
companies engaged in development of hydroelectric power in India.
Pumped storage schemes are perfect centralised peaking power stations for the load
management in the electricity grid. Pumped storage schemes would be in high demand
for meeting peak load demand and storing the surplus electricity as India graduates
from electricity deficit to electricity surplus They also produce secondary /seasonal
power at no additional cost when rivers are flooding with excess water. Storing
electricity by other alternative systems such as batteries, compressed air storage
systems, etc. is costlier than electricity production by standby generator. India has
already established nearly 4785 MW pumped storage capacity which is part of its
installed hydro power plants.

 Solar power
India is endowed with vast solar energy. The solar radiation of about 5,000 trillion kWh
per year is incident over its land mass with average daily solar power potential of 0.25
kWh per m2 of used land area with the available commercially proven technologies. As
of 31 March 2018, the installed capacity was 21.65 GW meeting 2% of the utility
electricity generation.

Installation of solar power plants require nearly 2.4 hectares (0.024 km2) land per MW
capacity which is similar to coal-fired power plants when life cycle coal mining,
consumptive water storage & ash disposal areas are also accounted and hydro power
plants when submergence area of water reservoir is also accounted. 1.33 million MW
capacity solar plants can be installed in India on its 1% land (32,000 square km). There
are vast tracts of land suitable for solar power in all parts of India exceeding 8% of its
total area which are unproductive barren and devoid of vegetation. Part of waste lands
(32,000 square km) when installed with solar power plants can produce 2,000 billion
Kwh of electricity with land annual productivity/yield of ₹1.0 million per acre (at
₹4/kWh price) which is at equal level with many industrial areas and many times more
than the best productive irrigated agriculture lands. Moreover, these solar power plants
are not dependent on supply of any raw material and are self-productive. There is
unlimited scope for solar electricity to replace all fossil fuel energy requirements. The

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 solar power potential of India can meet perennially to cater per capita energy
consumption at equal level with USA/Japan for the peak population in its demographic
transition.

Indian solar PV power tariff has fallen to ₹2.44 per kWh in May 2017 which is lower
than any other type of power generation in India.

Solar thermal power plants with thermal storage are emerging as cheaper and clean load
following power plants compared to fossil fuel power plants. They can cater the load/
demand round the clock perfectly and work as base load power plants also when the
extracted solar energy is found excess in a day. Proper mix of solar thermal and solar
PV can fully match the load fluctuations without the support of costly battery storage
or costly non-solar power plants with dispatchability and reliability.

Land acquisition is a challenge to solar farm projects in India. Some state governments
are exploring means to address land availability through innovation; for example, by
exploring means to deploy solar capacity above their extensive irrigation canal projects,
thereby harvesting solar energy while reducing the loss of irrigation water by solar
evaporation. The state of Gujarat was first to implement the Canal Solar Power Project,
to use 19,000 km (12,000 mi) long network of Narmada canals across the state for
setting up solar panels to generate electricity. It was the first ever such project in India.

 Wind Power
India has the fourth largest installed wind power capacity in the world. The
development of wind power in India began in the 1990s in Tamil Nadu and has
significantly increased in the last decade. As of 31 March 2018, the installed capacity
of wind power was 34.05 GW, spread across many states of India. The largest wind
power generating state is Tamil Nadu accounting for nearly 23% of installed capacity,
followed in decreasing order by Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Karnataka.

In the year 2015-16, wind power accounted for 8.5% of India's total installed power
capacity, and 2.5% of the country's power output. India targets to install total 60 GW
of wind power capacity by 2022. The wind power tariff of around 2.5 INR/kWh is
cheapest of all power generation sources in India.

 Biomass power
Biomass is organic matter derived from living, or recently living organisms. As an
energy source, biomass can either be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or
indirectly after converting it to various forms of biofuel. Conversion of biomass to
biofuel can be achieved by different methods which are broadly classified into: thermal,
chemical, and biochemical methods. In this system biomass, bagasse, forestry,
domestic organic wastes, industrial organic wastes and agro residue & agricultural
wastes are used as fuel to produce electricity. Nearly 750 million tons of non-edible (by
cattle) biomass is available annually in India which can be put to use for higher value
addition. Biomass is a renewable energy source as it is generated by extracting the

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 carbon dioxide gas from the atmosphere. Its use for electricity generation is carbon-
neutral fuel because it would also release global warming green house gasses like
methane and carbon dioxide when it is left to decay / degenerate without using as an
energy source. The total biomass traditional use in India is nearly 177 Mtoe in the year
2013.

20% of households in India use biomass and charcoal for cooking purpose. As
traditional use of biomass is being replaced by LPG in rural areas at faster pace, biomass
burning in agriculture fields has become major source for causing higher level air
pollution in nearby towns and cities.

 Torrefied biomass

Huge quantity of imported coal is being used in pulverised coal-fired power stations.
Raw biomass is not suitable for use in the pulverised coal mills as they are difficult to
grind into fine powder due to its caking problem. However, 100% biomass can be fired
after Torrefaction in the pulverised coal mills for replacing imported coal. Torrefied
biomass plants can be integrated with existing pulverised coal-fired power stations
using the available hot flue gas as heat source. Cofiring dry biomass up to 20% heat
input with coal is possible directly in pulverised coal-fired power stations without
facing caking problem. North west and southern regions can replace imported coal use
with biomass where surplus agriculture/crop residue biomass is burnt in the fields
causing pollution problems. Many old and smaller capacity coal fired power plants are
being shut down permanently due to pollution problems. These units can be retrofitted
economically to produce electricity from biomass without appreciable pollution.
Biomass power plants can also get extra income by selling the Renewable Purchase
Certificates (RPC).

 Biomass gasifier
India has been promoting biomass gasifier technologies in its rural areas, to use surplus
biomass resources such as rice husk, crop stalks, small wood chips, other agro-residues.
The goal was to produce electricity for villages with power plants of up to 2 MW
capacities. During 2011, India installed 25 rice husk based gasifier systems for
distributed power generation in 70 remote villages of Bihar. The largest biomass-based
power plant in India is at Sirohi, Rajasthan, having the capacity of 20 MW, i.e.,
Sambhav Energy Limited. In addition, gasifier systems are being installed at 60 rice
mills in India. During the year, biomass gasifier projects of 1.20 MW in Gujarat and
0.5 MW in Tamil Nadu were successfully installed.

 Biogas

This pilot programme aims to install small-scale biogas plants for meeting the cooking
energy needs in rural areas of India. During 2011, some 45000 small-scale biogas plants
were installed. Cumulatively, India has installed 4.44 million small-scale biogas plants.
In 2011, India started a new initiative with the aim to demonstrate medium size mixed
feed biogas-fertilizer pilot plants. This technology aims for generation,

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 purification/enrichment, bottling and piped distribution of biogas. India approved 21 of
these projects with aggregate capacity of 37016 cubic metre per day, of which 2 projects
have been successfully commissioned by December 2011. India has additionally
commissioned 158 projects under its Biogas based Distributed/Grid Power Generation
programme, with a total installed capacity of about 2 MW.

Union government is implementing many schemes to use productively the agro waste
or biomass in rural areas to uplift rural economy and job potential. Using biogas for
high protein rich feed production is also eligible for carbon credits as they also perform
carbon sequestration from the atmosphere.
As of 2010, India burnt over 200 million tonnes of coal replacement worth of traditional
biomass fuel every year to meet its energy need for cooking and other domestic use.
This traditional biomass fuel – fuel wood, crop waste and animal dung – is a potential
raw material for the application of biomass technologies for the recovery of cleaner
fuel, fertilisers and electricity with significantly lower pollution.

Biomass available in India has been playing an important role as fuel for sugar mills,
textiles, paper mills, and small and medium enterprises (SME). In particular there is a
significant potential in breweries, textile mills, fertiliser plants, the paper and pulp
industry, solvent extraction units, rice mills, petrochemical plants and other industries
to harness biomass power.

 Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy
is the energy that determines the temperature of matter. India's geothermal energy
installed capacity is experimental. Commercial use is insignificant.

According to some ambitious estimates, India has 10,600 MW of potential in the

geothermal provinces but it still needs to be exploited. India has potential resources to
harvest geothermal energy. The resource map for India has been grouped into six
geothermal provinces:

 Himalayan Province – Tertiary Orogenic belt with Tertiary magmatism

 Areas of Faulted blocks – Aravalli belt, Naga-Lushi, West coast regions and
Son-Narmada lineament.
 Volcanic arc – Andaman and Nicobar arc.
 Deep sedimentary basin of Tertiary age such as Cambay basin in Gujarat.
 Radioactive Province – Surajkund, Hazaribagh, Jharkhand.
 Cratonic province – Peninsular India

India has about 340 hot springs spread over the country. Of this, 62 are distributed along
the northwest Himalaya, in the States of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and
Uttarakhand. They are found concentrated along a 30-50-km wide thermal band mostly
along the river valleys. Naga-Lusai and West Coast Provinces manifest a series of
thermal springs. The thermal springs in India's peninsular region are more related to the
faults, which allow down circulation of meteoric water to considerable depths. The
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 circulating water acquires heat from the normal thermal gradient in the area, and
depending upon local condition, emerges out at suitable localities. The area includes
Aravalli range, Son-Narmada-Tapti lineament, Godavari and Mahanadi valleys and
South Cratonic Belts.

In a December 2011 report, India identified six most promising geothermal sites for the
development of geothermal energy. These are, in decreasing order of potential:

 Tattapani in Chhattisgarh
 Puga in Jammu & Kashmir
 Cambay Graben in Gujarat
 Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh
 Surajkund in Jharkhand
 Chhumathang in Jammu & Kashmir
India plans to set up its first geothermal power plant, with 2–5 MW capacity at Puga in
Jammu and Kashmir.

 Tidal power
Tidal power, also called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that converts the energy
obtained from tides into useful forms of power, mainly electricity. The potential of tidal
wave energy becomes higher in certain regions by local effects such as shelving,
funnelling, reflection and resonance.

India is surrounded by sea on three sides, its potential to harness tidal energy is
significant. Energy can be extracted from tides in several ways. In one method, a
reservoir is created behind a barrage and then tidal waters pass through turbines in the
barrage to generate electricity. This method requires mean tidal differences greater than
4 meters and also favorable topographical conditions to keep installation costs low. One
report claims the most attractive locations in India, for the barrage technology, are the
Gulf of Khambhat and the Gulf of Kutch on India's west coast where the maximum
tidal range is 11 m and 8 m with average tidal range of 6.77 m and 5.23 m respectively.
The Ganges Delta in the Sundarbans, West Bengal is another possibility, although with
significantly less recoverable energy; the maximum tidal range in Sundarbans is
approximately 5 m with an average tidal range of 2.97 m. The report claims, barrage
technology could harvest about 8 GW from tidal energy in India, mostly in Gujarat.
The barrage approach has several disadvantages, one being the effect of any badly
engineered barrage on the migratory fishes, marine ecosystem and aquatic life.
Integrated barrage technology plants can be expensive to build.

In December 2011, the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, Government of India
and the Renewable Energy Development Agency of Govt. of West Bengal jointly
approved and agreed to implement India's first 3.75 MW Durgaduani mini tidal power
project. Indian government believes that tidal energy may be an attractive solution to
meet the local energy demands of this remote delta region.

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 Another tidal wave technology harvests energy from surface waves or from pressure
fluctuations below the sea surface. A report from the Ocean Engineering Centre, Indian
Institute of Technology, Madras estimates the annual wave energy potential along the
Indian coast is between 5 MW to 15 MW per metre, suggesting a theoretical maximum
potential for electricity harvesting from India's 7500-kilometer coast line may be about
40 GW. However, the realistic economical potential, the report claims, is likely to be
considerably less. A significant barrier to surface energy harvesting is the interference
of its equipment to fishing and other sea bound vessels, particularly in unsettled
weather. India built its first seas surface energy harvesting technology demonstration
plant in Vizhinjam, near Thiruvananthapuram.

The third approach to harvesting tidal energy consists of ocean thermal energy
technology. This approach tries to harvest the solar energy trapped in ocean waters into
usable energy. Oceans have a thermal gradient, the surface being much warmer than
deeper levels of ocean. This thermal gradient may be harvested using modified Rankine
cycle. India's National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) attempted this approach
over the last 20 years, but without success. In 2003, with Saga University of Japan,
NIOT attempted to build and deploy a 1 MW demonstration plant. However,
mechanical problems prevented success. After initial tests near Kerala, the unit was
scheduled for redeployment and further development in the Lakshadweep Islands in
2005. The demonstration project's experience has limited follow-on efforts with ocean
thermal energy technology in India.

 Nuclear power
As of 31 March 2018, India had 6.78 GW of installed nuclear power generation capacity
or nearly 2% of total installed utility power generation capacity. Nuclear plants
generated 38,247 million kWh at 64.40% PLF in the year 2017-18.
India's nuclear power plant development began in 1964. India signed an agreement with
General Electric of the United States for the construction and commissioning of two
boiling water reactors at Tarapur. In 1967, this effort was placed under India's
Department of Atomic Energy. In 1971, India set up its first pressurized heavy water
reactors with Canadian collaboration in Rajasthan. In 1987, India created Nuclear
Power Corporation of India Limited to commercialize nuclear power.

Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited is a public sector enterprise, wholly owned
by the Government of India, under the administrative control of its Department of
Atomic Energy. Its objective is to implement and operate nuclear power stations for
India's electricity sector. The state-owned company has ambitious plans to establish 63
GW generation capacity by 2032, as a safe, environmentally benign and economically
viable source of electrical energy to meet the increasing electricity needs of India.
India's nuclear power generation effort satisfies many safeguards and oversights, such
as getting ISO-14001 accreditation for environment management system and peer
review by World Association of Nuclear Operators including a pre-start up peer review.
Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited admits, in its annual report for 2011, that

14
its biggest challenge is to address the public and policy maker perceptions about the
safety of nuclear power, particularly after the Fukushima incident in Japan.

In 2011, India had 18 pressurized heavy water reactors in operation, with another four
projects of 2.8 GW capacity launched. The country plans to implement fast breeder
reactors, using plutonium-based fuel. Plutonium is obtained by reprocessing spent fuel
of first stage reactors. India is in the process of launching its first prototype fast breeder
reactor of 500 MW capacity in Tamil Nadu.

India has nuclear power plants operating in the following states: Maharashtra, Gujarat,
Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. These reactors have an installed
electricity generation capacity between 100 MW and 540 MW each. KKNPP Unit-1
with a capacity of 1,000 MWe was commissioned in July, 2013 while KKNPP Unit-2,
also with a capacity of 1,000 MWe is nearing first approach to criticality in 2016.

In 2011, The Wall Street Journal reported the discovery of uranium in a new mine in
India, the country's largest ever. The estimated reserves of 64,000 tonnes, could be as
large as 150,000 tonnes (making the mine one of the world's largest). The new mine is
expected to provide India with a fuel that it now imports. Nuclear fuel supply
constraints had limited India's ability to grow its nuclear power generation capacity.
The newly discovered ore, unlike those in Australia, is of slightly lower grade. This
mine is expected to be in operation in 2012.

India's share of nuclear power plant generation capacity is just 1.2% of worldwide
nuclear power production capacity, making it the 15th largest nuclear power producer.
India aims to supply 9% of its electricity needs with nuclear power by 2032. India's
largest nuclear power plant project is planned to be implementedat Jaitapur,
Maharashtra in partnership with Areva, France.

India's government is also developing up to 62, mostly thorium reactors, which it

expects to be operational by 2025. It is the "only country in the world with a detailed,
funded, government-approved plan" to focus on thorium-based nuclear power.

15
 CHAPTER 4: ELECTRICITY GENERATION
India has the fifth largest power generation capacity in the world. The country ranks third
globally in terms of electricity production. In May 2018, India ranked 4th in the Asia Pacific
region out of 25 nations on an index that measures their overall power. Electricity production
in India reached 1,201.543 Billion Units (BU) during 2017-18.
Renewable energy is fast emerging as a major source of power in India. The Government of
India has set a target to achieve 175 GW installed capacity of renewable energy by 2022. Wind
energy is the largest source of renewable energy in India, accounting for 49.33 per cent of total
installed capacity (69.02 GW). There are plans to double wind power generation capacity to 60
GW by 2022. India has also raised the solar power generation capacity addition target by five
times to 100 GW by 2022. The Union Government of India is preparing a 'rent a roof' policy
for supporting its target of generating 40 gigawatts (GW) of power through solar rooftop
projects by 2022. All the states and union territories of India are on board to fulfil the
Government of India's vision of ensuring 24x7 affordable and quality power for all by March
2019. As of August 2018, 194.2 million households out of 219.2 million households were
electrified and the remaining 25.0 million households are expected to be electrified by end
March 2019, under the Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana- “Saubhagya” scheme.
The Government of India has been supportive to growth in the power sector.
The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) has approved commercial coal mining
for private sector and the methodology of allocating coal mines via auction and allotment,
thereby prioritising transparency, ease of doing business and ensuring the use of natural
resources for national development.
The Government of India is planning to invite bids for the largest solar tender in the world, for
installing 20 gigawatts (GW) of solar power capacity, to give a boost to manufacturing of solar
power equipment in India.

Electricity Generation (Billion Units)

1400 1212.134
1160.141
1107.386
1200 1048.673
967.15
1000 876.887 912.056
771.551 811.143
800

600

400

200

0
2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18

Electricity Generation (Billion Units)

Figure 1 Electricity Generation

16
 Generation Growth (%)

10 8.43
8.11
8 6.6
6.04 5.64
5.56
6 4.72
4.01 3.95
4

0
2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18

Generation Growth (%)

Figure 2 Electricity Generation Growth

17
 CHAPTER 5: ELECTRICITY NETWORK
Electricity sector in India is growing at rapid pace. During the current year 2017-18 (Upto
30.11.2017), the Peak Demand is about 164.1 GW and the Installed Capacity is 330.8 GW with
generation mix of Thermal (66.2%), Hydro (13.6%), Renewable 18.2%) and Nuclear (2.0%).
The natural resources for electricity generation in India are unevenly dispersed and
concentrated in a few pockets. Hydro resources are located in the Himalayan foothills, North
Eastern Region (NER). Coal reserves are concentrated in Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal,
Chhattisgarh, parts of Madhya Pradesh, whereas lignite is located in Tamil Nadu and Gujarat.
Also, lot of power station, generating from Gas and renewable energy sources like Solar, Wind
etc. have been installed in various parts of country.

Powergrid Corporation of India Limited (POWERGRID), a Central Transmission Utilities

(CTU), is responsible for planning inter-state transmission system (ISTS). Similarly, there are
State Transmission Utilities (STU) (namely State Transco/ SEBs) responsible for the
development of Intra State Transmission System.

An extensive network of Transmission lines has been developed over the years for evacuating
power produced by different electricity generating stations and distributing the same to the
consumers. Depending upon the quantum of power and the distance involved, lines of
appropriate voltages are laid. The nominal Extra High Voltage lines in vogue are ± 800 kV
HVDC & 765kV, 400 kV, 230/220 kV, 110 kV and 66kV AC lines. These have been installed
by all the SEBs, and by Generation, Transmission & Distribution utilities including those in
Central Sector.

13,820 circuit kilometres (ckm) of transmission lines have been commissioned during 2017-18
(April-November 2017). This is 59.9% of the annual target of 23,086 ckm fixed for 2017-18.
Similarly, 50,805 MVA of transformation capacity of substations has been added during 2017-
18 (April-November 2017) which constitutes 94.1% of the annual target of 53,978 MVA fixed
for 2017-18.

The capacity of transmission system of 220 kV and above voltage levels, in the country as on
30th November 2017 was 3,81,671 ckm of transmission lines and 7,91,570 MVA of
transformation capacity of Substations.

As on 30th November 2017, the total transmission capacity of the inter-regional links is 78,050
MW.

The transmission lines are operated in accordance with Regulations/standards of Central

Electricity Authority (CEA) / Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) / State
Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERC). However, in certain cases, the loading on
transmission lines may have to be restricted keeping in view the voltage stability, angular
stability, loop flows, load flow pattern and grid security. Power surplus States have been
interalia, able to supply their surplus power to power deficit State Utilities across the country
except for some congestion in supply of power to Southern Region.

18
Power System Operation Corporation Limited (POSOCO), is managing the National and
Regional grid from National Load Despatch Centre (NLDC) and its five Regional Load
Dispatch Centers (RLDC) through state-of-the-art unified load dispatch &communication
facilities.

 Central Transmission Utility (CTU): Power Grid Corporation of India Limited

(POWERGRID)

Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (POWERGRID, the 'Central Transmission

Utility (CTU)' of the country and a 'Navratna' Company operating under Ministry of
Power, is engaged in power transmission business with the responsibility for planning,
implementation, operation and maintenance of Inter-State Transmission System
(ISTS). POWERGRID is a listed Company, with 57.90% holding of Government of
India and balance by Institutional Investors & public.

POWERGRID, as on 30th September 2017, owns & operates around 1,42,989 ckm of
Extra High Voltage (EHV) transmission lines spread over the length and breadth of the
country and 226 EHV AC & HVDC Sub-stations with transformation capacity of more
than 3,11,185 MVA. Its vast transmission network wheels more than 45% of the power
in the country. The availability of this huge transmission network is consistently
maintained over 99% through deployment of state-of-the-art operation & maintenance
techniques at equal level with global standards.

During FY 2016-17, POWERGRID has achieved a turnover of about Rs. 26,581.46

Crore and Net Profit of Rs.7,520.15 Crore. As on 31.03.2017 Gross Fixed Assets of the
company have also grown to Rs.1,49,730 Crore.

19
 CHAPTER 6: MAHARASHTRA STATE PRESENT SCENARIO
6.1 General:
Maharashtra is a state in the western region of India and is the nation’s third largest state and
also the world’s second-most populous sub-national entity. Its population makes Maharashtra
one of the largest energy users of country. Electricity demand of Maharashtra is high; the state
constitutes 13.91% of the total installed electricity generation capacity in India.
In past, the electricity demand of Maharashtra was fulfilled by Maharashtra State Electricity
Board (MSEB). MSEB was set up in the year 1960 to generate, transmit and distribute power
to people in Maharashtra, except Mumbai (because there are some private companies in
Mumbai, who also provides electricity). Maharashtra State Electricity Board (or MSEB) is a
state-owned electricity regulation board operating within the state of Maharashtra in India. On
June 6, 2005 Maharashtra State Electricity Board (MSEB) has been restructured into four
companies. These companies include- MSEB Holding Company, Maharashtra State Electricity
Distribution Company (MAHAVITARAN), Maharashtra State Electricity Transmission
Company (MAHAPARESHAN) and Maharashtra State Electricity Generation Company
(MAHAGENCO).

According to CEA, for June 2018, Energy requirement was 12697 MU and the Energy supplied
was 12696 MU. Peak power supply demand was 21,773 MW and the peak met was 21,703.
There was deficiency of 70 MW.

According to CEA, Total installed capacity is 43253 MW including all state, private and central
government owned projects. Detailed information about installed capacity according to source
and ownership is given in Table 4.

Source Grand
State Ownership
Thermal Nuclear Hydro RES (MNRE) Total
State 10842 0 2850 208 13900
Private 13024 0 481 8428 21933
Maharashtra
Central 6607 690 0 123 7420
Sub-Total 30473 690 3331 8759 43253

Table 4 Installed Capacity (in MW)

6.2 Maharashtra State Power Policy:

6.2.1 General:
In view of the paramount importance of power generation from the new and renewable energy
sources, the Government of India has declared a target of 175 GW capacity for installation of
renewable power projects in the country by the year 2022. It includes solar power projects of
100 GW capacity. In the light of this target, massive efforts are being taken in the country
across the states.
For the development of new and renewable sources of energy in the State, various incentive
has been declared from time to time to create installed capacity through projects of different
sources of renewable energy. There are abundant new and renewable energy sources available

20
in the state. Apart from the wind and solar energy source, power generation is also possible
from bagasse based on sugarcane and from agricultural, bio-medical, mineral, industrial and
other wastes. Considering the importance of these sources and their potential of power
generation in the state, a comprehensive policy for generation and promotion of electricity from
projects based on solar, wind, bagasse / biomass co-generation, small hydro and from
agriculture, mineral, bio-medical, industrial waste, was under consideration of the Government
of Maharashtra. The Cabinet approved the comprehensive grid connected renewable policy in
its meeting dated 2nd June, 2015. Accordingly, the Government Resolution listing the details
of the policy is declared as under.
6.2.2 Government Resolution:
1. Overall Target: The policy envisages setting up of grid-connected renewable power
projects as per the following capacities.
 5000 MW of Wind Power Projects
 1000 MW of Bagasse –based Co-generation Projects
 400 MW of Small Hydro Projects
 300 MW of Biomass-based Power Projects
 200 MW of Industrial Waste-based Power Projects
 7500 MW of Solar Power Projects
Thus, a total of 14,400 MW capacity power projects based on new and renewable
energy sources are targeted to be installed up to 2020.
The source-wise policy is as follows:
2. Wind Power Project:
In view of the potential and use of wind energy and the ongoing wind resource assessment
programme, the target of commissioning of wind power projects of 5000 MW is being
set. 1500 MW capacity would be developed for meeting the procurement requirement of
distribution licenses under the Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) regime.
Considering the favourable scope at the windy sites, the re-powering of existing wind
electric generators, with appropriate micro siting and the use of latest and improved
technologies, will be allowed.
3. Bagasse / Agricultural Waste based Co-generation Power Projects:
Surplus electricity can be generated in the state from the bye products of sugar factories
and agro industries (viz. bagasse/ rice husk etc.). The projects need to be promoted as
farmers can also get additional benefit from such projects. A target of 1000 MW capacity
is kept for developing bagasse / agricultural waste based co-generation power projects
under this policy.
4. Small Hydro Power Projects:
There is a large potential for generation of additional electricity from small hydro power
projects. This includes giving encouragement to projects up to 25MW which are to be
developed by private developers through the Water Resources Department, for this
purpose all such projects up to 25 MW are included in this policy.
5. Biomass based Power Projects:
Electricity can be generated from agricultural biomass waste/residue. The farmers can get
additional benefits from such projects for their biomass waste, and there can be
employment generation in the rural areas. Target of 300 MW capacity of biomass based

21
 power projects is being set under this policy. Continuous supply of biomass is essential
for such projects.
6. Solar Power Projects:
There is abundant solar energy potential available in the state, from which clean and non-
polluting electricity can be generated on sustainable basis everywhere. Under this policy,
solar power projects of 7500 MW capacity will be developed of which, a total of 2500
MW capacity solar power projects will be developed by MAHAGENECO in Public
Private Partnership (PPA) mode to fulfil the Renewable Generation Obligation (RGO).
The remaining capacity of 5000 MW solar power projects will be developed by other
developers.
7. Industrial Waste based Power Projects:
Large quantities of inorganic degradable waste along with organic degradable waste are
being generated from the industries in the state. Disposal in the open of these types of
waste from industries causes damage to environment. Hence, the Government has
decided to give encouragement to some extent to power generation from these wastes.
Target of 200 MW has been kept under the policy.

22
CHAPTER 7: DIFFERENT SCHEMES FOR ELECTRICITY IN INDIA
Government of India provides assistance to States through various Central Sector / centrally
sponsored schemes for improving the distribution sector.
6.3 Integrated Power Development Scheme (IPDS):
Scheme approved on 20.11.2014 with a total outlay of Rs 32,612 crore which includes a
budgetary support of Rs 25,354 crore from Govt. of India. The objectives of scheme are:

 Strengthening of sub-transmission and distribution networks in the urban areas;

 Metering of distribution transformers / feeders / consumers in the urban area.
 IT enablement of distribution sector and strengthening of distribution network

The component of IT enablement of distribution sector and strengthening of distribution

network approved in June, 2013 in the form of RAPDRP for 12th and 13th Plans got subsumed
in this scheme and approved scheme outlay of Rs 44,011 crore including a budgetary support
of Rs 22,727 crore carried over to the new scheme of IPDS.
6.4 Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY):

Scheme approved on 20.11.2014 with a total outlay of Rs 44,033 crore which includes a
budgetary support of Rs 33,453 crore from Govt. of India. The objectives of scheme are:

 Separation of agriculture and non-agriculture feeders

 Strengthening of sub-transmission and distribution networks in the rural areas;
 Metering of distribution transformers / feeders / consumers in the rural area.
 Rural Electrification
The component of Rural Electrification approved in August, 2013 in the form of RGGVY for
12th and 13th Plans got subsumed in this scheme and approved scheme cost of Rs 39275 crore
including a budgetary support of Rs 35447crore carried over to the new scheme of DDUGJY.
7.3 National Electricity Fund (NEF):

To promote investment in the distribution sector, GoI has set up National Electricity Fund
(Interest Subsidy Scheme) in March 2012 to provide interest subsidy on loans disbursed to the
Distribution Companies (DISCOMS) – both in public and private sector, to improve the
distribution network for areas not covered by RGGVY and R-APDRP project areas. The
preconditions for eligibility are linked to certain reform measures taken by the States and the
amount of interest subsidy is linked to the progress achieved in reforms linked parameters.
7.4 Financial Restructuring Scheme:

GoI has notified the scheme for Financial Restructuring of State Distribution Companies
(Discoms) in October 2012 for achieving their financial turnaround by restructuring their short
term liabilities with support through a Transitional Finance Mechanism from Central Govt.
7.5 Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana -“Saubhagya”:

23
Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana – ‘Saubhagya’ a new scheme was launched by
the Hon’ble Prime Minister on 25th September, 2017. Under Saubhagya free electricity
connections to all households (both APL and poor families) in rural areas and poor families in
urban areas will be provided. There are around 4 Crore un-electrified households in the country
and they are targeted for providing electricity connections by December 2018. Rural
Electrification Corporation (REC) has been designated as nodal agency for the Saubhagya
scheme.
Scope of the Scheme:

 Providing last mile connectivity and electricity connections to all un-electrified

households in rural areas.
 Providing Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) based standalone system for un-electrified
households located in remote and inaccessible villages / habitations, where grid
extension is not feasible or cost effective.
 Providing last mile connectivity and electricity connections to all remaining
economically poor un-electrified households in urban areas. Non-poor urban
households are excluded from this scheme.
7.6 Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All (UJALA):

Energy efficiency assumes significance for the nation in the current environment of shortages
and concerns over climate change. Lighting itself accounts for about 20% of the total electricity
consumption in India. Hon’ble Prime Minister, on 5th January, 2015 launched the Unnat Jyoti
by Affordable LEDs for All (UJALA) to provide LED bulbs to domestic consumers with a
target to replace 770 million incandescent bulbs with LED bulbs by March, 2019.

The main objective is to promote efficient lighting, enhance awareness on using efficient
equipment which reduce electricity bills and help preserve environment.
7.7 Ujwal Bharat:

Ujwal Bharat is a joint programme of the Ministry of Power, Coal and New & Renewable
Energy. It is focused on illuminating the life of every Indian thus creating an Ujwal Bharat.
The overall aim is to ensure 24X7 Power for all by 2019.
The Ministry of Power is concerned with perspective planning, policy formulation, processing
of projects for investment decision, monitoring of the implementation of power projects,
training and manpower development and the administration and enactment of legislation in
regard to thermal, hydro power generation, transmission and distribution.
Targets:

 Doubling Coal India's production to 100 Cr tonnes/year by 2020

 5 times increase in renewable capacity to 1,75,000 MW by 2022
 Power generation to increase by 50% by 2020
 Energy saving to increase to 10% of current consumption
7.8 Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana (UDAY):

24
Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana (UDAY) is the financial turnaround and revival package
for electricity distribution companies of India (DISCOMs) initiated by the Government of India
with the intent to find a permanent solution to the financial mess that the power distribution is
in. It allows state governments, which own the DISCOMs, to take over 75 percent of their debt
as of September 30, 2015, and pay back lenders by selling bonds. DISCOMs are expected to
issue bonds for the remaining 25 percent of their debt.

The scheme was announced by Piyush Goyal, Minister of State (IC) for Power, Coal & New
and Renewable Energy (Now Railway minister and coal minister) in November 2015. The
scheme is optional for the states to join. Jharkhand became the first state to come under uday
scheme.

25
CONCLUSIONS
India’s growing economy has forced the country to increase installed power capacity to 344
GW this year. India is still depending upon thermal power plants to meet its 64.3% electricity
demand. Government of India is taking measures to increase the percentage of renewable
energy sources.
India has surplus power generation capacity but lacks adequate infrastructure for supplying
electricity to all needy people. Around 20% of generated power is lost in transmission and
distribution.
Various policies are adopted by Government of India to minimize transmission and distribution
losses, rural electrification, to create awareness among peoples to use energy efficient devices.

26
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All India Installed Capacity of Power Stations. (2018). 8th ed. [eBook] Central Electricity
Authority. Available at: http://www.cea.nic.in

Energy Statistics. (2018). 25th ed. [eBook] New Delhi: Central Statistics Office. Available at:
http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/

Executive Summary on Power Sector July 2018. (2018). [eBook] Available at:
http://www.cea.nic.in/monthlyexesummary.html

https://www.mahaurja.com/meda/data/grid_wind_power/state_policy/Wpoly%202015%20En
glish.pdf. (2015). [eBook] Mumbai: Government of Maharashtra Industries, Energy and
Labour Department. Available at:
https://www.mahaurja.com/meda/data/grid_wind_power/state_policy/Wpoly%202015%20En
glish.pdf

Ujala.gov.in. (2018). NATIONAL UJALA DASHBOARD | EESL. [online] Available at:

http://www.ujala.gov.in/ [Accessed 4 Oct. 2018].

Ibef.org. (2018). Power Sector Growth - An Infographic. [online] Available at:

https://www.ibef.org/industry/power-sector-india/infographic [Accessed 4 Oct. 2018].

Saubhagya.gov.in. (2018). Saubhagya Dashboard. [online] Available at:

http://saubhagya.gov.in/ [Accessed 4 Oct. 2018].

Uday.gov.in. (2018). UDAY. [online] Available at: https://www.uday.gov.in/ [Accessed 4 Oct.

2018].

Vikaspedia.in. (2018). Ujwal Bharat — Vikaspedia. [online] Available at:

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