1.

Structure Details
1.1 Type of Structures

Proposed box culvert will be cast in-situ reinforced concrete single cell box culvert.

1.2 Basic Layout

The proposed single cell box culvert location in accordance to employer’s drawings as shown
below:-

C1
C2

Location for Single cell box culvert C1 (15m (width) x 3.74m (depth))

& C2 (15m (width) x 3.74m (depth)).

C3

Location for Single cell box culvert C3 (16m (width) x 3.74m (depth))

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2. Site Details
2.1 Site Constraints

There is no major building nearby except existing flyover column near to the proposed single
cell culvert C3 near Newton Circus shown as below:-

C3

Existing Flyover
column
Location for Single cell box culvert C3

Cross section of Single Cell Culvert C3

The impact of piling work and construction of box culvert must be taken into consideration for
the existence of existing structure. Impact assessment to be conducted to identify the impact
and further precaution mitigation shall be proposed.

2.2 Services/Utilities crossing and encountered

Services and utilities to be expected are currently based on Utilities Plans

(L/ER381/RR/UT/0001 to 0005) provided during tender.

All affected services in the vicinity of the works shall be verified with trial trench. The
contractor shall determine and coordinate with the utility agencies for any diversion of affected
services and laying of new services. The services that need not be diverted shall be supported
and protected.

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3. Proposed Structure
3.1 Description of Structure

The proposed structure is form of single cell box culvert of various depth and width.

3.2 Foundation Type

The proposed single cell box culvert is supported by piled foundation. Micro pile will be used.

3.3 Span Arrangement

Not applicable.

3.4 Materials and finishes/Materials strengths assumed and basis of assumption

a. Concrete

Characteristic concrete strength for design is in accordance to SS EN 1992-1-1.

Structural Element Concrete Grade, N/mm2

Single cell box culvert 32/40

Mass concrete 16/20

Micro pile 35/45

b. Reinforcement Steel

Characteristic tensile properties of steel for design is in accordance to SS EN 1992-1-1.

Reinforcement Characteristic yield strength, fyk 500 N/mm2

Welded Steel Fabric yield strength 500 N/mm2

Young Modulus, E 210 kN/mm2

Poisson’s Ratio 0.3

Coefficient of thermal expansion 12 x 10-6/oC

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4. Design Criteria
4.1 Design Information – Code of Practices
The following Codes of Practices to be used for the purpose of design:-
a) LTA’s Design Criteria
b) PUB’s Code of Practice
c) latest Euro code and Singapore National Annex
d) PD6694-1 Recommendations for the design of structures subject to traffic
loading to BS EN 1997-1:2004

4.2 Live Loading, Headroom

A buried concrete structure with a depth of earth cover less than 0.6m should be treated as
normal bridge structure and designed for traffic and thermal actions specified in SS EN 1991-2
and SS EN 1991-1-5 together with earth pressures described in SS EN 1997-1 and PD6694-1.

Following loads has been applied for design:-

a. Vertical Superimposed Live Load:-

Type Live load

RCU / RCS 5 kN/m2

Vehicular load to be applied in shall be accordance to SS EN 1991-2 for box culvert.

The following load models for vertical loads represent the following traffic effects:-
Load Model 1 (LM1): Concentrated and uniformly distributed loads, which cover most of
the effects of the traffic of lorries and cars. This model should be used for general and local
verifications.
Load Model 2 (LM2): A single axle load applied on specific tyre contact areas which cover
the dynamic effects of the normal traffic on short structural members. As an order of
magnitude, LM2 can be predominant in the range of loaded lengths up to 3m to 7m.
Load Model 3 (LM3): A set of assemblies of axle loads representing special vehicles (e.g.
for industrial transport) which can travel on routes permitted for abnormal loads. It is
intended for general and local verifications.

Load Model 1

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Load Model 1 is defined in accordance with SS EN 1991-2 Section 4.3.2 as follows:

Table 4.1.1 Characteristic values Qik and qik for Load Model 1

(Dynamic amplification and adjustment factors is included)

Location Tandem system TS UDL system

Axle loads Qik (kN) qik (or qrk) (kN/m2)
Lane Number 1 300 x 1.25 9 x 0.61(see note)
Lane Number 2 200 x 1.25 2.5 x 2.2
Lane Number 3 100 x 1.25 2.5 x 2.2
Other lanes 0 2.5 x 2.2
Remaining area 0 2.5 x 2.2
(qrk)
NOTE – αq1 should be taken as 1.0 for 4.4.1(2) of SS EN 1991-2

Load Model 2
Load Model 2 (LM2) represents a single axle load applied on specific type contact areas
which covers the dynamic effects of normal traffic on short structural members. LM2 is
defined in accordance with SS EN 1991.2 Section 4.3.3 and defined as:
 Single axle load βQQak equal to 400 kN which shall be applied at any location on
the carriageway. When relevant, only one wheel of 200 βQ (kN) shall be taken into account.
 The value of BQ as specified in Singapore National Annex shall be 1.00.
 The contact surface of each wheel shall be taken as a square of sides 0.33m (not
0.35x0.60) as specified in Singapore National Annex.
Load Model 3
Load Model 3 (special vehicles) is defined in accordance with SS EN 1991-2 Section 4.3.4

5
as follows. The use of SV-196 as the LM3 load model vehicle has been adopted. Though
Annex NA.A stipulates the SV196 loading shall be restricted to center 5m strip of
carriageway.
Details of Load Model 3:

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 Basic axle load (kN) DAF
100 1.2
130 1.16
165 1.12
180 1.10
225 1.07

b. Surcharge:-

Type Surcharge

Single cell box culvert 25.0kN/m2

c. Density of Building Material

Material Density

Reinforced Concrete 25.0 kN/m3

Steel 78.5 kN/m3

Earth Soil 20.0 kN/m3

d. Authorities consulted and any special conditions imposed

Not applicable.
e. Minimum headroom provided

Not applicable.
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f. Longitudinal braking and acceleration forces
These forces are defined in accordance with SS EN 1991.2 Section NA.2.18.1 as follows:
 The longitudinal force shall be taken as the more severe of either the braking or the
acceleration force.
 The characteristic value of longitudinal braking force on individual axles, Qlk,S, of special
vehicle (SV) should be calculated as follows:
Qlk,S = δw
Where δ is the deceleration factor (0.40 for SV-100 and 0.25 for SV-196) and w is
the basic axle load of the relevant SV vehicle in kN.
 The acceleration force shall be taken as 10% of the gross weight of the SV vehicle and
distributed between the axles and wheels in the same position as the vertical loads.

The full value of braking or acceleration action shall be applied for buried structure with
less than 0.6m depth of earth cover based on CL 10.2.1 of PD 6694-1.

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g. Assessment of groups of traffic loads

Characteristic values of the multi-component action are defined in accordance with SS EN

1991.2 Table NA.3 as follows. Each group of loads, which are mutually exclusive, should
be considered as defining a characteristic action for combination with non-traffic loads.
Load Carriage Way
type Vertical forces Horizontal forces
Ref. 4.3.2 4.3.3 Annex A 4.3.5 4.4.1 4.4.2
Centrifugal
Braking and
Load LM1 (TS and LM2 (Single LM3 (Special LM4 (Crowd and
acceleration
system UDL) Axle) vehicles) loading) transverse
forces
forces
gr1a Characteristic

gr1b Characteristic

gr2 Frequent (4) Characteristic Characteristic

gr3(1)
gr4 Characteristic

gr5 Frequent (4) Characteristic

gr6 Characteristic Characteristic Characteristic

Dominant component action (the group is sometimes designated by this component for convenience).
(1) This group is irrelevant if gr4 is considered.
(2) Characteristic value obtained from section 5.1
(3) This is a reduced value accompanying the characteristic value of LM1 and should not be factored by ψ1. However,
when gr1a is combined with leading non-traffic actions this value should be factored by ψ0.
(4) The ψ1 factors should be taken from the Singapore National Annex to SS EN 1990.

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4.3 Ultimate Limit State
a. Load combinations and load factors considered

The partial safety factor of material strength shall be in accordance to SS EN1992-1-1 as

below:-
Design Situation ɣs for Concrete ɣs for reinforcement steel
Persistent & Transient 1.5 1.15
Accidental 1.2 1.0

For load combination, partial factor ɣfshall be in accordance to SS EN1990is summarized as

below:-
Permanent Action Leading Variable Accompanying Variable
(Gk) Action (Qk,1) Action (Qk, i)
Unfav. Fav. Unfav. Fav. Unfavourable Favourable

EQU (Set A) 1.1 0.9 1.5 0 1.5*0.7=1.05 0

STR/GEO (Set B) 1.35 1.0 1.5 0 1.5*0.7=1.05 0
STR/GEO (Set C) 1.0 1.0 1.3 0 1.3*0.7=0.91 0
The design load combination shall in accordance to LTA Civil Design Criteria Section 8.3.3.
b. Unbalanced loads considered.
Unbalance load cases will be checked in accordance with clause 8.3.3.2 of LTA CDC and
PD6694-1
c. Uplift considered
Single cell box culvert will be checked for the possibility of flotation at all stages of the
construction and throughout the service life of the structure in accordance with clause 8.4.5
of LTA CDC.
Uplift shall be considered with ground water level considered at finished ground level.

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 x ɣQ,dst
ɣQ,dst = Partial factor on destabilizing
uplift water pressure

x ɣf1 x ɣf2

1.0

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4.4 Serviceability Limit State
a. Load combinations and load factors considered
Load combination and partial factor ɣf shall be in accordance to SS EN1990, is summarized
as below:-
Permanent Leading Variable Accompanying
Action (Gk) Action (Qk,1) Variable Action (Qk, i)
Characteristic 1.0 1.0 1.0*0.7=0.7
Frequent 1.0 1.0*0.7=0.7 1.0*0.6=0.6
Quasi-permanent 1.0 1.0*0.6=0.6 1.0*0.6=0.6

b. Crack width check

Maximum crack width shall be designed in accordance to NA to SS EN 1992-1-1 Table
NA.4.
Exposure Reinforced members and prestressed members without bonded
tendons (quasi-permanent load combination)
XC2, XC3, XC4 0.3

c. Settlement allowed
The maximum allowable foundation settlement shall in accordance to LTA Civil Design
Criteria Section 6.3
Foundation Type Maximum Allowable Settlement Remarks
Total Differential
Short Term Long Short & Long Term
Term
Deep 15mm 25mm 1:1000 Single cell box
Foundation culvert
Element

4.5 Durability
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 a. Exposure conditions
Concrete surfaces are subject to long term water contact. Class XC4 (cyclic wet and dry) is
considered.
b. Minimum cover
Minimum cover for concrete to satisfy requirement as follow:-
Element Concrete Grade Concrete Cover (mm)
N/mm2 Exposure class cmin Δcdev cnom
RCBC / RCU / 32/40 XC4 30 10 40
RCS

c. Cement and water content

The concrete mix design shall be proposed by the concrete supplier in compliance to LTA’s
M&W specifications. The maximum free water cement ratio shall not exceed 0.45 and
maximum cement content shall not exceed 400kg/m3.
d. Shrinkage and thermal cracking
The effects of concrete creep and shrinkage shall be taken into account. Basic creep and
shrinkage parameters shall be adopted in accordance with SS EN 1992-1-1 Section 3.1.4 and
Annex B:
4.6 List of relevant document from the TAS
Documents from the Technical Acceptance Scheme
LTA Civil Design Criteria
LTA Material and Workmanship Criteria
LTA Standard Details of Road Elements
PUB Code of Practice on Surface Water Drainage
PUB Code of Practice on Sewerage and Sanitary Work
BCA Approved Document
SS EN 1990 Basic of structural design + National Annexes
SS EN 1991 Action on structures + National Annexes
SS EN 1992 Design of concrete structures + National Annexes
SS EN 1997 Geotechnical design + National Annexes
PD6694-1 Recommendations for the design of structures subject to traffic loading to BS
EN 1997-1:2004

5. Structural Analysis
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5.1 Method of analysis proposed superstructure, sub-structure and foundations
Structural analysis including derivation of slabs and wall forces and deflection will be done by
both hand calculation and computer software, STAAD-Pro and checked by spreadsheet. These
spreadsheets comply with relevant design codes.

5.2 Description and diagram of idealized structure to be used for analysis

The idealized structural diagrams for structural analysis in various load cases are shown in
Figure 5-1 to Figure 5-6 below.

Figure 5-1 Maximum vertical load with maximum horizontal load

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Figure 5-2 Minimum vertical load with maximum horizontal load

Figure 5-3 Maximum vertical load with minimum horizontal load

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Figure 5-4 Traction with maximum vertical load

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Figure 5-5 Traction with minimum vertical load

17
 Figure 5-6 Traction with minimum vertical load& uplift
Below is the typical view of the STAAD Pro model for analysis of the proposed single cell
box culvert:-

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5.3 Assumptions intended for calculation of structural element stiffness
The structural stiffness of the structure is nominally taken as the Ec(28) recommended in SS EN
1992-1-1.

5.4 Proposed earth pressure coefficients (Ka, Ko or Kp) to be used in the design of
permanent earth retaining structure
The analysis will use Ko and Ka for maximum and minimum earth pressure distribution
respectively. The Ko values are specified in LTA DC Table 5.4. The Ka values will be derived
from moderately conservative parameters using Rankine equation.

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6. Geotechnical Conditions
6.1 Types of piles proposed

The culvert is designed to be supported by piled foundation. RC micro pile will be used.
The design approach for checking the structural geotechnical capacity of piles shall be based
on procedure as described in section 7.6.2.3 (8), NA to SS EN 1997-1: 2010. The maximum
settlement at each pile is assumed to be 25 mm. The piles are modeled as vertical springs with
stiffness taken as WL/0.0125 kN/m. The percentage difference will be comply to allowable
differential settlement in Cl 6.4

Vertical and horizontal support spring constant for RC piles values presented in the calculations
are as follows:
Vertical Spring,
kv = Pile Capacity / Allowable Settlement
= (7.5 N/mm2 x Cross Section Area of Pile ) / 12.5 mm / pile spacing
Horizontal Spring:
kh = kv / 20

The design approach for checking the structural geotechnical capacity of piles shall be based
on procedure as described in section 7.6.2.3 (8), NA to SS EN 1997-1: 2010.
The PE endorsed Geotechnical Investigation Report is currently outstanding pending addition
soil investigation bore logs despite 4 previous borelogs were provided during tender.

The micro pile design parameters as below shall be assumed and final pile design length (to be
submitted to BCA) to be subjected to the latest PE endorsed Geotechnical Investigation Report.

In general, top layer of the soil consist of fill material and Kallang Formation (Marine Clay).
Negative skin friction and excessive settlement caused by weak soil shall be considered.
However, there is no further information of the soil based on existing borelogs and additional
soil investigation will be proposed to determine the over-consolidation ratio of weak soil.
Further details will be described and explained once the additional Geotechnical Investigation
report is obtained.

Design Parameters:
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 UNIT SKIN FRICTION:
Fs = 2N < 250kN/m2 (FOR SOIL)
PILES ARE DESIGNED BASED ON ALTERNATIVE PROCEDURE IN
ACCORDANCE TO CL.7.6.2.3(8), SS EN 1997
1.Model Factor = 1.4 (resistance verified by maintained load test
2.Partial Safety Factors:
a. Combination 1
i. Action (Permanent) = 1.35
ii. Action (Variable) = 1.5
iii.Material = 1.0
iv. Resistance (End bearing) = 1.0
v. Resistance (Shaft) = 1.0
v. Resistance (Compression) = 1.0
b. Combination 2
i. Action (Permanent) = 1.0
ii. Action (Variable) = 1.3
iii.Material = 1.0
iv. Resistance (End bearing) = 1.7
v. Resistance (Shaft) = 1.4
v. Resistance (Compression) = 1.7

6.2 Acceptance of recommendations of the Geotechnical Report to be used in the design and
reasons for any proposed changes
The existing boreholes data obtained from LTA during tender shall be used for the preliminary
design. Additional soil boreholes are proposed and on-going.
In general, the top soil profile are composed of filled materials (Sandy silt or sandy sand) above
Kallang Formation, follow with the Old Alluvium. Proposed penetration length of micro pile
will be go into Old Alluvium layer which are stiff layer.

6.3 Geotechnical report

The additional geotechnical report is outstanding, pending additional soil investigating works.
At least one working load test and PDA test on each single cell box culvert is proposed to
confirm the RC pile resistance and required pile penetration length.

6.4 Differential Settlement to be allowed for the design of structure

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 As per Table 6.1 LTA’s Design Criteria, differential settlement of 1:1000 shall be considered
for short and long term condition.
Foundation Maximum Allowable Settlement Remarks
Type Total Differential
Short Term Long Term Short & Long Term
Deep 15mm 25mm 1:1000 Single cell box
Foundation culvert
Element

7. Drawings and Documents

7.1 List of drawings & Documents accompanying submission
The following list of relevant drawings and documents are attached in the Appendices.

No Drawing No. Description Remark

Appendix A: Site plan, longitudinal section & details

1 L/ER381/RR/WS/0002 Site plan For info

2 L/ER381/RR/WS/0004 Site plan For info

6 L/ER381/RR/CLS/0002 Longitudinal sections For Info

(MC06 & MC07)

6 L/ER381/RR/CLS/0002 Longitudinal sections For Info

(MC10, MC11 & MC12)

5 L/ER381/RR/DET/0001 Details For info

6 L/ER381/RR/DET/0003 Details For Info

7 L/ER381/RR/DET/0004 Details For Info

8 SN/ER381/BD-P1 Pile layout of single cell box For Approval

culvert

9 SN/ER381/BD-D1 Typical single cell box culvert For Approval

details

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8. QP (D) Endorsement
THE ABOVE IS SUBMITTED FOR ACCEPTANCE

SIGN:_____________________________________________

NAME : ER SHARRON NG, QP (DESIGN)

NAME OF ORGANISATION: ECAS CONSULTANTS PTE LTD

DATE : NOV 2017

8. I HAVE REVIEWED ABOVE AND AGREE THAT THEY ARE ACCEPTABLE

SIGN :_________________________________________

NAME : _________________________________________

NAME OF ORGANISATION: _________________________________________

DATE : _________________________________________

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Appendix A: Site plan, longitudinal section, detail

No Drawing No. Description

1 L/ER381/RR/WS/0002 Site plan

2 L/ER381/RR/WS/0004 Site plan

6 L/ER381/RR/CLS/0002 Longitudinal sections

(MC06 & MC07)

6 L/ER381/RR/CLS/0002 Longitudinal sections

(MC10, MC11 & MC12)

5 L/ER381/RR/DET/0001 Details

6 L/ER381/RR/DET/0003 Details

7 L/ER381/RR/DET/0004 Details

8 SN/ER381/BD-P1 Pile layout of single cell box culvert

9 SN/ER381/BD-D1 Typical single cell box culvert details

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