COLLABORATIVE ACTIVITY

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND WAVES

203027_1

PRESENTED BY

LUIS ALBERTO GOMEZ

WILFRIDO LAFAURIE

JEISON ANDRES ACUNA

MARIO ALBERTO CABARCAS SANCHEZ

1.140.844.466

PRESENTED TO

WILMER HERNAN GUTIERREZ

UNIT 1- STEP 2

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OPEN AND DISTANCE

SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, ARTS AND HUMANITIES
BARRANQUILLA- ATLANTICO
2018
 INTRODUCTION
The following work has as its fundamental purpose to develop the first collaborative activity
following the parameters stipulated in the guide.
Which is based on giving us a general approach to the behavior of the waves when moving
through a medium, and each of the variables that we can find, with the purpose of learning
to differentiate the different parameters that these magnitudes have, as the case warrants,
since at present these physical phenomena have multiple applications in different compos.
 ACTIVITIES TO DEVELOP

1. Explain the practical application of the loss tangent with an example.

The relationship between the conduction current and the displacement current in a
specific medium is constant, whose value depends on the parameters of the medium
and the frequency of the applied signal. The total current flowing through the medium
is the vector sum of the two components, this relationship is called loss tangent and
is a characteristic of the medium

example:
Calculate the tangent of seawater losses at a frequency of 60Hz.

𝑆
The dry soil parameters are: 𝜎 = 4 𝑚 𝜖𝑟 = 80

The tangent of losses at 60Hz:

𝜎 4
tan(𝛿) = = = 90000
𝜔𝜖 2𝜋 ∗ 104 ∗ 80 ∗ 1 ∗ 10−9
36𝜋
Which gives an angle of losses of:

𝛿 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (90000) = 89°

2. What kind of information give us the propagation velocity in electromagnetic

waves propagation?

The velocity of propagation can be measured as the time necessary for a zero crossing
or a maximum of the signal to occur again at the same point in space.
the type of information gives us the propagation speed of an electromagnetic wave,
visible light, radiated heat, radio and television waves or certain types of radioactivity,
to name some of the most outstanding phenomena. All these phenomena consist in
the emission of electromagnetic radiation in different frequency ranges (or
equivalently different wavelengths), with the frequency or wavelength range being
the most used to classify the different types of electromagnetic radiation. The
arrangement of the various types of electromagnetic radiation by frequency is called
the electromagnetic spectrum.
3. Explain how an electromagnetic wave behaves in free space, perfect dielectrics
and good conductors.

Electromagnetic wave in free space: The propagation of electromagnetic waves by

free space is usually called radio frequency (RF) propagation. Electromagnetic
waves in free space can travel at the speed of light. However, in the atmosphere
there are signal losses that are not found in a vacuum

Electromagnetic wave in good conductors: Any current density or intensity of

electric field on the surface of a good conductor decreases very fast as it advances in
the conductor. Electromagnetic energy is not transmitted inside a good conductor, it
travels in the region around the driver while he is (the good driver) only guides the
waves.

Electromagnetic wave in perfect dielectrics: since its conductivity is zero, so there is

no loss or absorption of power in the propagation of the waves by the conductor.

4. Using the electromagnetic spectrum, explain the practical application of every

type of radiation.

Gamma radiation
It consists of the emission of electromagnetic waves of short wavelength. It is the
most penetrating radiation, you need very thick layers of lead or barium, or concrete
to stop it or reduce its intensity.

X-rays
X-rays are electromagnetic radiation of the same nature as radio waves, microwave
waves, infrared rays, visible light, ultraviolet rays and gamma rays. The
fundamental difference with gamma rays is their origin: gamma rays are radiation of
nuclear origin that are produced by the de-excitation of a nucleon from one excited
level to another of lower energy and in the decay of radioactive isotopes, while X-
rays arise from extranuclear phenomena, at the level of the electronic orbit,
fundamentally produced by deceleration of electrons. The energy of X-rays in
general lies between ultraviolet radiation and naturally occurring gamma rays. X-
rays are ionizing radiation because interacting with matter produces the ionization
of the atoms of the same, that is, it originates charged particles (ions).

Ultraviolet Uv
At the beginning of the 19th century, Johannes Ritter discovered that the Sun, in
addition to visible light, emits an "invisible" radiation with a shorter wavelength
than blue and violet. That band received the name of "ultraviolet", divided into three
subregions:

UV-A: It is the continuation of visible radiation and is responsible for tanning the
skin.
UV-B: It reaches the Earth very attenuated by the ozone layer. It is also called
biological UV. It is a radiation very dangerous for life in general and in particular
for human health, especially in case of prolonged exposure of the skin and eyes
(skin cancer, melanoma, cataract, weakening of the immune system)

Infrared
Infrared radiation, thermal radiation or IR radiation is a type of electromagnetic
radiation of greater wavelength than visible light, but less than that of microwaves.
Consequently, it has a lower frequency than visible light and greater than
microwaves.
Matter, by its energetic characterization emits radiation. In general, the wavelength
where a body emits the maximum radiation is inversely proportional to its
temperature (Wien's Law). In this way, most objects at daily temperatures have their
maximum emission in the infrared. Living beings, especially mammals, emit a large
proportion of radiation in the infrared part of the spectrum, due to their body heat.

The radio frequency waves

Their frequencies range from 0 to 109 Hz, they are used in radio and television
systems and are generated by oscillating circuits.

Radio frequency waves and microwaves are especially useful because in this small
region of the spectrum the signals produced can penetrate clouds, fog and walls.
These are the frequencies that are used for communications via satellite and
between mobile phones. International organizations and governments develop
standards to decide what frequency ranges are used for different activities:
entertainment, public services, defense, etc.
5. What is the refraction index and what kind of information give us about the
electromagnetic waves behavior?

The refractive index (n) is defined as the quotient of the speed (c) of a wave
phenomenon as light or sound in that of a reference medium with respect to the
phase velocity (vp) in said medium:

𝑐
𝑛=
𝑣𝑝

Generally, the speed of light (c) in vacuum is used as the reference medium for any
material, although other references have been used during the history, such as the
speed of light in the air. In the case of light, it is equal to:

𝑛 = √𝜖𝑟 𝜇𝑟

6. What is a plane wave and a non-plane wave and where are they used? What is
a magnetic and a nonmagnetic medium and where are they used? Why do we
use plane waves to explain practical models associated to electromagnetic
phenomenon?
A plane wave or also called a one-dimensional wave, is a wave of constant
frequency whose wave fronts (surfaces with constant phase) are parallel planes of
constant amplitude normal to the velocity of phase of the vector. That is to say, they
are those waves that propagate in a single direction throughout the space, like for
example the waves in the springs or in the cords. If the wave propagates in only one
direction, its wave fronts are flat and parallel.
The non-flat waves are those that adopt another form of propagation, these can be
spherical, cylindrical or circular.
In general, magnetic means is understood as a device that uses magnetic materials to
store digital information, such as floppy disks, hard disks or CDs that store large
volumes of data in a small physical space.
Magnetic media must be away from magnetic fields and should not approach any
body with magnetic properties (such as magnets and telephones), as they could cause
irretrievable loss of data already stored.
As a measure of magnetic media protection, backup and backup copies must be made.
Protect data in remote sites, offline and out of reach, until you need them. For this, it
is advisable to hire a vault storage service for tapes in remote sites.
They are used on diskettes, floppy disks or diskettes (FD), hard disks, hard disks or
hard disks (HD), backup tapes, tape backup unit (TBU), DAT tapes or digital audio
tape (DAT) .
non-magnetic means are those devices that do not use magnetic material.
 We use plane waves to explain practical models associated with electromagnetic
phenomena because electromagnetic waves do not necessarily require a material
medium for their propagation and flat electromagnetic waves are uniform if in it, the
intensities of the electric and magnetic field have constant amplitudes on the surfaces.
Waves of this type can only be found in free space at an infinite distance from the
source.

SELECTED EXERCISE
1. A dissipative medium has the following parameters:
𝜺𝒓 = 𝟔, 𝝁𝒓 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 and 𝝈 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝑺/𝒎 Fin the wavelength and the amount of
wavelengths that will penetrate a 9.6MHz signal.
Solution.

This table is of great importance because through this we can use the most appropriate
machine as the case merits.
𝜎
tan(𝛿) =
𝑤∈
𝑤 = 2𝝅 = 2𝝅(9.6)(106 )

𝑢𝟎 = 4𝜋 ∗ 10−7 𝐻⁄𝑚
1.5
tan(𝛿) =
1
2𝝅(9.6)(106 ) ∗ (36𝝅) ∗ 10−9 ∗ (6)

tan(𝛿) = 468.75
By the characteristics of the medium we can say that it is a good conductor since its loss
tangent is> 10 as shown in the table.
We use the following formula to find the propagation constant.

𝛾 = √𝑗𝑤𝜎𝑢𝟎

𝛾 = √𝑗2𝝅(9.6)(106 )(1.5)(4𝝅)(10−7 )
𝛾 = 10.66𝑖

𝛼 = √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝑢𝟎 Formula to calculate the attenuation constant

𝛼 = √𝜋(9.6)(106 ) ∗ (1.5) ∗ (4𝝅)(10−7 )

𝛼 = 7.53

ᵦ = 𝑗√𝜋𝑓𝜎𝑢𝟎 Formula used to calculate the phase constant

ᵦ = 𝑗√𝜋(9.6)(106 ) ∗ (1.5) ∗ (4𝝅)(10−7 )

ᵦ = 7.53𝑖
𝜋2
𝜆= Formula used to calculate the wavelength
ᵦ

𝜋2 𝜋2𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜆= = = 0.83𝑚
ᵦ 𝑟𝑎𝑑
7.53 𝑚
1
𝛿𝒑 = 𝛼 Formula used to calculate the depth of penetration

1 1
𝛿𝒑 = = = 0.13𝑚 = 13𝑐𝑚
𝛼 7.53
𝛿𝒑
𝛿𝜆 = 𝜆 Formula used to calculate the depth of penetration of wavelengths.

0.13𝑚
𝛿𝜆 = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝝀
0.83𝑚
From the above we can say that it does not even penetrate a wave and is a highly dissipative
medium.
2. In a medium with the following characteristics, and find these parameters for a 90
MHz signal: 𝝐𝒓 = 𝟒 𝝁𝒓 = 𝟏. 𝟔 𝝈 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑺 / 𝒎
a. Tangent of loss.
b. propagation constant.
c. phase speed.
d. Wavelength.
e. Refractive index.
Explain the meaning of each value found
Solution.

a. Tangent of loss.
𝟏
𝝎 = 𝟐𝝅 ∗ 𝟗𝟎 𝑴𝑯𝒛 = 𝟐𝝅 ∗ 𝟗𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑯𝒛 𝝐 = 𝝐𝟎 𝝐𝒓 = ( ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 𝑭⁄𝒎) ∗ 𝟒
𝟑𝟔𝝅
𝝆 2.3𝑥10−4 𝑆 / 𝑚
𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝜹) = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟓
𝝎𝝐 1 𝐹
6
2𝜋 ∗ 90 ∗ 10 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 36𝜋 ∗ 10 −9 ⁄𝑚∗4
with an angle of loss of:
𝜹 = 𝑻𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟓) = 𝟎. 𝟔°
we are talking abaut a lossless dielectric

b. propagation constant.

𝝁 = 𝝁𝟎 𝝁𝒓 = 𝟒𝝅 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝑯⁄𝒎 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟔
𝟏
𝝐 = 𝝐𝟎 𝝐𝒓 = ( ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 𝑭⁄𝒎) ∗ 𝟒
𝟑𝟔𝝅

1
𝜸 = 𝒋𝝎√𝝁𝜺 = 𝑗(2𝜋 ∗ 90 ∗ 106 𝐻𝑧)√(4𝜋 ∗ 10−7 𝐻⁄𝑚 ∗ 1.6) ( ∗ 10−9 𝐹⁄𝑚 ∗ 4) =
36𝜋

𝜸 = 𝑗 (565.48 ∗ 106 ) ∗ √(2.0106 ∗ 10−6 ) ∗ 3.5367 ∗ 10−11

= 𝑗 565.48 ∗ 106 ∗ 8.432 ∗ 10−9
𝜸 = 𝒋 𝟒. 𝟔𝟖𝟏𝟐

the propagation constant is fundamental for the mathematical representation of wave fields

c. phase speed.

The derivative of the displacement results in the phase velocity:

𝛽 = 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟖𝟏𝟐

𝜔 = 𝟐𝝅 ∗ 𝟗𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑯𝒛 = 𝟐𝝅 ∗ 𝟗𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒓𝒂𝒅⁄𝒔𝒆𝒈

𝑑𝑥 𝜔 2𝜋 ∗ 90 ∗ 106 𝑟𝑎𝑑⁄𝑠𝑒𝑔 𝒎
𝑣𝑝 = = = = 𝟏𝟐𝟎. 𝟕 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝑑𝑡 𝛽 4.6812 𝒔
The phase velocity of a wave is the rate at which the phase of the wave propagates in space.
This is the speed at which the phase of any frequency component of a wave propagates
(which may be different for each frequency).

d. Wavelength.

2𝜋 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜆= = = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟒𝟐𝟐 𝒎
𝛽 4.6812 𝑟𝑎𝑑⁄𝑚
The wavelength is the real distance a disturbance goes through in a certain time interval.

e. Refractive index.

𝑐0 = 3 ∗ 108 𝑚⁄𝑠
𝑐0 3 ∗ 108 𝑚⁄𝑠
𝑛= = 𝑚 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟖𝟓
𝑣𝑝 120.7 ∗ 106
𝑠
The refractive index of a medium is a measure to know how much the speed of light is
reduced in said medium. As we can see, the refractive index of our medium is very close to
that of diamnate.
 3. An open medium has the following electromagnetic characteristics 𝜺𝒓 = 𝟗, 𝝁𝒓 =
𝟏. 𝟔 and 𝝈 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝑺/𝒎
Find the power transmitted by a 300MHz signal with a maximum electric field of
200V/m and find the skin depth of the signal.

Solution

𝜎
tan(𝛿) =
𝑤∈
1.2 ∗ 10−5
tan(𝛿) = = 0.00008
6) 1
2𝝅(300)(10 ∗ (36𝝅) ∗ 10−9 ∗ (9)

For this case we are talking about a dielectric without losses

The propagation constant is calculatedγ:

𝛾 = 𝑗𝑤√𝑢 ∈

𝛾 = 2𝝅(300)(106 )√(1.6 ∗ 4𝝅 ∗ 10−7 ) = 2672797.4384332024𝑖

𝑢
Ƞ= √∈ Formula to calculate the intrinsic impedance of the medium.
 𝐻
(1.6) ∗ (4𝝅) ∗ 10−7
Ƞ=√ 𝑚 = 158.9534122527376
1 𝐹
(36𝝅) ∗ 10−9 ∗ (9) 𝑚

|∈2 𝑋0 |
𝑃0 =
2|Ƞ|
∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠0Ƞ Formula for the calculation of the power

𝐹
|2002 𝑚 |
𝑋0
𝑃0 = ∗ cos(0) = 125.82W
2|158.9534|

𝜎Ƞ
𝛼=
2

(158.9534) ∗ 1.2 ∗ 10−5 𝑆/𝑚

𝛼= = 0.0009537204
2
The depth of penetration is calculated as follows.
1
𝛿𝒑 =
𝛼
1
𝛿𝒑 = = 1048.52𝑚
0.0009537204

4. An open medium has the following electromagnetic characteristics 𝜺𝒓 = 𝟗, 𝝁𝒓 = 𝟏. 𝟔

and 𝝈 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝑺/𝒎
For a medium with the same electromagnetic characteristics than the third problem, find the
losses per length unit for a 500MHz signal. If the original signal has an electric field of
120Vrms/m. Find the losses in watts when the signal travels 10m in the medium.

Solution
𝜎
tan(𝛿) =
𝑤∈
1.2 ∗ 10−5
tan(𝛿) = = 0.000048
1
2𝝅(500)(106 ) ∗ (36𝝅) ∗ 10−9 ∗ (9)
For this case we are talking about a dielectric without losses

𝑢
Ƞ = √∈ Formula to calculate the intrinsic impedance of the medium.

𝐻
(1.6) ∗ (4𝝅) ∗ 10−7
Ƞ=√ 𝑚 = 158.9534122527376𝛺
1 𝐹
(36𝝅) ∗ 10−9 ∗ (9) 𝑚

𝜎Ƞ
𝛼=
2

(158.9534) ∗ 1.2 ∗ 10−5 𝑆/𝑚

𝛼= = 0.0009537204
2
For this case, as the losses per unit of time were lost, we make x = 1

% 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 1 − 𝑒 (−2∗𝛼𝑥)

% 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 1 − 𝑒 (−2∗(0.0009537204)
% 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 0.1905%
We can say that in this case the power losses per meter of travel are quite low
For a route of 10m
% 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 1 − 𝑒 (−2∗10∗(0.0009537204)
% 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑠 = 1.89%
|120𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠/𝑚|2 90.59𝑊
𝑃0 = |158.9534|𝛺
= 𝑚2
Initial power

90.59𝑊
𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = ∗ 0.01889
𝑚2
𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 1.7116𝑊/𝑚2
5. For a 2.5GHz signal, traveling in seawater find the attenuation per length unit. How
long does the signal have to travel, in order to have an attenuation greater than 3dB?

∝= 0.0173√𝑓 ∗ 𝜎; 𝑡 = 1/𝑓
𝜎 = 4 𝑆/𝑚; 𝛼 = 𝑑𝐵/𝑚; 𝑓 = 2.5𝐺ℎ𝑧

For a 2.5GHz signal, traveling in seawater find the attenuation per length unit.
𝑆
∝= 0.0173√2.5 𝐺ℎ𝑧 ∗ 4 → ∝= 1.73 𝑑𝐵/𝑚
𝑚

How long does the signal have to travel, in order to have an attenuation greater than 3dB?
we clear the following formula to find the value of the frequency and thus obtain the value
of time.
∝ (∝)2 2
∝= 0.0173√𝑓 ∗ 𝜎 → = √𝑓 ∗ 𝜎 → = (√𝑓 ∗ 𝜎) →
0.0173 (0.0173)2
(∝)2 (∝)2 (3 𝑑𝐵)2
= 𝑓 ∗ 𝜎 → = 𝑓 → 𝑓 =
(0.0173)2 (0.0173)2 ∗ 𝜎 𝑆
(0.0173)2 ∗ 4
𝑚
𝑓 = 7517.79 𝐻𝑧
let's find the time based on the frequency

1
𝑡= → 𝑡 = 133 𝜇𝑠
7517.79 𝐻𝑧
 CONCLUSIÓN

Through this work it was possible to understand the application and how electromagnetic
waves act in the external environment as they are reflected in household appliances and in
general in society such as television, cell phones, radio waves and many more that can do
part of our daily life.

We conclude that electromagnetic waves can be perceived according to their frequency,

similar to this is what happens with colors, when light is refracted in a prism, not all colors
are equally intense, everything depends on the wavelength

On the other hand, visible light is only a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum, so that
most objects in the universe can not be observed optically.
 BIBLIOGRAFÍA

https://www.slideshare.net/sergiusz2/propagacin-de-ondas-electromagnticas-
66982426

Teoría Electromagnética - 7ma Edición - William H. Hayt Jr. & John A. Buck

<a href="http://www.cavsi.com/preguntasrespuestas/que-son-medios-
magneticos/">¿Qué son Medios magnéticos?</a>

Serway, R. A. (2009). Cervantes González, Sergio R., ed. Física Electricidad y

magnetismo. México: Cengage. p. 316.

Serway, R. A. (2009). Cervantes González, Sergio R., ed. Física Electricidad y

magnetismo. México: Cengage. p. 317.

Serway, R. A. (2009). Cervantes González, Sergio R., ed. Física Electricidad y

magnetismo. México: Cengage. p. 318.