COMPLEX NUMBERS

2
A complex number is an expression of the form a + bi where a and b are real numbers and i = √1 and i = -1. The real part
of this complex number is a and the imaginary part is b. Two complex numbers are equal if and only if their real parts are
equal and their imaginary parts are equal.

Express each in terms of i:

a. −25
b. 2 −3
c. 3 −50 + 5 −18 − 6 −200
d. 8 + −8
1
e. 32 + −128
4
−8 + −8
f.
2

*ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS WITH COMPLEX NUMBERS

Addition: To add complex numbers, add the real parts and the imaginary parts
(a + bi ) + (c + di ) = (a + c) + (b + d)i
Subtraction: To subtract complex numbers, subtract the real parts and the
(a + bi ) - (c + di ) = (a - c) + (b - d)i imaginary parts
Multiplication:
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(a + bi ) · (c + di ) = (ac - bd) + (ad + bc)i Multiply complex numbers like binomials, using i = -1
Division:
To divide two complex numbers, multiply the numerator and denominator of the fraction by the
2
conjugate of the denominator, replacing i = -1.

Examples:
a. 5 − 2𝒾 + 6 + 3𝒾
b. 5 − 3𝒾 − −2 + 5𝒾
c. 4𝒾 −3𝒾
d. 2 −1
e. 3𝒾 𝒾 + 2
f. 3 − 2𝒾 4 + 𝒾
g. 3 − 2𝒾
h. −1 + 𝒾
1+ 𝒾
i.
3 − 𝒾
1
j.
𝒾
2 3 + 2𝒾
k.
3 2 − 4 3𝒾

*POLAR OR TRIGONOMETRIC FORM OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

Let the complex number x + yi be represented by the vector OP. This vector (hence the complex number) may be described
in terms of the length r of the vector and any positive angle Ѳ which the vector makes with the positive x axis (axis of positive
2 2
reals). The number r = √x + y is called the modulus or absolute value of the complex number. The angle Ѳ, the amplitude
of the complex number, is usually chosen as the smallest, positive angle for which tan Ѳ = y/x but at times it will be found
more convenient to choose other angles coterminal with it.
Engr. NDTS
From the figure, x = r cos Ѳ and y = r sin Ѳ; then z = x + yi = r cos Ѳ + i r sin Ѳ = r (cos Ѳ + i sin Ѳ). We call z = r (cos Ѳ + i sin Ѳ)
the polar or trigonometric form and z = x + yi the rectangular form of the complex number z.

Express in Polar/Trigonometric Form:

a. 𝑧 = 1 − 𝒾 3
b. −3 − 4𝒾
c. 0 + 4𝒾

Express in Rectangular Form:

d. 𝑧 = 8 cos 210° + 𝒾 sin 210°
e. 5 cos 128° + 𝒾 sin 128°
f. 3 cos 90° + 𝒾 sin 90°

*MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION IN POLAR FORM

MULTIPLICATION. The modulus of the product of two complex numbers is the product of their moduli, and the amplitude
of the product is the sum of their amplitudes.
DIVISION. The modulus of the quotient of two complex numbers is the modulus of the dividend divided by the modulus
of the divisor, and the amplitude of the quotient is the amplitude of the dividend minus the amplitude of the divisor.

Example:
1. Find (a) the product z1z2, (b) the quotient z1/z2, and ( c) the quotient z2/z1 where z1 = 2(cos300° + ἰ sin 300°) and
z2 = 8(cos210° + ἰ sin 210°)
2. Express in polar form and perform indicated operation, give result in triangular form. (4 - 4ἰ√3) / (-2√3 + 2ἰ)

*DE MOIVRE'S THEOREM.

If n is any rational number, 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝒾 sin 𝜃 = 𝑟 cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝒾 sin 𝑛𝜃

Evaluate each using De Moivre's Theorem and express:

a. 3 − 𝒾 in polar form
1+ 𝒾 3+ 𝒾
b. in rectangular form
1 − 𝒾√3

*ROOTS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

We state that, A complex number a+b𝒾 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝒾 sin 𝜃has exactly n distinct nth roots.

Find the:
a. Square roots of 2 − 2𝒾 3 in polar form
b. Fourth roots of 𝒾in rectangular form
c. Fourth roots of −16𝒾 in polar form

Engr. NDTS