o Flow = Mass or Volume (Q)/time (t) = Velocity * radius^2
Directly proportional to pressure gradient Patterns of Flow Laminar Turbulent The Anesthesia Machine o Pressure measurements of gases and liquids P = Force (F) / Area (A) 1 atm = 760 mmHg = 988 cm H20 = 14.7 psi Gauges = record pressures above or below existing atm pressure Full oxygen E-cylinder: o gauge pressure = 2000 psi o Absolute pressure = gauge pressure + atm pressure = 2014.7 psi Examples: CVP, arterial line, peak inspiratory pressures Manometers = columns of liquid in OPEN ended U shaped tube P = pgz = density (p) x gravity (g) x height (z) Best for measuring pressures that change slowly Bourdon gauges Better for measuring high pressures (vs. manometers) Example: cylinder pressures o Pressure regulators Used to decrease pressure from cylinders to the machine at slightly lower pressures than pipeline supply Oxygen = 2200 to 45 psi Nitrous Oxide = 745 to 45 psi Serves as a check valve to determine source with highest pressure = regulator will shut down cylinder gas supply if pipeline gas supply at normal approximately 45 psi o Gas supply Most machines have oxygen, nitrous oxide, and air Some have a fourth inlet for helium, heliox, CO2, or nitric oxide Machines have TWO gas inlet pressure gauges for each gas: one for the pipeline pressure and another for cylinder pressure Pipeline Inlets Diameter Index Safety System (DISS) = prevents incorrect hose attachement due to diameter of the body and connection nipple o Has a filter o One way check walve = prevents retrograde flow Most machines have oxygen (pneumatic) power outlet = drives ventilator o DISS fittings for oxygen inlet and oxygen power outlet are the same = DO NOT MISTAKENLY INTERCHANGE THE TWO Pipeline pressure = relatively constant Cylinder Inlets Pin Index Safety System = yoke assembly = index pins, gas filter, and check valve Cylinders pressurized to 2200 psi, regulators decrease the pressure to 45 psi If two reserve cylinders of the SAME gas are opened at the same tiem, the cylinder pressure gauge will indicate the pressure of the cylinder with the HIGHER pressure (see figure 4-6)
Cylinder pressure = high and variable (vs. pipeline) = flow control is
more difficult and dangerous o Medical Gas Cylinders (E-cylinders) Room temp = 20 C Critical temp = temperature below which a gas enters liquid phase due to applied pressure Boyles Law: P1V1 = P2V2 Full oxygen tank = 660 L of oxygen molecules and 2000 psi of pressure Gauge that reads 1000 psi, according to Boyle’s Law, = half full = 330 L of oxygen molecules If pt receives 10L/min flow plus 6L/min minute ventilation through ETT during transport, the cylinder will be depleted in 21 minutes (330 L/16L/min) Oxygen 660 L oxygen molecules 2000 psi of pressure T crit = -119 C (can never be liquid at room temp) Nitrous Oxide T crit = 36.5 C 1600 L of gas in full e-cylinder 750 psi Majority of tank is liquid N2O with small gaseous N2O above liquid o volume can’t be determined by pressure gauge o have to weight the cylinder and subtract empy cylinder weight to determine amount of gas o Pressure remains constant 750 psi until all liquid nitrous oxide vaporized Entonox = mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen in equal parts 2000 psi Dental procedures, labor, dressing changes T crit = > 36.5