Chapter 2

Functions and Their Graphs

2.6 Mathematical Models; Constructing Functions

1. V = πr 2h, h = 2r ⇒ V (r ) = πr 2 ⋅ (2r ) = 2πr 3

 1  1
3. (a) R(x) = x − x + 100 = − x 2 +100 x
 6  6
1 − 20, 000 40,000
R(200) = − (200) + 100(200) = + 20,000 = ≈ $13, 333
2
(b)
6 3 3
(c) 16000

0 600
0
(d) x = 300 maximizes revenue
1
R(300) = − (300) 2 +100(300) = −15,000 + 30,000 = $15,000 = maximum revenue
6
1
(e) p = − (300) + 100 = −50 +100 = $50 maximizes revenue
6

100 − x 100 − x  1 2
5. (a) If x = −5p + 100, then p = . R( x) = x   = − x + 20x
5  5  5
1
(b) R(15) = − (15) 2 + 20(15) = − 45 + 300 = $255
5
(c) 600

0 100
0
(d) x = 50 maximizes revenue
1
R(50) = − (50) 2 + 20(50) = −500 + 1000 = $500 = maximum revenue
5
100 − 50 50
(e) p = = = $10 maximizes revenue
5 5

73
Chapter 2 Functions and Their Graphs

7. (a) Let x = width and y = length of the rectangular area.

400 − 2x
P = 2x + 2y = 400 ⇒ y = = 200 − x
2
Then A( x) = ( 200 − x) x = 200x − x 2 = − x 2 + 200 x
(b) We need x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0 ⇒ 200 − x ≥ 0 ⇒ 200 ≥ x
So the domain of A is {x 0 ≤ x ≤ 200}
(c) 10000

0 200
0
x = 100 yards maximizes area

9. (a) The distance d from P to the origin is d = x 2 + y2 . Since P is a point on the graph
of y = x 2 − 8 , we have:
d (x) = x 2 + (x 2 − 8)2 = x 4 − 15x 2 + 64
(b) d (0) = 0 4 − 15(0 )2 + 64 = 64 = 8
(c) d (1) = (1)4 −15(1) 2 + 64 = 1 − 15 + 64 = 50 = 5 2 ≈ 7. 07
(d)

(e) d is smallest when x ≈ −2.74 and when x ≈ 2.74 .

11. (a) The distance d from P to the point (1, 0) is d = ( x − 1) 2 + y 2 . Since P is a point on
the graph of y = x , we have:
d (x) = (x − 1)2 + ( x ) =
2
x 2 − x +1
(b) 2

0 2
0
(c) d is smallest when x is 0.50.

1
13. By definition, a triangle has area A = b h, b = base, h = height. From the figure, we know
2
that b = x and h = y. Expressing the area of the triangle as a function of x , we have:
A( x) = xy = x(x ) = x .
1 1 3 1 4
2 2 2

74
 Section 2.6 Mathematical Models; Constructing Functions

A( x) = xy = x (16 − x ) = −x +16 x
2 3
15. (a)
(b) Domain: {x 0 < x < 4}
(c) 30

0 4
0
The area is largest when x is approximately 2.31.

A( x) = (2 x)(2y) = 4 x (4 − x )
2 1/ 2
17. (a)
p(x) = 2(2x) + 2(2 y) = 4 x + 4 (4 − x )
2 1/ 2
(b)
(c) Graphing the area equation: (d) Graphing the perimeter equation:
10 12

0 2 0 2
0 0
The area is largest when x is The perimeter is largest when x is
approximately 1.41. approximately 1.41.

19. (a) C = circumference, TA = total area, r = radius, x = side of square

5 − 2x
C = 2πr = 10 − 4x ⇒ r =
π
Total Area = area of the square + area of the circle = x 2 + π r 2
 5 − 2x  2 25 − 20 x + 4 x 2
TA(x) = x 2 + π  = x2 +
 π  π
(b) Since the lengths must be positive, we have:
10 − 4 x > 0 and x > 0
− 4 x > −10 and x > 0
x < 2.5 and x > 0
Domain: {x 0 < x < 2.5}
(c) 8

0 2.5
0
The total area is smallest when x is approximately 1.40 meters.

21. (a) Since the wire of length x is bent into a circle, the circumference is x .
75
Chapter 2 Functions and Their Graphs

Therefore, C(x) = x .
x
(b) Since C = x = 2 πr, r = 2π .

A( x) = πr 2 = π 2π  = 4π .
x 2 x2

23. (a) A = area, r = radius; diameter = 2r (b) p = perimeter

A( r) = (2 r)(r ) = 2r
2
p(r) = 2(2r ) + 2r = 6r

1 3 3 2
25. Area of the equilateral triangle = x⋅ x= x
2 2 4
1 1  x 1
2
x2 1 3 2
Area of of the equilateral triangle = x r 2 −   = x r 2 − = ⋅ x
3 2  2 2 4 3 4
Solving for r 2 :
1 x2 1 3 2 x2 2 3 2
x r2 − = ⋅ x ⇒ r2 − = ⋅ x
2 4 3 4 4 x 12
x2 3 x2 3 2 x2
r2 − = x ⇒ r2 − = x ⇒ r2 =
4 6 4 36 3
Area inside the circle, but outside the triangle:
3 2 x2 3 2 π 3 2
A( x) = π r 2 − x =π − x = − x
4 3 4 3 4 

27. (a) d2 =40t d 2 = d12 + d2 2

d 2 = (2 − 30t ) + (3 − 40t )
2 2
d1=30t
d
d(t ) = (2 − 30t ) + (3 − 40t)
2 2

= 4 −120t + 900t 2 + 9 − 240t + 1600t 2

= 2500t 2 − 360t + 13
(b) 4

0 0.15
0
The distance is smallest at t ≈ 0.072 hours.

29. r = radius of cylinder, h = height of cylinder, V = volume of cylinder

76
 Section 2.6 Mathematical Models; Constructing Functions
H H−h
By similar triangles : =
R r
Hr = R(H − h)
Hr = RH − Rh
Rh = RH − Hr
RH − Hr Hr
h= =H−
R R
 Hr   r 
V = π r 2 h = π r 2  H −  = Hπ r 21− 
 R  R

d1 Island
31. (a) The time on the boat is given by . The time on
3 e
12 − x 2 d1
land is given by .
5 Town
d1 = x 2 + 22 = x 2 + 4 P x 12–x
The total time for the trip is:
12 − x d1 12 − x x2 + 4
T( x) = + = +
5 3 5 3
(b) Domain: { x 0 ≤ x ≤12 }
12 − 4 42 + 4 8 20
(c) T(4) = + = + ≈ 3.09 hours
5 3 5 3
12 − 8 8 +4 4
2
68
(d) T(8) = + = + ≈ 3.55 hours
5 3 5 3

77