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Arhitektura računara i
operativni sistemi
Dr Dejan Simić, dsimic@fon.rs
Fakultet organizacionih nauka
Univerzitet u Beogradu
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AMDAHL’S LAW
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one cycle
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PRIMER:
1 GHz = 1000000000 cycles/second
Vreme taktnog ciklusa = (1/1000000000) sec
= 10-9 sec
= 1 nsec
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memory fetch
op1
read
op2
registers registers
instruction
I-1 register
decode
write
write
flags ALU
execute
(output)
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Seconds
CPU time =
Program
= Cycles x Seconds
Program Cycle
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∑ ( CPIi x Ii )
CPI =
i=1
Instruction Count
CPI primer
Instruction Class Frequency CPIi
ALU operations 43% 1
Loads 21% 2
Stores 12% 2
Branches 24% 2
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Performanse
“X je n puta brže od Y” znači:
Execution TimeY
= n
Execution TimeX
“X je n% brže od Y” znači:
Execution TimeY n
= 1+
Execution TimeX 100
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Interakcija sa OS
Većina današnjih OS podržava rad sa više
jezgara procesora (multi-core).
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