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Test Bank for Money Banking and the Financial System
2nd Edition by Hubbard
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Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was
an American statesman and academic who served as the 28th President
of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic
Party, Wilson served as the President of Princeton University from 1902
to 1910, and as Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913, before
winning the 1912 presidential election. As president, he oversaw the
passage of progressive legislative policies unparalleled until the New
Deal in 1933.[1] He also led the United States during World War I,
establishing an activist foreign policy known as "Wilsonianism." He was
one of the three key leaders at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, where
he championed a new League of Nations, but he was unable to win
Senate approval for U.S. participation in the League.

Born in Staunton, Virginia, to a slaveholding family, Wilson spent his

early years in Augusta, Georgia, and Columbia, South Carolina. His
father was a leading Southern Presbyterian and helped to found the
Presbyterian Church in the Confederate States of America. After earning
a Ph.D. in political science from Johns Hopkins University, Wilson
taught at various schools before taking a position at Princeton. In 1910,
Democratic leaders recruited him to run for Governor of New Jersey.
Serving from 1911 to 1913, Wilson broke with party bosses and won the
passage of several progressive reforms. Wilson's success in New Jersey
gave him a national reputation as a progressive reformer, and his
Southern roots helped him win favor in that region. After several ballots,
the 1912 Democratic National Convention selected Wilson as the party's
presidential nominee. Theodore Roosevelt's third-party candidacy split
the Republican Party, which re-nominated incumbent President William
Howard Taft. Wilson won the 1912 election with a plurality of the
popular vote and a large majority in the Electoral College.

Upon taking office, Wilson called a special session of Congress, whose

work culminated in the Revenue Act of 1913, introducing a federal
income tax which provided revenue lost when tariffs were sharply
lowered. He also presided over the passage of the Federal Reserve Act,
which created a central banking system in the form of the Federal
Reserve System. Other major elements of Wilson's New Freedom
agenda included the Federal Trade Commission Act, the Clayton
Antitrust Act, and the Adamson Act, all of which established new
economic regulations enforced by the federal government. Wilson
staffed his cabinet and administration with numerous Southern
Democrats; they insisted on racial segregation at the Treasury
Department and other federal offices. Upon the outbreak of World War I
in 1914, Wilson maintained a policy of neutrality between the Allied
Powers and the Central Powers. In the presidential election of 1916,
Wilson defeated Republican Charles Evans Hughes by a narrow margin,
and Democrats retained control of Congress. His policy in dealing with
the Mexican Revolution involved military actions, but stopped short of
war.

Early in 1918, Wilson issued his principles for an end to the war, the
Fourteen Points. Following the signing of an armistice in November
1918, he traveled to Paris, concluding the Treaty of Versailles. Wilson
embarked on a nationwide tour of the United States to campaign for
ratification of the treaty and U.S. entrance into the League of Nations,
but he suffered a severe stroke in October 1919. In his final year in
office, Wilson secluded himself in the White House, disability having
diminished his power and influence. The Treaty of Versailles was
rejected by the Senate, and the U.S. remained outside of the League of
Nations. Wilson retired from public office in 1921, and died in 1924.
Scholars and historians generally rank Wilson as one of the best U.S.
presidents.[2]

Contents
1 Early life
2 Education
3 Marriage and family
4 Personal interests
5 Academic career
6 Political science author
6.1 U.S. and British system contrast
6.2 Public administration
7 President of Princeton University
8 Governor of New Jersey
9 Presidential election of 1912
9.1 Democratic nomination
9.2 General election
10 Presidency (1913–1921)
10.1 First term (1913–1917)
10.1.1 Tariff legislation and income tax
10.1.2 Federal Reserve System
10.1.3 Antitrust and other measures
10.1.4 Mexican Revolution
10.1.4.1 Pancho Villa
10.1.5 Miners strike, wife's death and remarriage
10.1.6 Events leading to U.S. entry into World War I (1914–16)
10.2 Presidential election of 1916
10.3 Second term (1917–1921)
10.3.1 Entry into World War I
10.3.2 Home front
10.3.3 The Fourteen Points
10.3.4 Peace Conference 1919
10.3.5 Treaty fight, 1919
10.3.6 Post war: 1919–1920
10.3.7 Other foreign affairs
10.3.8 Incapacity
10.3.9 Prohibition
10.3.10 Women's suffrage
10.3.11 Post war economic depression
10.4 Administration and Cabinet
10.5 Judicial appointments
10.5.1 Supreme Court
10.5.2 Other courts
11 Final years and death
12 Race relations
13 Memorials
14 Works
15 Media
16 See also
17 Notes
18 Bibliography
18.1 Biographical
18.2 Scholarly topical studies
18.3 Primary sources
19 External links
Early life

Wilson c. mid-1870s
Wilson was born to a Scots-Irish family in Staunton, Virginia, on
December 28, 1856, at 18–24 North Coalter Street (now the Woodrow
Wilson Presidential Library).[3] He was the third of four children of
Joseph Ruggles Wilson and Jessie Janet Woodrow.[4] Wilson's paternal
grandparents immigrated to the United States from Strabane, County
Tyrone, Ireland (present-day Northern Ireland), in 1807. His mother was
born in Carlisle, England, the daughter of Rev. Dr. Thomas Woodrow
from Paisley, Scotland, and Marion Williamson from Glasgow.[5]
Wilson's paternal grandparents had settled in Steubenville, Ohio. There
his grandfather James Wilson published a pro-tariff and anti-slavery
newspaper, The Western Herald and Gazette.[6]

After marrying, Joseph and Jessie Wilson moved to the Southern United
States in 1851 and came to fully identify with it, moving from Virginia
deeper into the region as Wilson became a minister in Georgia and
South Carolina. Joseph Wilson owned slaves, defended slavery, and also
set up a Sunday school for his slaves. Both parents identified with the
Confederacy during the American Civil War; they cared for wounded
soldiers at their church, and Wilson's father briefly served as a chaplain
in the Confederate Army.[4]:17 Woodrow Wilson's earliest memory,
from the age of three, was of hearing that Abraham Lincoln had been
elected and that a war was coming. Wilson would forever recall standing
for a moment at General Robert E. Lee's side and looking up into his
face.[7]

In 1861 Wilson's father was one of the founders of the Southern

Presbyterian Church in the United States (PCUS) after it split from the
northern Presbyterians. He served as the first permanent clerk of the
Southern Church's General Assembly, was Stated Clerk for more than
three decades from 1865 to 1898, and was Moderator of the PCUS
General Assembly in 1879. He became minister of the First Presbyterian
Church in Augusta, Georgia, and the family lived there until 1870, when
Wilson was 14.[8][8] Wilson in 1873 became a communicant member of
the Columbia First Presbyterian Church in South Carolina and remained
a member throughout his life