1. Determine the type of flow in a 125 mm diameter pipe if water at 20°C flows at 5m/s.

Given: D = 125 mm ; v= 5m/s @ 20°C

4𝑄
Formula/s: 𝑅𝑒 = ; 𝑄 = 𝑣𝐴
𝜋𝐷𝜐

Solution:

𝜋𝑑 2
𝑄 = 𝑣𝐴 = (𝑣)( )
4
𝑚 (0.125𝑚)2
𝑄 = (5 ) (𝜋 )
𝑠 4
4𝑄
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜋𝐷𝜐

From physical properties of water (p.1-7 of handout)

𝑚2
𝜐 @ 20°𝐶 = 1.004𝑥10−6
𝑠
𝑚 𝜋(0.125𝑚)2
(4)[(5 ) ( )]
𝑠 4
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑚2
𝜋(0.125𝑚) (1.004𝑥10−6 )
𝑠

𝑅𝑒 = 622509.9602

∴ 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡

2. Determine the type of flow in a 50-mm diameter pipe if SAE 30 oil at 40° C flows at a rate of
a) 5 L/s
b) 10.5 L/s

Given:
D= 50mm
Required: type of flow for a and b
Solution:
4Q m2
a) Re= *eq.1 V from chart: 7 x 10−5
πDV s
 0.005 m3
Q=
s
m3
(4)(0.005 2 )
s
Re= m2
π(0.05m)(7 x 10−5 )
s
Re= 1818.913635 ∴flow is laminar
m3
(4)(0.0105 )
s
b) Re= m2
π(0.05m)(7 x 10−5 )
s

Re= 3819.718634 ∴flow is transient

3. Gasoline at 40˚C flows laminar in a 7.5-cm diameter pipe. Determine the flow rate in L/min
for transition to turbulent flow.
Given:
 D = 7.5 cm = 0.075 m
 Gasoline at 40˚C, Laminar Flow
𝑚2
 υ = 3.5 x 10-7 𝑠

Required:
𝐿
 Q in 𝑚𝑖𝑛

Solution:
4𝑄
Re =
𝜋𝐷υ
In Turbulent Flow, Use Re = 4000
For υ: (From chart)
 Finally:
4𝑄
4000 = 𝑚2
𝜋 (0.075𝑚)(3.5 x 10−7 𝑠 )
3 1000 𝐿 60 𝑆
Q= (8.25x 10-3𝑚𝑠 ) ( 𝑚3 ) (1𝑚𝑖𝑛)
𝑳
Q = 4.95
𝒎𝒊𝒏

4. Same as number 3 except that the crude oil (SG 0.86) at 30˚C is used.
Given:
 D = 0.075 m
 Transition to Turbulent: Re = 4000
𝑚2
 υ = 7 x 10-6 𝑠

Required:
𝐿
 Q in 𝑚𝑖𝑛

Solution:
4𝑄
Re =
𝜋𝐷υ
For υ: (From chart)

Finally:
4𝑄
4000 = 𝑚2
𝜋 (0.075𝑚)(7 x 10−6 𝑠 )
𝑚3 1000 𝐿 60 𝑆
Q = (1.65 x 10-3 )( )( )
𝑠 𝑚3 1𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑳
Q = 99
𝒎𝒊𝒏
 5. A galvanized iron conduit shaped as an equilateral triangle has an inside area
𝐿
of 0.05𝑚2 and is 2𝑘𝑚 long, if water at 30℃ flows inside the conduit at 200 𝑠 . Find the
head loss
Given:
Mat ′ l: Galvanized Iron
𝐴 = 0.05𝑚2
𝐿 = 2𝑘𝑚 = 2000𝑚
𝐿 𝑚3
𝑄 = 100 𝑠 = .1 𝑠

Fluid: Water at 30℃

Req’d:
𝐻𝐿 =?
Sol’n:
𝐿 𝑣2
𝐻𝐿 = 𝑓(𝐷)(2𝑔) , 𝒆𝒒. 𝟏

For f: Determine if laminar or turbulent flow,

𝑣𝐷
𝑅𝑒 = , 𝒆𝒒. 𝟐
𝜐
𝑚3
𝑄 .1 𝑚
𝑠
For v:𝑣 = 𝐴 = =2
.05𝑚2 𝑠

For D:
𝐴
𝐷 = 4𝑅 ; 𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜, 𝑅 = 𝑃
𝐴
𝐷 = 4 𝑃 , 𝒆𝒒. 𝟑

𝑃 = 3𝑏
1 1 𝑏
𝐴 = 2 (𝑏 𝑥 ℎ) = 2 (𝑏)(2 𝑡𝑎𝑛60)
𝑏2
. 05𝑚2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛60
4

𝑏 = 0.34𝑚 ; 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑃 = 1.02𝑚
Using eq. 3:
.05𝑚2
𝐷 = 4( )
1.02𝑚

𝐷 = 0.19619𝑚
 𝑚2
For 𝜐: 𝜐 = 8.009𝑥10−7 𝑠

Using eq. 2:
𝑚
2 (.19619𝑚)
𝑠
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑚2
8.009𝑥10−7
𝑠

𝑅𝑒 = 489921.67, 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤

Use Colebrook equation,
𝜀
1 𝐷 2.51
= −2𝑙𝑜𝑔( 3.7 + ), 𝒆𝒒. 𝟒
√𝑓 𝑅𝑒√𝑓

For 𝜀: 𝜀 = 0.15𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 .00015𝑚

Using eq. 4:
.00015𝑚
1 .19619𝑚 2.51
= −2𝑙𝑜𝑔( + )
√𝑓 3.7 489921.67√𝑓

𝑓 = 0.01915
Finally, Using eq. 1:
𝑚3 2
.01915(2000𝑚)(.1 )
𝑠
𝐻𝐿 = 𝑚
2(0.05𝑚2 )2 (0.19619𝑚)(9.807 2 )
𝑠
𝑚
2000𝑚 (2 )2
𝑠
. 01915(0.19619𝑚)( 𝑚 )
2(9.807 2 )
𝑠

𝐻𝐿 = 39.81𝑚 𝑊𝑔

6. For a head loss of 3m per 100m, determine the flow rate in L/s at which 18 C water
will flow in a square cast iron conduit of area 1521 sq. cm. Ans. (540.9 L/s).
Given:

L= 100
HL = 3mm Water at 18 C,
Pipe (Square cast iron) iron
∈ =0.26 mm
1𝑚 2
A = 1521 cm2 x ( ) = 0.1521 𝑚2
100 𝑐𝑚
Required: Q
Solution:
𝐷𝑄 equation 1 “Reynold Number”
𝑅𝑒 =
𝐴𝑣
 𝑓𝐿𝑄 2
𝐻𝐿 = equation 2 “Darcy weisbach equation”
2𝐴2 𝐷𝑔
∈
1 𝐷 2.51
= −2𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ + ] equation 3 “Colebrook equation”
√𝑓 3.7 𝑅𝑒√𝑓

First find the m Kinematic Viscosity (𝑣),use the Physical

Properties of Water at page 1-7.
𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 18℃

𝑚2
By interpolation,𝑣 = 1.0646 𝑥 10−6 𝑠

10 1.307 𝑥 10−6
18 𝑣
20 1.004 𝑥 10−6
For non-circular pipe, use
𝐷 = 4𝑅

Where: R – Hydraulic radius of the conduit

𝐴
𝑅=
𝑃
Where; A – Cross-sectional area
A = a2 a = √A
P – Wetted perimeter
P = 4a
Then find D – non-circular pipe,
𝐷 = 4𝑅
𝐴
𝐷 = 4( )
𝑃
𝐴
𝐷 = 4( )
4𝑎
𝐴
𝐷 = 4( )
4√𝐴
 0.1521𝑚2
𝐷 = 4( )
4√0.1521𝑚2
𝐷 = 0.39 𝑚
Using the equation 1 find Re,
𝐷𝑄
𝑅𝑒 =
𝐴𝑣

(0.39𝑚)(𝑄)
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑚2
(0.1521𝑚2 )(1.0646 𝑥 10−6 )
𝑠
𝑅𝑒 = 2408512.647𝑄
For Friction factor ( 𝑓 ), use equation 2,
𝑓𝐿𝑄2
𝐻𝐿 = 2
2𝐴 𝐷𝑔

𝑓(100 𝑚 )𝑄2
3𝑚= 𝑚
2(0.1521𝑚2 )2 (0.39𝑚)(9.807 2)
𝑠
5.30897𝑥10−3
𝑓=
𝑄2
To find the Volume flow rate (Q), use the equation 3,
𝜀
1 𝐷 2.51
= −2𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ + ]
√𝑓 3.7 𝑅𝑒√𝑓

Substitute the value of Re and 𝑓 to equation 3,

0.26𝑥10−3
1 0.39 2.51
= −2𝑙𝑜𝑔 +
5.30897 𝑥 10−3 3.7 5.30897 𝑥 10−3
√ 2408512.647𝑄√
𝑄2 [ 𝑄2 ]
Finally,
𝑚3
𝑄 = 0.540806
𝑠
𝑳
𝑸 = 𝟓𝟒𝟎. 𝟖𝟏
𝒔
7. Kerosene at 30°C is pumped from tank A to tank B through a 75-mm x 1.2 km GI
pipe. The elevation difference between the water surfaces of tanks B and A is 7,
for a pump efficiency of 84.7% and a flow rate of 33,000 kg/hr, determine the
required power.
Given:t = 30°c Req’d : P
D= 75 mm
L = 1.2km
ηp = 84.7%
m = 33,000 Kg/Hr

SOLUTION:
P1 υ1 P2 υ2
Z1+ + +Hp= Z2+ + + HL
𝛾 2g γ 2g
Hp = ( Z2 - Z1 ) + HL
0.0826+𝑓𝐿𝑄2
HL = eq.1
𝐷5

FOR Q
𝑘𝑔 3
𝑚 33000 ( ℎ𝑟 )
ℎ𝑟 3600𝑠
m
Q= = kg = 0.0114
𝜌 804υ s
𝑚3
For f
3
m
4Q 4(0.0114 )
s
Re = = = 107 518.006
πυD π(1.8x10
−6 )(0.075)

1 ϵ 2.51
= -2log [
3.7D Re√𝑓
+ ]; f = 0.025
√ 𝑓
0.0826(0.025)(1200)(0.0114)
From eq.1 HL =
(0.075)5
= 135.71 m
Hp = 7 + 135.71 = 142.71
Pt Pt γQHp 𝜌𝑔𝑄Hp (804)(9.81)(0.0114)(142.71)
ηp = ; P = = = =
P ηp ηp ηp 0.874
P = 14.68 Kw
8. Determine the power loss in a 400-mm diameter, 1 km long steel pipe when
30ºC SAE 10 oil flows at 250 L/s. (Ans. 37.8 kW)

Given: Required:Power Loss

TYPE IS STEEL PIPE
30ºC SAE 10 oil
D= 400mm
L= 1km
Q= 250 L/s

Solution:
For PL, 𝑃𝐿 = 𝛾𝑄𝐿 𝐻𝐿

𝑠2
0.0826 𝑚 𝑓𝐿𝑄 2
For computing HL, 𝐻𝐿 =
𝐷5

4𝑄
For f, 𝑅𝑒 =
𝜋𝐷𝑣
𝑁𝑠
From the chart, 𝜇 = 0.06
𝑚2
𝑚2
𝑣 = 5.5 × 10−5
𝑠

𝐿 1𝑚3
4(25 )(
)
𝑠 1000𝐿
𝑅𝑒 = 1𝑚 𝑚2
𝜋(400𝑚𝑚)(1000𝑚𝑚)(5.5×10−5 𝑠 )
𝑅𝑒 = 14 468.63119

Using Colebrook Equation,

𝜀
1 𝐷 2.51
= −2 log( + )
√𝑓 3.7 𝑅𝑒√𝑓
For steel, use 𝜀 = 0.045mm
0.045𝑚𝑚
1 400𝑚𝑚 2.51
= −2 log( + )
√𝑓 3.7 14468.63119√𝑓
𝑓 =0.0282694141
 𝑠2 𝐿 1𝑚3
0.0826 𝑚 (0.028269)(1000𝑚)((250 𝑠 )(1000𝐿))2
For HL, 𝐻𝐿 =
(0.4𝑚)5
𝐻𝐿 = 14.25182739𝑚

𝜇
For 𝛾, 𝜌= 𝑣

𝑁𝑠
From the chart, 𝜇 = 0.06
𝑚2
𝑚2
𝑣 = 5.5 × 10−5
𝑠

𝑁𝑠
0.06 2
𝑚
𝜌= 𝑚2
5.5×10−5
𝑠
𝑘𝑔
𝜌 = 1090.909091 3
𝑚
For PL, 𝑃𝐿 = 𝛾𝑄𝐿 𝐻𝐿
𝑃𝐿 = (𝜌𝑔)𝑄𝐿 𝐻𝐿
𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑚3
𝑃𝐿 = (1090.909091 3 )(9.807 2 )(0.25 )(14.2518𝑚)
𝑚 𝑠 𝑠
𝑃𝐿 = 38 118.3825 𝑊 𝑜𝑟 𝟑𝟖. 𝟏𝟐 𝑲𝑾