REPORTED SPEECH

Direct speech Reported speech

present simple past simple
I sleep He said he slept
present continuous past continuous
I am feeling happy He said he was feeling happy
I am sleeping He said he was sleeping
past simple past perfect
I slept He said he had slept
present perfect past perfect
I have been happy He said he had been happy
I have slept He said he had slept
past perfect continuous
present perfect continuos
He said he had been feeling
I have been feeling happy
happy
I have been sleeping
He said he had been sleeping
future simple conditional
I will be happy He said he would be happy
I will sleep He said he would sleep

Direct speech Reported speech

CAN COULD
I can sleep He said he could sleep
MAY MIGHT
I may sleep He said he might sleep
WILL WOULD
I will sleep He said he would sleep
HAD TO
MUST
He said he had to sleep
I must sleep
This That
These Those
Now Then
Tonight that night
Today that day
last night the night before
this morning that morning
this week that week
next week the following week
next year the year after
Here There
Yesterday The day before
Tomorrow The following day
- Statements: SAID, TOLD, accepted, agreed, answered, admitted, announced,
apologised (for), complained, declared, explained, informed, insisted, mentioned,
offered, reminded, replied, stated, assured, confessed…

----HE SAID THAT….. // -HE TOLD ME THAT….

- Questions: ASKED, enquired, questioned, requested, wondered, wanted to know… I Me My

---- HE ASKED ME WHETHER / IF ……………………… You You Your

-----HE ASKED ME WHERE/ WHO / WHEN ……………
He Him His

She Her Her

- Commands / Orders: ASKED, TOLD, ORDERED, begged, shouted, warned …
It It Its
(ORACIONES SIN SUJETO)
We Us Our
----- HE TOLD ME TO ……+ INFINITIVE………..
They Them Their
-----HE ORDERED ME TO…+ INFINITIVE……

- Suggestions: SUGGESTED, advised, recommended…

----HE SUGGESTED + ING (how about / let’s / why don’t/shall… )

 Passive voice
ACTIVA PASIVA
Tiempo en El verbo
El “to be” en el tiempo verbal
el que está El verbo en voz activa principal en
de la voz activa
el verbo PARTICIPIO
Presente
PLAY (s) AM / IS / ARE PLAYED
simple
Presente
ARE PLAYING AM / IS / ARE BEING PLAYED
continuo
Futuro
WILL PLAY WILL BE PLAYED
simple
Pasado
PLAYED WAS / WERE PLAYED
simple
Presente
HAVE PLAYED HAVE/ HAS BEEN PLAYED
perfecto
Pasado
HAD PLAYED HAD BEEN PLAYED
perfecto
Pasado
WERE PLAYING WAS / WERE BEING PLAYED
continuo
Condicional WOULD PLAY WOULD BE PLAYED
Be going to BE GOING TO AM / IS / ARE GOING TO BE PLAYED
Presente
perfecto HAVE BEEN PLAYING HAVE/HAS BEEN BEING PLAYED
continuo
MODALS CAN/MUST/MAY/MIGHT/SHOULD…. CAN / MUST/MAY/MIGHT… BE PLAYED

Causative (TO HAVE / GET + OBJ + PARTICIPLE --- HACER QUE ALGO SEA HECHO):
Ejemplo: ―I had / got my hair cut‖ (me cortaron el pelo).
La pasiva impersonal:
---“IT IS SAID THAT…”:alleged, believed, estimated, guessed, known, reported, supposed,
rumoured, understood…

―People think that the bridge isn‘t safe‖

―It is thought (that) the bridge isn‘t safe‖

---- La "pasiva impersonal con “TO” (SOMEBODY IS SAID TO… / NOT TO…)":

People say that the bridge isn‘t safe‖

―The bridge is said not to be safe‖
--It is said that the bridge isn’t safe.

People say Paul Newman was a great actor.

―It is said that Paul Newman was a great actor‖
―Paul Newman is said to have been a great actor‖

Pres. / will -------- To + infinitive

Past -----------------To have + part
Cont ---------------- To be + ing
MODALS

VERBO USO Linkers

Can (puedo) --Capacidad, habilidad, Ability
Could (pude,podía,podría) permiso para hacer algo Know how to
Able
____________________ Allowed
-Ability
Be able to
(ser capaz de)
________________________ -Permiso
Be allowed to
(Ser permitido de)

Must (debo) Deducción I’m sure / No doubt

I’m certain. I think, Insist
NEG. Deducción - Can’t Obligación débil
Can’t------impossible,
definitely
___________________
Have to/has to/ Obligatory
Compulsory
had to (tener que) Obligación Obliged

Need/needs to Necessary
Necesidad
Mustn’t (no puedes) Prohibición Forbidden, banned
Prohibited, not allowed

Don’t/doesn’t have to Ausencia de necesidad u Unnecessary

obligación Not necessary
// Needn’t
Optional
(no tienes por qué)

Consejo Suggest / Advice / A good

Ought (not )to / idea/advise, recommend
Should (not)
(shouldn’t) Wrong of you /
(debería) regret /A bad idea/Mistake…

May (not) / Posibilidad, probabilidad Thinking about / Possible

Might (not) (might indica menor posibilidad)
(puede que)
Permiso (más formal
que can) con - I, WE -
Possibility/ chance
Likely / uncertain
Maybe, probably, perhaps
Not sure
May I go to the toilet?
(¿Puedo ir al servicio?

MODALES PERFECTOS (CUANDO EL VERBO ESTÁ PASADO):

MUST + HAVE + PARTICIPIO-------------------------Debe haber….

CAN’T + HAVE + PART---------------------------------No puedo haber………
COULD (NOT) + HAVE + PARTICIPIO------------------------Podría haber
MAY / MIGHT (NOT) + HAVE + PARTICIPIO -------------- Puede que haya ……
OUGHT TO / SHOULD (NOT) + HAVE + PARTICIPIO-----Debería haber……
NEEDN’T + HAVE + PARTICIPIO-------------------- No tiene por qué haber….
 Conditional Sentences Type I
Type I. ( imperativos, TOMORROW, NEXT, UNLESS +AFF = IF +NEG )

IF / UNLESS + PRESENT , //// WILL

WILL //// IF + PRESENT ,

If I stay here, I will do my exercises. ----SI ME QUEDO AQUÍ, HARÉ LOS EJERCICIOS.

Conditional Sentences Type II

Type II. (If I were you, frases en presente )
IF + PAST , ///// WOULD / COULD / MIGHT

WOULD / COULD / MIGHT /// IF + PAST

If I stayED here, I WOULD do my exercises. ----SI ME QUEDASE AQUÍ, HARÍA LOS EJERCICIOS.

Conditional Sentences Type III

Type III. (oraciones en pasado, last, yesterday, past… )

IF + PAST PERFECT (HAD + PART.), //////// WOULD/COULD/MIGHT + HAVE + PART.

WOULD/COULD/MIGHT + HAVE + PART //////// IF + PAST PERFECT (HAD + PART.),

If I HAD stayed here, I WOULD HAVE done my exercises. --- SI me hubiera quedado aquí, habría hecho los ejercicios.

I WISH / IF ONLY

Conditional: wish + past simple- Deseo sobre una situación irreal I wish I were rich (but I am
not)

Conditional: wish + would - Expresando desagrado o irritación I wish you would stop making
that noise

Conditional: wish + past perfect - Deseo sobre el pasado I wish I had learned English when I
was younger (but I didn't)

Relative Pronouns

relative
se
pronoun

Who for people – que

Which for animals and things – que
Which referring to a whole sentence – lo que
whose Cuyo / a / os / as---- --- NUNCA OMITIR
Whom object pronoun for people or after preposition
That Lo mismo que who or which
NUNCA DESPUÉS DE COMA
Where Donde (there----) --- NUNCA OMITIR
When Cuando (then ---- )