Air Pollution Management for Local

Authority
(Pengurusan Pencemaran Udara Di Kawasan Pusat
Berkuasa Tempatan (PBT))

YAP POH SIN, SENIOR LECTURER

IRDI AND COMMUNITY MEDICINE
INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
What is Air Quality Management ?
“The application of a systematic approach to the control of air quality issues in
which all the factors determining air quality are considered in an integrated,
proportionate and cost-effective manner based upon sound science and by
reference to health-effects based air quality criteria.”

- Air Quality Research Group, University of the West of England Bristol, UK

Air Quality Management and Strategies
 Standards Setting
 Clean Action Plan (CAAP)
 National Environmental Health Action Plan on Air
 New Clean Air Regulation 2013
 National Haze Committee and Action Plan
 Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
 52 continuous Monitoring Stations
 Malaysia Air Quality Guideline and Air Pollution Index
 Legislation and Enforcement
 Enforcement of Environmental Quality Act, 1974
Air Quality Management and Strategies
 Environmental Education and Awareness
 Air Pollution Studies
 Collaboration with local and international research institutes
 International and Regional Cooperation
 Montreal Protocol, UNFCC, ASEAN Haze Agreement
Global Problem
World wide, outdoor air pollution contributes to:
 92% of world population was living in place where do not met the
WHO air pollution guidelines level
 3 million premature deaths per year
Uneven burned
 87% (of 3 million) the premature deaths reported at the Western
Pacific and South-East Asia regions

- WHO 2005 guideline, updated

Local Problem:
Population Growth 1980 - 2020 Urbanization Rate 1980 - 2013

35 32.4 80 71 73
Population Size in Million

% of Urbanization Rate
28.3 70 62
30
23.3 60 51
25
18.4 50
20
13.7 40 34
15
30
10 20
5 10
0 0
1980 1991 2000 2010 2020 1980 1991 2000 2010 2013
Source: National Physical Plan 2 - 2010 Source: Department of Statistic, 2013
Local Problem:
Sources of Air Pollution Summary of New Registered Vehicles
1980 - 2010

Number of new registered vehicle

700,000
6% 2% 600,000
500,000
13% Motor Vechicles
Industries
400,000
19% 60% Bush Fires 300,000
Air Conditioning 200,000
Waste Disposal 100,000
0
1980 1990 2000 2010 2013
Source: Malaysia Environmental Report Source: Adapted from Malaysia Automotive Association

Passenger Cars Commercial Vehicles Total Vehicles

Local Problem: Malaysia
Guideline
Annual Average of NO2 2000 - 2015 Annual Average of PM10 1990 - 2015

PM10 Concentration (µg/m3)

0.05
50
NO2 concentration (ppm)

WHO
0.04
40 Guideline
0.03
30
0.02 20
0.01 10

0 0
2000 2010 2013 2015 1990 2000 2010 2013 2015
Source: Malaysia Environmental Quality Report, 2015 Source: Malaysia Environmental Quality Report, 2015
Local Problem:
Urbanization

Research inonUrban
Number of vehicles the road

Air Pollution
PM 10 level

NO2 level
Local Problem
 Transboundary Haze – Open biomass burning
from Indonesia
 Recorded: August 1990, April 1993, June 1999,
August 2005, and August 2006
 Worst episode – 1997 (lasted for 6 months)
Hospital cases: 2.4 per 10,000 population
Economic loss: MYR 273,000
Asthma and Respiratory Infection: 912 to 5000 and
6,000 – 30,000 cases respectively in Selangor
- Othman et al, 2014
Local Problem: Haze Measurement
 The discrepancy between
Malaysia and Singapore’s haze
Index (a reading 14 September,
2015)
 API did not response to the hazy
condition
API vs PSI : Malaysia vs Singapore
Malaysia API Singapore PSI
API Description PSI Description
0 - 50 Good 0 - 50 Good

PM 10
51 - 100
101 - 200
Moderate
Unhealthy PM 2.5
51 - 100
101 - 200
Moderate
Unhealthy
201 - 300 Very unhealthy 201 - 300 Very unhealthy
Two Scale of Measurement, they are
300 + acceptedHazardous 300
internationally and +
developed Hazardous
by USEPA
PM10 are known as coarse particles. PM2.5 are known as fine particles: 80% of
They are come from: They are come from: particulate
• Smoke, dirt, and dust from factories, • Driving vehicles matter in the
farming and roads • Burning plant (bush/forest fires or haze is PM 2.5
• Mold waste)
• Spore • Smelting (purifying) and processing
• Pollen metal
• Rock and soil that are crushed or
ground, blown by wind
Source: Adapted from US department of Environmental Quality
Lesson Learnt: Haze measurement
 Calculation index is different:
 Malaysia calculation based: PM 10 (release 24 hours average)
 Singapore calculation based: PM2.5 (release 3 hour PSI)
 API did not correspond to the hazy condition
 24 hours average
 Five stations monitoring PM 2.5: Putrajaya, Banting, Cheras,
Langkawi, and Kuching
 Lack of publicity
Outcome: Haze Measurement
 Measurement of PM 2.5 is expected to implemented in stage until
the year of 2017
 Expanding National Air Quality Monitoring Network
 More effective communication, collaboration, and consultation
between and within tiers of government and with stakeholder has
emerge
Towards Sustainable Cities…………….
“Cities must balance the social, economic and environmental needs
of present and future generations. This should include a clear
commitment to urban poverty reduction. Leaders of all sections of
urban society must have a long-term, strategic vision of sustainable
human development and the ability to reconcile divergent interests
for the common good. “

- The United Nation Human Settlement Program (UN-HABITAT), Global Campaign

on Urban governance, 2002
Toward Sustainable Transport……………..
Action Planning
Tackling the transport problem Reducing the numbers of
vehicles on the road
 Engine Efficiency and Cleaner
Fuel EURO 4 M specification
Traffic Management Public Transportation System
Local Authority Action planning
Clean Air Plan (2015 – 2016):
Transportation Sector
 Reduce Emission:
 EURO 4 M specification
Diesel: Sulphur content to be reduced to 50 ppm
Petrol: Sulphur content to be reduced to 50 ppm
 Cleaner fuels and engines
 Public transportation system
 Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) Project (2011 – 2017)
 Transportation 2010 – 2030 for Iskandar Malaysia
 Malacca (First country to introduce electric bus)
Local Actions: Action Planning
 Promoting mixed-use development
 Planning measure
 Home Zones, Clear Zone
 Local Transport Plans
 Access Restrictions
Pedestrian area
 Traffic control
Limiting and controlling parking, car pool
The Problem:
 Transport System
 Lack of Pedestrians and Bicycle users lanes
 Modern transportation facility – but lack service quality
 Negative perception on public transportation
 Parking management and policies are very import
 Lack of knowledge of parking space location, operating hours and cost

- Aldukali Salem et al, 2011

Air Quality Strategy: Toward Green ……..
Research, Promoting - Awareness and
Development, and environmental Education
Economic efficiency, soundness - Integrated development
Social Equality, and Policy to with air quality control
Accountability support the - Effective air quality
implantation management
- Strengthening
Key
Area administrative and
Involving of All
institutional mechanisms
sectors of Society
Challenges of Air Quality Management
 Lack of Enforcement
 Lack of Publicity
 Lack of trained lawyers to deal with regulating environmental
quality
 Lack of authority in issuing licenses to development project
 In adequate information of natural resources and scientific research
- R.N. Raja Ariffin et al, 2015
THANK YOU