Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2 Workshop
Lecture 1
Exercises 1 & 2
Kay Collins
Main Library
U. C. Irvine
Introduction to ArcGIS Class 1: Exploring ArcGIS and GIS Selections
This workshop is intended to introduce you to the basic functionality of ArcGIS 8.1. The
focus of this workshop is on the GIS utilities that are available to you so that you can
learn how to glean information from existing GIS data and begin to construct your own
data layers. In the workshop you will be accessing and using GIS data that are readily
available. This is a two-session workshop that includes laboratory exercises.
Components of a GIS
A GIS basically has two components: a map display with features representing things
on the ground (typically), and an underlying database whose individual records hold
information about each of those map features. There is a dynamic relationship between
these two components and the interplay between these components is what makes GIS
a unique technology. Using this technology specific map features can be selected for
analyses, and information about the selected features can then be extracted from the
database. Conversely, records in the database can be selected, either individually via
mouse click or as groups using SQL queries. Once done, the features on the map
associated with the selected records are highlighted, thus identifying where things on the
ground (as revealed by their representative features on the map) with common
characteristics reside.
Capabilities of a GIS
A GIS is both a data synthesis and a data analysis tool. A GIS can be used to assimilate
and display a myriad of existing spatial data and database information. For instance,
spatial data can originate from:
• multi-scale maps (e.g., generated from maps at 1:10,000 and 1:25,000 scale)
• data sources of disparate origins (such as from geologists and from botanists)
• data stored in various projections (e.g., State Plane and UTM)
Many forms of database information, such as demographic data, can be incorporated into
the GIS. Also, using digitizing and scanning techniques the GIS can be used to create
new data.
A GIS can perform analyses on the data it incorporates, the most common being
spatial and database selections and queries. Also, using common GIS analytical tools,
multiple layers of GIS data can be combined to identify overlapping relationships. As a
result of these analyses new data and relationships commonly are revealed. These
capabilities represent only the core features of a GIS.
Components of ArcGIS
ArcGIS is a GIS that consists of three main, independent modules and several
associated extensions. The three modules are ArcMap, ArcCatalog and ArcToolbox.
Each of these modules can be run independently on the computer. Various extensions,
such as the Spatial Analyst and Geostatistical Analyst Extensions provide additional,
specialized functionality to ArcGIS. Most users will need only to use ArcMap and
ArcCatalog.
ArcMap is used to create and display spatial (map) and tabular (database) GIS data,
to generate information-yielding selections and queries, to perform spatial analyses, and
to produce map and data output products. Within the map display, features can be
viewed in greater or lesser detail using common zooming and panning utilities. Features
on the display can be symbolized using colors, shades, and custom symbols to help
identify what each feature represents. Information in the underlying database is
displayed as tables similar to how Microsoft Excel or Access data are displayed in tables.
Most of your work with ArcGIS will happen within the ArcMap module.
Custom ArcGIS programs can be written using Visual Basic for Applications (VBA),
which is resident within ArcGIS, and the myriad of programming objects, known as
ArcObjects. Additionally―without writing programs―there are simple means within
ArcGIS for customizing the way the ArcGIS modules appear and what tools are available
to use.
GIS data consist of graphical representations of things on the ground and database
tables containing information (attributes) about those things. In ArcGIS these “things”,
are represented as features, and are depicted graphically as points, lines or polygons
with specific symbols used to uniquely identify each type of feature.
ArcMap displays geographic data in layers, almost like stacked layers of pancakes.
Layer 1
Layer 2
Layer 3
Layer 4
A layer contains graphical features and an attribute table. Each feature in the layer has a
unique record in the attribute table.
Each layer typically comprises features that are of the same kind. For instance, a
road layer would have only roads, though the roads may include freeways as well as
neighborhood streets. Or the layer could comprise only census blocks, block groups, or
tracts.
Within ArcMap, data layers containing polygon features can be displayed intermixed
with other data layers containing line features or point features. Features within layers
higher in the stack typically obscure features in underlying layers. So, within ArcMap,
opaque polygon features in one layer might obscure polygon, line and point features
contained within layers lower in the stack. Fortunately, the layers can be arranged so
that all features are visible. Commonly, polygon feature layers are moved lower in the
stack, and line and point feature layers are placed higher in the stack. Another approach
is to make one or more of the uppermost layers slightly transparent so the features in
underlying layers will show through. And each layer can be deactivated, meaning that
the deactivated layer is not visible and does not obscure features from any underlying
layer.
As indicated above, each data layer has an associated attribute table that contains
records of data (rows) and attribute fields (columns). Attributes can be such things as
type, color, name, source, owner, material, etc. The following example is how an
attribute table for a GIS layer depicting tree locations might look:
Each record contains information about one feature in the layer. Each field holds like
information about each record. That is, all the information under a particular field is of the
same type, though the information (text, numbers, etc.) for specific records (i.e., features)
is unique to that feature. The information is quite variable in content but is used to
characterize each feature.
Spatial and database selections are very important to users of ArcGIS. Selections are
procedures for choosing specific features or database records for the purpose of detailed
analyses. Using selection utilities you can uncover and extract enormous amounts of
information, and discover relationships (associations) among spatial features that could
not be seen just from records in the database alone.
To support this functionality there are numerous utilities within ArcMap for performing
spatial and database selections upon ArcMap features and those features’ associated
records within the layer attribute tables. Selections can be made to features on the map,
using graphical selection tools, and to records in the underlying database, using manual
selections or SQL queries. When you select features on the map their associated
records are highlighted within the database. Conversely, when you select records within
a layer’s attribute table those records’ associated features within the map will become
highlighted. Because of the value of this unique capability that GIS technology offers,
much focus will be made on how to use these utilities in this workshop.
The following image shows the graphical interface that ArcMap presents and the various
screen components.
Menu Bar
A toolbar
Data Frames
and Layers
Table
of Map Display
Contents
Similar to other Windows-based programs, ArcGIS has utilities that are accessed via
menus, buttons and tools. These utilities appear on the numerous ArcGIS toolbars.
Menu utilities usually have text descriptions and are generally accessed via a menubar
such as the following:
Buttons and tools are depicted as icons but function slightly differently from each other.
When you click on a button some event in ArcGIS happens immediately. Examples are
the “Full Extent” and “Go Back To Previous Extent” buttons in ArcMap.
Pan tool
Full Extent button
Go Back To Previous
Extent button
Measure tool
By contrast, when you click on a tool, ArcGIS waits for you to perform some action
with the mouse pointer associated with that tool. Examples include the “Zoom In”,
“Zoom Out”, “Pan” and “Measure” tools. Buttons and tools appear mixed within the
various toolbars (such as we see in the “Tools” toolbar above). Notice that some buttons
and tools may be “grayed out” meaning they cannot be used under the current conditions
of the interface. In the figure above the “Go Back To Previous Extent” button is grayed
out because no change in the map’s extent had occurred when a snapshot of this toolbar
was made.
To activate a specific tool bar go to View/Toolbars then click on the specific toolbar
that you want to be active in the display. Do the same to de-activate a specific toolbar
that has a checkmark next to it. To display the list of toolbars you can also right-click in
the gray area at the top of ArcMap.
Activate a toolbar by
clicking on the name
The Table of Contents (TOC) is used to display and manage listings of GIS data that
are currently in use by ArcMap. GIS data are brought into ArcMap as individual layers.
Within the TOC, layers are grouped into one or more data frames. Each data frame
has a common focus for a subject of study. For instance, the focus of the data frame
may be the subject of demographics using census tracts, but that same data frame can
also contain street data to be used as a geographic base for location purposes. Only one
data frame is active at one time. When you add data to ArcMap a new entry is made to
the TOC within the currently active data frame. When a data frame is active its map
layers are available for viewing, selecting and modifying. Other data frames are in a
dormant state until you activate the specific data frame. Each data frame has a set of
properties that control how the data layers within the specific data frame are displayed.
The following is a hierarchy of components within the TOC. The TOC has one or
more data frames; a data frame has one or more layers and may have text; a layer has
features, an attribute table and may have annotation; and features within a layer consist
of points, lines or polygons.
TOC
Data Frame1
Layer1
Features
Points
Lines
Polygons
Attribute Table
(Annotation)
Layer2
Layer3
(Text)
Data Frame2
Data Frame3
Window 1 shows the TOC with one data frame (“New Data Frame”) that contains three
layers of GIS data.
Notice at the base of the TOC there are Display and Source tabs that, when selected,
yield different information or provide different capabilities for each of the data layers.
Both tabs will list the layers that have been added to the TOC. But each has special
functions. Using the Display tab, you can select and slide a layer up or down to define its
position in the layer hierarchy (see ArcMap Data Layers, above). Using the Source tab
you can view sources (location on disk) of the individual data layers. (Additionally, you
can view raw database tables, which are different from the layer attribute tables, that
have been added as data sources. These raw tables show up here, within the Source
tab but not within the Display tab.)
With the release of ArcMap 8.1.2 a new “Selections” tab is available via
Tools/Options…/TOC for setting the “selectable” layers.
Map Display
The ArcMap map display area is where you view and interact with your GIS map data.
Graphical features are drawn in the map display for each layer that is active within the
TOC. Within the map display you can also:
the Data View window. When you first open ArcMap the Data View window is the
default.
You will use the Layout View for developing formal maps or figures that incorporate
the data layers contained within the TOC. All of the tools available within the Data View
window are available within the Layout View window. The Layout View has additional
tools for framing your map.
Since the Data View window does not have the map frame, your graphical data will
occupy a larger area of the map display. Hence, the Data View window is better for
performing analyses of your GIS data.
Status Bar
At the base of the ArcMap display is a thin area called the status bar. Information about
your current ArcMap session appears on the status bar. When you move the mouse
pointer into the map display, the coordinates that the pointer occupies (in map units) are
shown on the right side of the status bar. Also, when you move the mouse pointer over a
particular tool or button, a simple description of that tool’s or button’s function is shown
within the left side of the status bar.
When you work with ArcMap you add data layers, manipulate the layers’ symbology,
generate queries, define a map extent, etc. Similar to working with MS Word or Excel,
ArcMap has a document – the Map Document – wherein you can save all of this work.
When you open one of your saved map documents, all of the settings and conditions are
reestablished for you. Data files are not saved within the map document although
pointers to sources of data files are saved. As long as the data files are not moved from
one ArcMap session to the next, access to the data files will be transparent to you.
ArcMap map document files are stored on disk with a “.mxd” suffix.
* * *
In ArcMap you can use the Add Data tool to choose data layers to add to your TOC
and map display. (You could also use File/Add Data…) When you click on this icon
you are presented with a window such as Window 2 that allows you to choose data files
to add into ArcMap. Icons are shown next to each valid ArcGIS data file. In this example
there are designations for ArcGIS shapefiles (designated with a .shp suffix) and layer files
(designated with a .lyr suffix). Shapefiles are the most common ArcGIS data file that you
will use. Layer files are like shapefiles except they contain custom symbology previously
associated with a particular shapefile. But, once inside ArcGIS, the packages of data
from each of these source files are all considered layers.
There are several tools and buttons that allow you to alter the scale and central viewing
point from which you view your spatial data. Traditionally these features are called “Pan
and Zoom”. But before looking at these map manipulation features, let’s first define map
extent. Map extent, or simply extent, represents the rectangular area encompassing
your spatial data that you are currently viewing. Your spatial data my actually extend
beyond the limits shown on the map display, but that which you are currently viewing
represents the extent. The extent is defined by the coordinates of the four corners of your
data on the display. Because the extent is a rectangle, we can simple define the extent
as being the X- and Y-coordinates of the upper-left corner of your spatial data and the X-
and
Y-coordinates of the lower-right corner of your spatial data currently within the map
display. Panning and zooming are procedures for changing the map extent. When you
change the map extent you are changing either the map scale, the map central viewing
point or both.
By “zooming in” or “zooming out” within the map display you are changing the map
viewing scale without changing the central viewing point. Zooming out means that you
are viewing more real estate (around the same center viewing point) though features
become less clearly resolved (distinct) the further out you zoom. Zooming in creates the
opposite effect: less real estate is seen but individual features (particularly points and
lines) become more clearly resolved. Panning is the process of changing the center
viewing point without changing the current map scale. By panning north, south, west or
east you are looking at areas of the map that are adjacent to the previous view.
Use the Zoom In and Zoom Out tools to, well, zoom in and zoom out. Position
either tool over a point on the map display and click the left mouse button to zoom in or
zoom out. With the Zoom in tool you can also drag out a rectangle around the area that
you want to be the newly defined extent. Essentially, with this operation, you are
changing both the map scale and the central viewing point.
Use the Pan tool to change the central viewing point without changing the map
scale. Select the Pan tool then position the mouse pointer (it will look like the same hand
character) over the map display and drag the pointer across the screen. Spatial data
from adjacent portions of the map will then come into view.
Use the Go Back To Previous Extent and Go To Next Extent buttons to move
back and forth between extents that you previously defined using the zooming and pan
tools. These two buttons function similar to the Back and Forward buttons you see in
your Internet Browser. If no changes have been made to the map extent then these
buttons will be “grayed out” indicating they are not currently operational.
Use the Full Extent button to zoom all the way out to the extent of all layers within
the TOC. ArcMap adds a little more area to the extent so that all features within all layers
are visible when the Full Extent button is clicked.
Sometimes you may want to zoom out (or in) to the extent of all the features of just one
layer. To do this, right-click on the layer name within the TOC then click on Zoom to
layer extent. (See Menu 2 which is the menu associated with any layer.)
You can manually change the map scale. Doing so effects an automatic zoom in or
zoom out depending on the current map scale and the map scale you choose. At the top
of ArcMap you will see the Map Scale entry window just to the right of the Add Data tool.
In this little window you can click the dropdown arrow to choose one of the optional map
scales or you can type a specific map scale in the window. To change the map scale to,
say, 1:12,000,000 just type 12,000,000 in the window and hit the Enter key. The map
scale changes to 1:12,000,000 and, within the map display, the map extent changes to
conform to the new map scale.
Spatial Bookmarks
A nice utility for returning to a favorite map extent is the spatial bookmark. Zoom and/or
pan to the desired extent on your map that you think you might want to revisit later. Then
click on View/Bookmarks (see Menu 3) then click on Create… In the Spatial
Bookmark window that appears next, type in a simple name (such as Moscow or Subject
Property) that characterizes the special map extent you have chosen. Later, after
changing the extent, you can return to your custom extent by choosing
View/Bookmarks then click on the name you entered earlier as a bookmark. ArcMap
will return to the map extent associated with that bookmark.
Measure tool
Within the map display you can find out how far apart two features are using the
Measure tool. By clicking on this tool you can use the mouse pointer to click on one
feature then click on another to measure their distance in map (i.e., ground-based) units.
You can also find the distance along a path by clicking with the mouse multiple times in
sequence while tracing out a path. The distance is displayed within the ArcMap status
bar on the left side. Measurements are given for the segment distance (the distance
between locations identified with the last mouse click and the second-to-last mouse click)
as well as the total distance (the distance along the trace from the first mouse click to the
last mouse click).
To view the attribute table for a specific layer, right-click on a layer name (within the TOC)
then choose Open Attribute Table (see Menu 2). The layer attribute table, similar
to that in Window 3 appears. Within the attribute table you see feature records, displayed
as rows, and feature attributes, displayed as columns.
As pointed out above, selecting features and database records is very important to users
of ArcGIS. Selections can be made against features within a layer in the map display
and against the layer’s attribute table. Following are several tools, buttons and other
utilities for selecting features and records and for generally extracting information from
ArcGIS using your data.
Identify Tool
The Identify tool is the simplest tool for selecting features and displaying information
about what those features represent. When employed, the Identify tool pops up a
window that shows the attributes of the feature selected in the layer. Window 4 shows a
display of Census data for a single tract.
More comprehensive selections, and information extractions can be done using other
tools within ArcMap. You can select features using graphics tools, by their proximity to
features in other layers, and by attributes from within the attribute table.
Features from multiple layers can be selected simultaneously. Commonly you will only
want to select features from one layer at a time. So, choosing the layer from which you
want to select features before you actually start selecting features is important. To define
which layer (or layers) you want to set as being selectable go to the menubar and choose
Selection/Set Selectable Layers… as is seen in Menu 4.
Menu 4: Selection
Within the Set Selectable Layers window you can check the layer that you want to
set as being selectable. Once you do that, only features in the selectable layer can be
selected. In Window 5, the Census Tracts layer has become the only selectable layer.
Once a layer is set as being selectable you can activate the spatial Select Features tool
and click on one feature to select it (the feature color turns to cyan) or drag out a
rectangle over multiple features to select them as a group (all the selected features turn
to cyan). Once you select a feature you can view its characteristics in the layer attribute
table.
Select By Graphics
Essentially the above approach to selecting features is selecting by graphics, in this case
using a flexible rectangle as the graphic. You can use other graphical shapes such as
points, lines, circles, ellipses and irregular-shaped polygons to define which features are
to become selected. To do this:
The features that are touched by the graphic will then be selected.
Each layer has a set of buttons that can be used to control the set of features that are
selected within the specific layer. To access these buttons, right-click on the layer name
(within the TOC) then choose Selection (see Menu 4). The Layer Selection menu
(see Menu 5) appears. With one or more features selected you can Clear Selected
Features, which makes all features cleared (i.e., no longer selected), or Switch
Selection, which causes the currently selected features to be non-selected and all
others to become selected. The Select All button simply causes all features in the
layer to become selected. (Notice also in this menu that, once features are selected, you
can change the map extent to encompass all the selected features by clicking on Zoom
To Selected Features.)
Be aware that the tools and buttons for performing selections from within a layer’s
Selection menu can produce different result from the tools of the same name which
are accessed from the Selection menu on the menubar. For instance, if you have
features from multiple layers selected, and then you choose one layer’s menu and click
on Clear Selected Features (see Menu 4), only the selected features within the
specific layer will become cleared. Whereas, if you choose Selection/Clear
Selected Features from the menubar, then all features within all layers are cleared.
When using the selection tools upon features in the map the default action is to start
fresh and create a new selection. However, once one or more features are selected
several options are available for amending the set of selected features. You can add
features to the set, remove features from the set, and refine the selection set. To access
these options choose Selection/Interactive Selection Method from the
menubar. Menu 6 shows the options available for making interactive selections.
Use the Create New Selection option to clear the current selection set and
create a new set of selected features.
Use the Add to Current Selection option to select features and add those
features to the current set of selected features.
Use the Remove From Current Selection option to select features within the
current selected set that are to be cleared (i.e., removed from the selection set).
Use the Select From Current Selection option to select features within the
current selected set that are to remain as the only selected features (all others are
cleared).
Select By Location
A very powerful ArcMap tool is the capability to select one or more features from one
layer based on those features’ spatial association with features in other layers. For
Associated with all these graphical selection tools are certain interactive selection
options. These options allow you to define the color that selected features will have (the
default is cyan); the selection tolerance which indicates how far from the mouse pointer
features can be and still be selected; and inclusion options which define what features
will be selected based on whether or not they are touched by, or completely enclosed by,
the flexible selection box. These options are accessible from the menubar under
Selection/Options/Interactive Selection. Window 7 displays these, and
other, selection options.
Select By Attributes
The preceding discussion about the ArcMap selection utilities has all been regarding the
spatial selection tools. Those tools allow you to select features interactively so that you
can then view the attributes of the selected features. An equally important approach is to
select features based on their attributes then to view where the set of selected features
resides on the map. Commonly, through this approach, interesting and revealing spatial
relationships (or even sometimes apparent spatial non-relationships) unfold. To
accomplish this you would select features using the Selection/Select by
Attributes… option from the menubar. Window 8 is an example of this utility. In the
example shown, a country is found based on a specific name. Other, more rigorous
selections, can be applied using this option.
Within the layer attribute table, such as that shown in Window 3, you can manually select
one or more features’ records. To open an individual layer’s attribute table right-click on
the layer’s name then click Open Attribute Table. By clicking on the left-most box
of a record in the table, that record becomes selected, it turns cyan, and the associated
feature on the map also turns cyan. Non-selected records remain white and their
associated features’ original symbol color is unchanged. Additional options within the
attribute table allow you control the set of selected features.
Map Tips
A handy feature within ArcMap for interactively displaying a specific attribute about any
feature is the Map Tip. As you move the mouse pointer around the display and hover the
pointer over a feature, requested information about that feature will be displayed in a
small box above the feature. Map Display 1 shows a Zip Code being displayed for a Zip
Code polygon using the map tip.
1. Open ArcMap
Go to Start/Programs/Apps/ArcGIS and click on ArcMap.
In the window that appears (‘Start using ArcMap with’) choose ‘A new empty map’ and
click ‘OK’.
In the “Add Data” window navigate to the directory c:\ apps\esri\esridata\ca. Select the
following map layers (hold the Ctrl key to highlight multiple layers):
You should get a view of California with a lot of freeways shown. (The source files
with the “.shp” suffix are shapefiles and the source files with the “.lyr” suffix are “layer”
files.)
If the cards layer is already below the catrct layer then first move it up then back
down below catrct. Notice that when the cards layer is lower in the TOC you cannot
see the roads in the map display.
Click on the plus sign to bring the symbol representation back into view.
“Layers” is the name of the current data frame where your map layers reside. When
you click on the minus sign the individual layers’ names disappear though the layer
data is still drawn on the map.
Click on the plus sign next to the word Layers to restore the layer names to the TOC.
When you do this, notice that your layer data disappears from the map display. That’s
because inserting a new data frame (it should appear as “New Data Frame”)
automatically activates the new data frame and there are currently no data layers
within the new data frame. Notice that New Data Frame is also bold and the
“Layers” data frame is no longer bold.
Add a shapefile to New Data Frame (use catrct.shp) the same way you added data,
above. When you do this the California tracts should appear on the map display.
Move the mouse pointer into the map display then right-click the mouse. The menu that
appears has menu items that are pertinent to the active data frame.
Within that menu click on Properties…. The Data Frame Properties window opens.
In the Name: window, replace the text with “Data Frame 2” then click OK. The change
you make will be reflected in the active data frames name within the TOC.
The Layers data frame becomes active, the word “Layers” turns to bold (“Data
Frame 2” is no longer bold) and the map data associated with the layers within the
Layers data frame again appear in the map display.
Select the shapefile dtl_cnty.shp (which stands for “detail county”) and click “Add”.
What is the vertical position of the counties layer relative to the other layers? ____
You will now see a slightly different format of your data layers. Most importantly is the
presence of the directory path within which each of your data files resides. Notice that
layers that come from the same directory on disk are grouped together. The dtl_cnty
layer is listed alone and under its own directory.
Now what is the vertical position of the counties layer relative to the other layers?
____
The dtl_cnty layer may be in a different position vertically than where it resides within
the Display tab listing.
Notice how all the individual layer information is hidden. If, when using ArcMap later,
you have layers from many sources, clicking all of the directory path minus signs is a
handy way to remove the clutter in the TOC Source tab.
Within the Source tab you cannot slide individual layers to reposition them in the
hierarchy. This can only be done within the Display tab.
Click the box to the right of Fill Color. A color palette appears. Notice the words “No
Color” at the top of the palette. For this exercise we want this particular layer to have the
fill color set to No Color so that the county polygons will not obscure the symbols from
underlying layers. Click on the bar for “No Color”.
Click OK. Now each of the US counties should have a bold solid outline.
Within the TOC slide the dtl_cnty layer to the top of the stack.
In this configuration the county outlines are bold and appear above all other layers.
As such, this layer helps to define the county boundaries within the map display.
Move the mouse pointer around on the map and notice, in the right side of the status bar,
how the map coordinates (in Longitude and Latitude units) change.
What is the approximate map scale (look below the menubar)? 1 :______________
For a few minutes, experiment with the Zoom In , Zoom Out and Pan tools
to get familiar with their operation.
Click once on the Zoom In icon, then position the mouse pointer within the map display
where you want to zoom in, then click the left mouse button.
The place on the map where you position the mouse pointer will move to the middle of
the map display in conjunction with the change in map scale. Notice how the map
scale number changes as the map changes to the new map extent.
Do the same with the Zoom Out tool (click on its icon then click within the map display)
to zoom out.
Again, the place on the map where you position the mouse pointer will move to the
center of the map display.
Within the map display, position the mouse pointer over a location on the map, hold down
the left mouse button and drag the mouse pointer (and the map along with it) to a new
position. Notice, when using the Pan tool that the extent changes but the scale remains
the same.
Click the Go Back To Previous Extent button a couple of times and notice how the
map display extent changes to the extents you had previously established.
Click the Go To Next Extent button and you will move to an extent that you had
defined subsequent to the current extent. (It’s easier to do than to explain…just try it and
see what happens.)
Click the Full Extent button . This button will zoom out to the extent that
encompasses all features of all layers within the active data frame regardless of the
layers’ individual activation status (i.e., whether they are checked on or checked off).
Within the TOC, right-click on catrct. A black bar encompasses the layer name when
you select it this way and the layer’s menu appears.
Click on Zoom To Layer. The map display’s extent changes to match the maximum
extent of the selected layer.
You might have to do this a few times, using the Zoom Out tool and then the Zoom
In rectangle, to get it right. (You can define a rectangle with the Zoom Out tool too,
but the results are not intuitive.) This procedure, called dragging out a rectangle, will
be used in conjunction with other ArcMap tools.
Click the Full Extent button. A view of the United States is displayed.
Click on the drop-down arrow on the right side of the Map Scale window and choose
1:750,000.
This technique is useful for defining precise map scales which can be important for
subsequent map prints that you may generate in your work with ArcMap.
17. Determine the distance between things using the Measure Tool
Look at the map coordinates in the status bar. Click View/Data Frame Properties…
then click the General tab.
Under Units set the Display to Miles. Now, notice that the map coordinates (x-value, y-
value) have changed to miles within the lower right side of the status bar.
Move the mouse pointer to a point on the map display and click the left mouse button.
Move the pointer to another location and click the left mouse button again. Notice in the
left side of the status bar the distance between points on the map is displayed.
Move the pointer once more and click the left button.
You will see two different values displayed. The smaller (Segment) value is the
distance between the last two locations when you clicked the mouse. The larger
(Total) value represents the length along the entire trace.
The Measure tool, when in operation, becomes sort of like fly paper and the tracing
line annoyingly won’t go away. To dismiss the tracing line, just click on any other
icon. The most benign would be the Select Elements icon (it looks like an
arrowhead).
may already be checked) and notice where it appears at the bottom of the display.
Deactivate the Tools toolbar then reactivate it again.
Please read this paragraph before performing the described operations. Move the
mouse pointer into the blue area of the Tools toolbar and hold down the left mouse
button. Then gracefully move the mouse pointer away from the toolbar (a grey rectangle
appears which follows the movement of the mouse pointer) and over to the area at the
left side of the map display. All this time keep the left mouse button held down. Notice
how the grey rectangle becomes a tall grey rectangle. ArcMap is now preparing to “dock”
the toolbar for you. Position the upper-left corner of the grey rectangle into the upper-left
corner of the map display then release the mouse button. If done correctly, the Tools
toolbar will dock between the TOC and the map display with each icon stacked vertically.
If the toolbar ends up somewhere else, move the mouse pointer over the tiny grey bar at
the end of the Tools toolbar and perform the docking action again.
This same operation can be performed on any of the ArcMap toolbars and, for that
matter, on any MS Word, Excel or associated Windows utilities.
End of Exercise 1.
Explore the relationship between layer features and their records in the attribute
table
Employ numerous tools for selecting individual features and groups of features
View methods for displaying feature attributes
In the layer menu that appears click on Open Attribute Table. The Attributes of
Census Tracts table appears. This is a typical attribute table associated with features in
a layer.
Within the table window, scroll to the right to view the numerous names of the fields (or
attributes) associated with the records.
Each layer attribute table has at least the FID (Feature IDentification) and Shape
fields. Layers containing polygon features also have an Area field in their table and
layers containing line features have a Length field in their table. There is no
measurement field for layers containing point features. (The Shape field for each
record contains the coordinate information for the specific feature. This field is part of
the database but cannot be edited within the table. Changes to a feature’s shape
would be done graphically using editing tools within ArcMap.)
To find this number you can count them all (after class), or scroll to the bottom of the
list and read the last number under the FID field, or just read the number at the base
of the table next to “Records”.
Why is the last number under the FID field different from the number at the base of
the table? _____________________________________________________________
In the Identify Results window click the dropdown arrow next to the Layers window and
choose Census Tracts.
Doing this will allow you to view attribute information for only the Census Tracts layer.
Other options are: Visible Layers (information will be displayed for all layers in the
data frame that are set to be visible); Selectable Layers (information will be displayed
for layers in the data frame that are set to be selectable regardless of their visible
state); All Layers (information will be displayed for all layers in the data frame
regardless of their visible state); Top-most Layer (information will be displayed for
the layer that is both set visible and occupies the highest position in the data frame);
as well as selecting other specific layers.
Move the mouse pointer over any census tract and press the left mouse button.
Attribute information about the specific census tract becomes listed in the Identify
Results window. You can see that the field names are the same as those in the layer
attribute table. At the top of the Identify Results list you can see the FID value for
the selected tract.
Within the attribute table, scroll down the list until you find that same FID value. You can
compare the values displayed in the Identify Results window with the record in the table
to confirm that they are extracting information from the same source.
Close the Identify Results window but leave the layer attribute table open.
In the Set Selectable Layers window click the Clear All button then check the box next
to Census Tracts only, then click Close.
4. Select census tracts (features) using the Select Features tool
Make sure the Census Tracts layer is activate in the TOC (its box should be checked on).
When you do so the selected tract turns to cyan. Simultaneously, in the attribute
table, the record associated with the selected tract turns to cyan. (Also, the “Number
of features selected” is reported on the left side of the status bar.)
To view that selected record click the Selected button at the bottom of the Attributes of
Census Tracts table.
Drag out a rectangle around several census tracts but different from the currently
selected tract.
Tracts whose borders are either partially or wholly touched by the rectangle are
selected. Their borders turn cyan and the tracts’ associated records turn cyan in the
attribute table. Since the Selected button was clicked you should now see only the
selected features’ records in the table. Also, when you select a new tract or set of
tracts the originally selected tract(s) become un-selected. Later you will see how to
cause the original tract to remain selected.
Within the Draw toolbar, select the New Circle graphic shape.
The New Circle is about the fourth icon from the left side of the Draw toolbar. Usually
the New Rectangle icon is showing. If it is, click on the drawdown arrow next to the
New Rectangle icon and then click on the New Circle icon.
Drag out a circle around several tracts that you want to select.
Besides the rectangle and circle, other graphical shapes available for selection
purposes are the oval, polygon, line, curve, freehand and point. The outline and/or
position of each of these shapes can be modified after drawn. To modify a graphical
shape it must be selected (not to be confused with feature selection). When you first
draw a graphical shape it becomes selected and it is encompassed by a thin cyan
rectangle with eight cyan nodes (circles have only four nodes) at the corners and
sides. Under those conditions you can modify its shape by dragging on one of the
nodes. Simply moving the mouse pointer outside the selected shape and clicking
mouse will de-select the shape. To select it again, move the pointer into the shape
and click the mouse. Also, you can delete the shape when it is selected by pressing
the Delete key.
Several menu options are available to you when one or more features are selected for
a layer. Most importantly are the top three, these being Zoom To Selected
Features, Clear Selected Features, and Switch Selection. The Zoom To Selected
Features is quite useful for zooming right in to study your selected features. Clear
Selected Features is a tool for easily un-selecting all features. Switch Selection will
un-select all currently selected features and simultaneously select all currently un-
selected features.
Click on Switch Selection and notice the change in the selection set. (Click on Yes if
you are warned that the table potentially contains a large number of records.)
Once you use this button in actual practice you might want to follow up by defining a
spatial bookmark.
The newly selected track’s border will turn cyan and the other selected tract(s) will
remain selected and cyan as well.
If nothing becomes selected, check the status of the Interactive Selection under
Selection/Options… and the status of the selectable layers under
Selections/Set Selectable Layers… (Actually, if no layers are set selectable
within the Set Selectable Layers… window then the Select Features tool currently
would not be available and its icon would appear grey-ed out.)
Choose Remove From Current Selection from the menu then click on a currently
selected tract. The specified tract should now become un-selected.
Choose Select From Current Selection from the menu then click on a currently selected
tract. The specified tract now becomes the only selected tract.
In these examples you can just as easily drag out rectangles to specify groups of
tracts rather than just one tract at a time.
9. Select features in one layer that are in the proximity to other features in another layer
Set Selection/Interactive Selection Method… to Create New Selection.
Use the selection tools to select a group (40 or so) of census tracts.
I want to:
that:
intersect
Census Tracts
Features within the Census Tracts layer and the cards layer are now selected.
You can now see the roads (selected) that pass through the selected set of census
tracts.
Under Fields double click on “Age_18_29”. The text “Age_18_29” should appear in the
widow below the Fields window.
Click once on the “>” button. The text should now read ‘“Age_18_29” >’.
Move the mouse pointer into the window after this text and type “2000” without the quote
marks. The text should now read “Age_18_29” > 2000.
This procedure will select each of the census tracts that have a population with more
than 2000 persons between the ages of 18 and 29. To view the selected features
make sure the catrct layer is activated.
Click on the left-most box of a record in the table. That record becomes selected, it turns
cyan, and the associated feature on the map also turns cyan. (Non-selected records
remain white and their associated features’ original symbol color is unchanged.)
Select multiple contiguous records by clicking on a record (again in the left-most box) and
dragging the mouse down. Similarly you can click one record then hold down the Ctrl key
and click other records to select multiple records.
Doing this highlights (in yellow) a specific selected record. The feature on the map
that is associated with the highlighted selected record also turns yellow.
Hold down the Ctrl key while clicking several of these boxes. This allows you to highlight,
in yellow, multiple contiguous or non-contiguous records. You can also click on one of
these boxes and drag the mouse down to highlight multiple contiguous records.
You can also select records based on some attribute characteristic using the
Options/Select By Attributes feature within the table window. This is similar
to the operation in Step 10, above.
In the Layer Properties window, click on the Fields tab then select a field (attribute) from
the Primary display field box. In the following window you see that the chosen field is
STAT_DESC.
Next you need to activate map tips for the specific layer. With the Layer Properties
window still open, click on the Display tab. The following window is an example showing
the options within the Display tab. Activate the Show Map Tips checkbox (a check mark
appears when you click on the box to activate it).
Click the OK button. Move the mouse pointer over individual features for the layer you
chose and you will see the attribute value associated with that feature displayed in a box
next to the mouse pointer.
If you have map tips activated for multiple layers you can view the map tips of all
those layers as long is there are no spatial overlaps where the mouse pointer hovers.
Where there is a spatial overlap, such as hovering the mouse pointer over a feature
(line) from a river layer and a feature (polygon) from a country layer, then only one
layer’s map tip would be displayed. In this case the map tip which is displayed is the
map tip associated with the layer whose position is highest in the TOC.
If a layer is not activated in the TOC, no map tips will be displayed for that layer. And,
the choice of layers that are defined as selectable under Selection/Set
Selectable Layers… does not affect what appears in the map tips.
End of Exercise 2.