Ramakrishna Mission School::Aalo

Mid Term Examination [25th Sept 2010]

Class – XII (Sci)

Subject: Chemistry (Set – 2) F. M.: 70

Time: 3 hours P. M.: 23

General Instructions
1. All questions are compulsory.
2. There are 30 questions in total. Questions 1 to 8 carry one mark each, questions 9 to
18 carry two marks each, questions 19 to 27 carry three marks each and questions 28
to 30 carry five marks each.
3. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one
question of two marks, one question of three marks and all three questions of five
marks each. You have to attempt only one of the given choices in such questions.
4. Use of calculators is not permitted.

Section – A
[1 x 8 = 8]
1. Does the instantaneous rate of a chemical reaction change when a portion of the
reacting solution is taken out? Give the reason very briefly.
No. Because, Instantaneous rate of a reaction depends on concentration of reacting solution,
and when a portion of the reacting solution is taken out, concentration does not change.

2. Define Coordination number

Co-ordination Number: is the number of closest neighbor of any constituent particle in a
lattice.

3. What do you mean by the term ‘Conductivity’?

Conductivity: It is a measure of the conductance of a solution of 1 cm length and having a
cross-sectional are of 1 square centimeter. Its unit is Ω’cm-1

4. What do you understand by Doping?

Doping: Conductivity of intrinsic semi-conductor is too low to be of practical use. Their
conductivity is increased by adding an appropriate amount of suitable impurity. This process
is called Doping.

5. What is meant by Threshold Energy of a chemical reaction?

Threshold energy: Minimum amount of energy which colliding molecules must possess in
order to have effective collisions.

6. What is meant by Electrode potential?

Electrode Potential: is the potential difference set up between the metal and a solution of its
ion. It gives the tendency of an electrode to either lose or gain electrons.

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7. Is Molality better than Molarity in expressing concentration of a solution? Indicate
why, very briefly?
Molality: Because, molarity changes with temperature (as liquids expand/contract with
temperature), while molality does not change with temperature (as mass is independent of
temperature).

8. Define Activation energy of a reaction.

Activation Energy: Excess energy (over and above the threshold energy) which must be
supplied to the reactants to undergo chemical reactions OR

Difference between (Threshold energy)-(Average kinetic energy of reacting molecules) OR

Activation Energy= Threshold energy – Average kinetic energy OR

EL= Et - Ek

Section – B
[2 x 10 = 20]
9. Explain why conductivity of a metal decreases while that of an electrolyte increases
with increase in the temperature.
Electrolyte: Conductivity is due to the movement of ions. Average kinetic energy of ions in
the electrolyte increases with increase in temperature. So, conductivity of electrolytes
increases with increase in temperature.

Metals: Conductivity is due to mobility of electrons in the valance band/conductance band.

As temperature increases, the mobility of electrons in this band is drastically affected and
hence conductivity of metals decreases with increases in temperature.

10. Mention two factors that influence the extent of adsorption of a gas on a solid.
Any two factors:

Nature of gas

Nature of adsorbent

Specific area of adsorbent

Effect of temperature

Effect of pressure

Activation of adsorbent

11. Define an electrochemical series. Indicate how it could predict the feasibility of a
redox reaction
Electrochemical series: is the arrangement of elements in the increasing order of its electrode
potentials. Also called Activity series.

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 A Redox reaction is feasible only if the species which has higher electrode potential is
reduced (or accepts electrons) and the species which has lower electrode potential is oxidized
(or loses electrons).

OR

The species to release electrons must have lower electrode potential than the species that
accepts electrons. This can be discerned from the Electrochemical Series. The E/C helps
predict Redox reactions.

12. Explain Frenkel’s defects in lattices.

Frenkel’s defect: arises when an ion is missing from its lattice site and occupies an
interstitial position. The crystal as a whole remains electrically neutral. Therefore, number of
anion and cation remain the same. This type of defect occurs in compounds in which cation
and anion are of different sizes. Eg: ZnS, AgCl.

13. How many atoms are there in a unit cell when a metal crystallizes in a :
a. FCC structure
b. BCC structure.
(a) FCC structure: four atoms/unit cell (b) BCC structure: two atoms/unit cell

14. Explain Brownian movement.

Colloids have a dispersion medium and a dispersion phase. The molecules of the medium are
constantly colliding with the particles of the phase. These impacts are however random and
unbalanced. These impacts give a random, zigzag motion to the colloidal particles, giving it a
stirring effect, not allowing the phase particles to settle. Thus Brownian motion is responsible
for the stability of colloids. If there was no Brownian motion, the phase particles would have
gradually settled due to gravity.

15. Explain the statement: ‘the conductivity of a metal decreases while that of an
electrolyte increases with increase in the temperature.’
(1) Energy: Only those collisions of reactants will give products which possess energies
greater than threshold energy.

(2) Orientation: Colliding molecules should have proper orientation so that old bonds may
break and new bonds are formed.

16. Give any two distinguishing features between Physisorption and Chemisorption.
Physisorption Chemisorption

(1) Low enthalpy of adsorption. (1) High enthalpy of adsorption

(2) Force between molecules of adsorbate and (2) Force is strong chemical force similar to
adsorbent is weak Vanderwaal’s force. chemical bonds.

(3) Reversible. (3) Irreversible.

(4) Activation energy not needed. (4) High activation energy needed.

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 (5) Forms multi-molecular layer. (5) Mono-molecular layer.

(6) Rate of adsorption increases with increase (6) Rate of adsorption decreases as pressure of
in pressure of adsorbate. adsorbate increases.

17. Silver is deposited on a metallic vessel whose surface area is 900 cm2 by passing a
current of 0.5 amp for 2 hours. Calculate the weight of silver deposited. Use the
following data: Atomic number of Ag = 108 a.m.u. F = 96500 C; density of Ag = 10.5
g/cm2
Ag++e-Ag

Quantity of electricity passed,

Now, 96,500c would deposit 108g of Ag.

Let thickness of Ag deposited = x cm

i.e.

Or

Differentiate between multimolecular & macromolecular colloids.

Multimolecular colloids Macromolecular colloids

(1) Aggregates of small molecules (1) Aggregate of large size molecules

(2) Molecular mass is low (2) Molecular mass is high

(3) They have lyophilic character (3) They are lyophobic in nature

(4) Atoms/molecules held by weak (4) Colloidal arrangement is flexible and can take
Vanderwaal’s force. Hence colloidal any shape.
arrangement is rigid.

18. What is the role of cyrolite in the metallurgy of Aluminum?

Aluminum is generally extracted from Bauxite (Alumina). Purified alumina is subjected
to Electrolysis for extracting Aluminum. For this, purified Aluminum is dissolved in molten
cryolite. (Na3AlFe). Molten cryolite decreases melting point of fused Alumina to 1173K,

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 simultaneously increasing its electrical conductivity, thus enabling the electrolytic extraction
of the Al from Alumina.

Section – C
[3 x 9 = 27]
19.
a. Define Standard Electrode Potential of a cell.
Standard Electrode Potential: When the concentration of all species involved in a half
cell is unity, than the electrode potential is called Standard Electrode Potential.

b. How is the Standard Electrode Potential of a cell related to:

i. Equilibrium constant
ii. Gibbs free energy change.
(i)

Where: n = number of electrons gained during electrode reaction

Mn+ = Molar concentration of ions

Eϴ = Standard Electrode Potential

E = Electrode Potential

(ii)

Where: = Standard Gibbs Energy for reaction

n = number of electrons gained at electrode reaction

Eϴ = Standard Electrode Potential

F = Faraday’s constant of electricity

20. An element ‘X’ with an atomic mass of 60 g/mol has density of 6.23 g/cm3. If the
edge length of unit cell is 400 pm, identify the type of cubic unit cell. Calculate radius
of an atom of this element.
Given: M= 600g/mol P= 6.23 g/cm3
NA= 6.023x1023/mol

We know that:

i.e.

or

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 It is an FCC crystal lattice.

Radius = 141.4 pm

21.
a. Differentiate between Average rate & Instantaneous rate of a reaction.
Average rate of reaction =

Instantaneous rate of reaction = Average rate of reaction when Δt is infinitely small.

b. Why is the use of instantaneous rate of reaction preferred over average rate of
reaction?
Except for a Zero-order reaction, for all reactions, the rate of reaction continuously
decreases with time. As a consequence, the Average rate of reaction loses its
significance. Whereas, if we consider Instantaneous rate of reaction, it is not over a
period of time, but at any given instant of time. If the reactants are active, and the
reaction is going on, there will always be a definitely value for this. So, is
generally preferred over .

22. What is Raolt’s Law? What are its limitations?

Raolt’s Law: At any temperature, the partial vapor pressure of any volatile component of a
solution is equal to the product of vapor pressure of the pure component and mole fraction of
component in solution.

Limitations:

(1) It is applicable only to dilute solutions.

(2) It is applicable to solutions of only non-electrolytes.

Or
Define Kohlrausch’s Law. How will you calculate ᴧ ∞ of Ba(OH)
m 2 with the help of
ᴧ∞
this law? Use the following data: m of NaOH, NaCl & BaCl2 are 2.481 x 10-2,
1.265 x 10-2 & 2.800 x 10-2 Sm2/mol respectively.
Kohlrausch’s Law: At infinite dilution, when dissociation is complete, each ion makes a
definite contribution towards molar conductivity of the electrolyte, irrespective of the nature
of the other ion with which it is associated. From Kohlrausch’s Law, we know that molar
conductance at infinite dilution for a salt is the sum of individual conductance from the ions
of the electrolyte.

Given:
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23. Explain:
a. Desorption
Desorption: Removal of adsorbate particles from the solid surface is called
Desorption. It is the reverse of Adsorption. It can occur on heating.

b. Peptization
Peptization: Process of conversion of a freshly prepared precipitate into a colloid by
adding a suitable electrolyte is called Peptization.

c. Shape selective Catalysis.

Shape selective catalyst: is a catalyst whose catalytic action depends upon its pore
stimulation and molecular sizes of reactants and productions. Eg. Zeolite.

24. Explain the conduction of electricity on the basis of Band Theory.

Band model: Metal lattices have an extremely large number of atoms. Atomic orbitals of
metal atoms form a large number of molecular orbitals which are so close in energy to each
other that they form a band. If the band is partially filled of if it overlaps with a higher energy
unoccupied band, then electrons can easily flow under an applied electric field. This is seen
as conductivity. The outermost filled energy band is called the Valence band. The next band
in which electrons can move is called Conduction band. The space between these 2 bands
represents energies forbidden to the electron called Forbidden zone.

Metals: Conduction band is very close to valance band. So, easy movement of electrons is
there into the conduction band. Therefore metals are good conductors.

Semi-metals/semi-conductors: Very small gap between conduction band and valance band.
At temperature nearing absolute zero, conduction band would be empty. Electrons would
occupy their lowest possible energy levels. The material would become a perfect insulator.
But, at ordinary temperatures, some electrons get thermally excited from valance band to
conduction band and hence material becomes a conductor.

Insulators: Energy gap (forbidden zones) is very large. So, electrons for valence band can’t
jump to the conduction band. Hence, there is no conductivity.

25. Differentiate between amorphous & crystalline solids:

a. Melting point
b. Enthalpy of fusion.
c. Anisotropy

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 Amorphous solids Crystalline solids

Melting Point: They do not have sharp They have a sharp and
melting point. They have a characteristic melting point.
melting range, which softens
over a scale of temperature
values.

Enthalpy of fusion:-

Amorphous solids: Crystalline Solids:

* They do not have definite enthalpy of fusion. * They have definite and characteristic
Enthalpy of fusion.

Amorphous solids Crystalline solids

Anisotropy: They are isotropic; have same They are anisotropic and have
physical properties in all different physical properties in
directions. different directions.

26. Mention the principle on which the following metallurgical operations are based:
a. Froth floatation process
Froth Flotation: This works on the principle of difference in the wetting properties of
the ore and gangue particles with water and oil. It is used when the ore particles are
preferentially wetted by oil and gangue particles are wetted by water. It is useful for
concentration of all sulfide ores like galena (PbS), Zinc blende (ZnS), Pyrites
(CuFeS2)

b. Levigation
Levigation: Powdered ore is dropped into a hydraulic classifier from a hopper. A
powerful jet of water is sprayed over the falling ore. Lighter particles of gangue are
carried upwards and are removed from an outlet at the top. Heavier ore particles,
which are free of physical impurities, settle down to the bottom.

c. Zone refining.
Zone Refining: This process is based on the principle that impurities are more
soluble in the molten state if the metal than in its solid state. Hence, in this process,
the mixture containing the metal and its impurities is solidified. Crystals of very pure
metal are formed, leaving the impurities in the molten part of the metal. The method
is used for refining silicon, germanium, etc. for semiconductors.

27. Explain why the following phenomena occur:

a. A beam of light passing through a colloidal solution has a visible path.
Due to Tyndall Effect. Since diameter of colloidal particles is comparable to
wavelength of visible light, light gets scattered and its path is visible.

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 b. Passing an electric current through a colloidal solution removes colloidal
particles from it.
Colloidal particles are electrically charged. They get discharged and accumulate near
their respective electrodes.

c. FeOH sol coagulates on addition of a solution of Potassium Sulphate.

Peptization occurs.

Section – D
[5 x 3 = 15]
28. What are micelles? How do they differ from a normal colloidal solution? Explain with
an example.
Micelles: are substances which behave as an electrolyte at low concentration and as a colloid
at high concentration. Generally they are associated colloids.

Micelles may contain as many as 100 molecules or more.

Eg: Soap. C17H35COONa Upon dissolving in water, it gives Na+ and C17H35COO- stearate
ions. The stearate ion is hydrophilic. If any oily dirt is present in water, say on a cloth dipped
in water, the Na+ ion enters into the oil, while the stearate ions stick out of the oil in the water
like bristles. This leads to Micelle formation.
Every oil droplet is surrounded by number of such
micelles. Gradually when the concentration reaches a critical limit, the electrically charged
hydrophilic heads start ripping off the oil droplets away from the cloth and start floating in
water, forming emulsions. Thus, at low concentrations, they behave as normal electrolytes,
but at higher concentration, they become emulsions, behaving as colloidal particles.

Or
Show that time required for completion of three-fourths of a 1 st order reaction is twice
the time required for completion of half reaction.
For a ION- reaction:

Or

When t = t1/2 ; x = a/2

----------→①

When t = t3/4 ; x = 3a/4

s ----------→②

Now from ① and ②:

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29.
a. Derive the Nernst equation for the following cells:
Cu│Cu2+ (0.13M) ║ Ag+ (1 x 10-4M) │Ag
Use the following data: EΘ (Cu2+│Cu) = +0.34V & EΘ (Ag2+│Ag) = +0.80V
To calculate the Nernst Equation for:

CuǀCu2+ (o.13M) ǁ Ag+ (1x10-4M) ǀ Ag

Given: Eϴ(Cu2+ǀ Cu) = +0.34V

Eϴ (Ag2 ǀ Ag) = +0.80V

The Electrode reactions are:

The cell reaction is:

b. Can we store CuSO4 in an iron vessel or not? Explain. Use the following data:
Reduction potential of Cu2+│Cu & Fe2+│Fe are +0.34V & -0.44V
respectively.
Reduction potential of Cu2+ ǀ Cu is +0.34V

Reduction Potential of Fe2+│ Fe is 0.44V

This means Cu2+ will be reduced to Cu and Fe will be oxidized toFe2+. i.e.
the vessel will dissolve.

It is not possible to store CuSO4 in an iron vessel.

c. Explain how rusting of iron can be visualized as setting up of an

electrochemical cell.

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 Water layer present on the surface of Iron dissolves acidic oxides present in air such
as CO2, SO2, etc. to form acids which dissociate to give H+ ions:

The particular spot which has H+ ions starts losing electrons to form ferrous ions.
Oxidation takes place and that spot behaves as anode.

The electrons released at this anodic spot move through the metal to reach another
spot where H+ ions and dissolved oxygen use these electrons. Reduction takes place
and that spot behaves as cathode.

The overall reaction is:

Thus, an electrochemical cell sets up on the surface.

Or
Explain the metallurgical extraction of Aluminum from Bauxite.

Extraction of Al from Bauxite involves three steps:

(1) Purification of bauxite: Bayer’s process (Leaching)

Powdered bauxite is treated with hot concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide at 473-523K
&35 bar pressure. Alumina (Al2O3) dissolves in the solution to form sodium aluminate. This
process is called Leaching.

Impurities are insoluble and they are removed by filtration. Soduim aluminate is neutralized
by passing CO2 gas.

We get hydrated alumina again. Freshly prepared alumina crystals are added as seed for
precipitation. The filtered alumina is filtered and heated up to 1473K to get pure alumina.

(2) Electrolysis of fused alumina: Hall-Herolt process

Purified alumina is dissolved in molten cryolite and put in an iron
tank lined with carbon bricks. This carbon bricked wall acts as the cathode. Carbon rods are
used as anode. Molten cryolite increases the conductivity of solution and decreases melting
point to 1173K. Fused electrolyte is covered with powdered coke.
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 Aluminum gets collected at the bottom of the tank, while carbon in the anode gets burnt
away. Thus anodes need to be replaced regularly.

(3) Electrode refining of Aluminum: Hoop’s process

An iron tank lined with carbon bricks is taken. Into this, three layers of molten liquid are
poured. The bottom layer is molten 99% pure alumina obtained from the Hall-Herolt process.
The middle layer is fluorides of sodium, barium, and aluminum. The top layer consists of
pure molten aluminum. Carbon rods which act as cathode are dipped in the top layer.

When electrolysis takes place, aluminum ions from the middle layer are discharged at the
cathode as pure molten aluminum. An equal amount of aluminum ions are displaced from the
lowest layer into the middle layer and the process continues until the entire lower layer is
depleted of aluminum.

30. Calculate the freezing point of 1 molar aqueous solution (density = 1.04 g/L) of KCl.
(Use the following data: Kf for water = 1.86 kg/mol; atomic mass of K = 39; Cl = 36)

We know that:

= 2 * 1.86 * 1.0357

= 3.853o

Freezing point of Solution = 0 – 3.853o

= -3.853o

Or
Explain the following with suitable examples:
a. Ferromagnetism
Ferromagnetism: When there is spontaneous alignment of magnetic moments of
domains in the same direction, the substance is Ferromagnetic and this property is
Ferromagnetism.
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b. Paramagnetism
Paramagnetism: Substances which have permanent magnetic dipoles and are
attracted by a magnetic field are Paramagnetic substances and this property is
Paramagnetism.

c. Ferrimagnetism
Ferrimagnetism; Where the magnetic movements of domains are aligned in parallel
and antiparallel directions in unequal numbers resulting in a net magnetic movement,
the substance are Ferrimagnetic and this property is Ferrimagnetism.

d. Anti-ferromagnetism
Anti-Ferromagnetism: If the alignment of magnetic moments of domain is in a
compensatory way so as to give a net zero magnetic moment because of cancelation
of individual magnetic moments, the substance is an Anti-Ferromagnet and the
property is Anti-Ferromagnetism.

e. 12-16 and 13-15 compounds.

12-16 & 13-15 Compounds: are types of semi-conductors. Solid binary compounds
prepared by combining elements of Gr-12 and 16 are 12-16 compounds. Eg: ZnS and
CdS. Solid binary compounds prepared by combining elements of Gr-13 and 15 are
13-15 compounds. Eg: AlP ad GnAs.

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